Mathematical
A mathematician (from the Latin mathēmāticus, and this in turn from the Greek μαθηματικός mathēmatikós) is a person whose primary area of study and research is mathematics, that is, it contributes new knowledge in this field of study. In the strict sense, a mathematician is a researcher in the area of mathematics. The term covers a wide range of very different skills and practices, which share a common vocabulary and a specific formalism, as well as a requirement of rigor typical of this discipline. Mathematicians are also known as those professionals who have completed a university degree in this field.
The generic term mathematician can apply to more restricted domains, such as: geometer, algebraist, analyst, topologist, statistician, etc.
Different uses of the mathematical term
There are mainly two interpretations, on the one hand, a mathematician is called a person who actively works in mathematical research, which, currently, is most of the time it is accompanied by publications in specialized magazines on the subject; To this classification belong Henri Poincaré or Andrew Wiles, for example. On the other hand, mathematician can designate a person with special knowledge in mathematics, or who worked in a related field such as teaching or popularization; such as Aurelio Baldor or Martin Gardner.
The International Mathematical Union]] publishes a world yearbook of mathematicians, the retained definition is:
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Sometimes the distinction between pure mathematics and applied mathematics is made to differentiate research in mathematics from research in related areas (industry, engineering, technology) or interdisciplines (cognitive sciences), in related sciences (statistics, computer science) or even in social sciences (philosophy, history). This distinction, however, is not unanimously accepted, nor is the classification of a mathematician as a "scientist".
Pure Mathematician
- Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) (of physical and mathematical formation), is considered one of the most eminent mathematicians of his time; his imposing work covers several branches of scientific and mathematical knowledge, and is responsible for much of the notation and terminology used today, such as the concept of scientific and mathematical knowledge, function. It is also "the most prolific mathematician".
- Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) (mathematic, astronomer and physical), nicknamed "the prince of mathematics". Gauss was a prodigy child, and undoubtedly the most outstanding mathematician of the centuryXIXalso called "the greatest since Antiquity."
- Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920) was a self-taught Indian mathematician; despite not having academic training, he made extraordinary contributions in analysis, number theory, series and continuous fractions.
- Évariste Galois (1811-1832), who died in duel at the age of twenty, anticipated abstract branches of mathematics related to equation theory, abstract algebra and group theory.
- N. Bourbaki (s. XX). The collective Nicolas Bourbaki wrote mathematical texts that were influential in the development of this science (See: History of mathematics). He signed with the pseudonym, so that he anonymously attributed the work to "a single mathematician" fiction. The Bourbaki group was made up of personalities such as Jean Dieudonné, Henri Cartan, André Weil, Jean-Pierre Serre, among others. After the failure of modern mathematics, its influence has decreased. "Euclides is still living," although Bourbaki's declared him dead. Your program has not been completed.;
- Emmy Noether (s.XX), made crucial advances in abstract algebra and theoretical physics; it is considered as "the greatest mathematics in history", and one of the most important mathematicians of his time.
21st century mathematicians
- In 2000, the Clay Mathematics Institute announced the "Millennium Problems", a list of open mathematical problems and whose resolution would be an important achievement and considerable progress in the field of mathematics.
- Alexander Grothendieck is one of the most prolific mathematicians who contributed fundamental developments within the homological algebra, topology and Categories theory, received the Fields Medal in 1966, although he rejected the distinction.
- Saharon Shelah who worked on math foundation, set theory and model theory by establishing an important number of results during the 1970 Dec.
- Andrew Wiles demonstrates "the last theorem of Fermat" (established in 1637), after years of solo work.
- Grigori Perelmán solves "Poincaré's Hypothesis" (established by H. Poincaré in 1904). He remembers for this the Fields Medal, a distinction that rejects it. He's the only one Millennium Challenges in having been solved. [chuckles]update]
Women Mathematicians
As a consequence of the enormous difficulties and impediments that women have had to face, throughout history and in all parts of the world, in order to carry out a study or research work in mathematics (and in science, in general), most of the people who have excelled in the area of mathematics and have achieved universal renown have been men. Despite these drawbacks, there have been women who, through indomitable will, high social position, and usually with the help of some male patron, have left an indelible mark on mathematics. And not only because their success stories are an example, but because their scientific contributions have had a remarkable impact and relevance. Among the most prominent female mathematicians born before the XX century we can cite: Theanus of Crotona (6th century BC), Hypatia of Alexandria (about 400), Ada Lovelace (1815-1852), Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718-1799), Sophie Germain (1776-1831), Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850-1891), Alice Boole Stott (1860-1940), Émilie du Châtelet (1706-1749), Carolina Herschel (1750-1848), Mary Somerville (1780-1872) and Florence Nightingale (1820-1910).
The profound demographic and social changes that have occurred mainly since the end of the Second World War have favored the integration of women into the workplace and the gradual reduction of the differences in opportunities with men. Therefore, the list of great women mathematicians of the XX century is extensive and among its most prominent figures it is worth mentioning Mileva Marić (1875-1948), Emmy Noether (1882-1935), Mary Lucy Cartwright (1900-1998), Rózsa Péter (1905-1977), Grace Murray Hopper (1906-1992), Olga Taussky-Todd (1906-1995), Julia Robinson (1919-1985), Emma Castelnuovo, (1913-2014), Maria Wonenburger (1927-), Ingrid Daubechies (1954-)..
However, the presence of women in academic and scientific positions of responsibility is scarce. For this reason, and as in other areas of knowledge, in various countries there are associations of women mathematicians with a strong social involvement in the search for equal opportunities in the framework of research and teaching in mathematics. This is the case of the Women and Mathematics Association, the European Women in Mathematics (EWM) or the Women and Mathematics Commission of the Royal Spanish Mathematical Society, as well as some Latin American associations of women mathematicians.
It is worth mentioning Roswitha, a nun in a Saxon convent of the X century, of better and greater work in literature and philosophy than in the science of numbers She, however, displayed a good knowledge of Boethius Arithmetic and mentions issues related to defective and perfect numbers, pointing out among them 6, 28, 496, and 8128.
In a publication on recreational mathematics by Rodríguez Vidal and Rodríguez Rigual, the following names also appear, as mathematics educators.
- Lady Ada Lovelace
- Lady Maontagu
- Marquesa de Espeja
- Josefa Amar and Borbon
Awards and distinctions
- Fields Medal (age age limit 40)
- Abel Prize
- Nevanlinna Award
- Carl-Friedrich-Gauss Award for Applied Mathematics
- Medalla Chern
- Wolf Prize
- Fermat Prize
- Clay Award, awarded by the Clay Mathematics Institute
- Pólya Award and Morgan Medal, awarded by the London Mathematical Society
Note: There is no Nobel Prize in Mathematics; the Abel Prize or the Fields Medal are generally considered their equivalent.
International Mathematics Awards
-- Report structure --
- Prize: It is generally dedicated to the memory of a great mathematician or philanthropist.
- Organization: It can be a Mathematical Society, Foundation or State Agency sponsoring the event.
- Headquarters or host country, which can be rotating, among those affiliated to a society.
- The suffix + After the country, it indicates that foreign mathematicians are allowed to participate.
- Import of the prize, usually fixed, but sometimes included expenses for the contestant.
- Note may mention some observation or a series of fixed concepts:
- • No yearsreflects the age limit to be presented to the contest.
- • Womenwhen they can only participate.
- • Fellowshipsfor courses, masters or projects.
- • Universitywhich must be linked to access the contest.
- • SpecialityIf the contest is dedicated only to a branch of mathematics.
You can choose the order of the list, clicking on the Prize, Venue, etc.
Mathematical Foundations and Societies
| Acronyms | Name | Headquarters | Home | Logo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AAS | Australian Academy of Science | 1954 | ||
| Abertis | Fundación Abertis | 1999 | ||
| ACM | Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group | 1947 | ||
| AMS | American Mathematical Society | 1888 | ||
| ANCEFN | National Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences | 1874 | ||
| ANCYT | National Academy of Science and Technology | |||
| ANTS | Algorithmic Number Theory Symposium | 1994 | ||
| APS | American Physical Society | 1889 | ||
| APSF | Alfred Pritchard Sloan Foundation | 1875 | ||
| ASA | American Statistical Association | 1839 | ||
| ASF | Académie des Sciences | 1666 | ||
| ASL | Association for Symbolic Logic | 1936 | ||
| AWM | Association for Women in Mathematics | 1971 | ||
| ASME | American Society Of Mechanical Engineers | 1880 | ||
| AustMS | Australian Mathematical Society | 1956 | ||
| BMG | Berliner Mathematischen Gesellschaft | 1901 | ||
| Balzan | Fondazione Internazionale Premio Balzan | 1956 | ||
| BMS | Belgian Mathematical Society | 1921 | ||
| CIMAT | Mathematics Research Center, A.C. | 1980 | ||
| CMF | Chern Foundation | 2010 | ||
| CMI | Clay Mathematics Institute | 1998 | ||
| CMS | Canadian Mathematical Society | 1945 | ||
| CNCA | National Council for Culture and the Arts of Chile | 2003 | ||
| CNRS | Centre national de la recherche scientifique | 1939 | ||
| CONACYT | National Council for Science and Technology | 1970 | ||
| CONICIT | National Council for Scientific and Technological Research | 1972 | ||
| CRM | Centre de Recherches Mathematiques | 1968 | ||
| CSIC | Senior Scientific Research Council | 1998 | ||
| DMV | Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung | 1993 | ||
| ECM | European Congresses of Mathematics | 1992 | ||
| ECCOMAS | European Community on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering | 1901 | ||
| Elsevier | Elsevier Foundation | 1956 | ||
| EMS | European Mathematical Society | |||
| EPFL | École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne | |||
| ERC,CEI | European Research Council = European Research Council | 2002 | ||
| ESF | European Foundation for Science | |||
| ETHZ | Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule-Zurich | |||
| EURASC | European Academy of Sciences | |||
| FBBVA | BBVA Foundation | Foundation | ||
| FBS | Fundación Banco Santander | Foundation | ||
| FCFM | Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile | 1840 | ||
| FCM | Fundación Caja Madrid | 1991 | ||
| FCRI | Fundació Catalana per a la Recerca i la Innovació | |||
| FoCM | Foundations of Computational Mathematics | 1995 | ||
| FPA | Princess of Asturias Foundation | 1980 | ||
| FPdGI | Fundación Princesa de Girona | 1980 | ||
| FSK | Fundación Sofia Kovalévskaia | 1942 | ||
| GAMNI | Groupe pour l’Avancement des Méthodes Numériques de l’Ingénieur | 1992 | ||
| GenCat | Generality of Catalonia | |||
| HAS | Hungarian Academy of Sciences | 1825 | ||
| Humboldt Foundation | Humboldt Foundation | 1953 | ||
| IAMP | International Association of Mathematical Physics | 1976 | ||
| ICA | Institute Of Combinatorics And Its Applications | 1990 | ||
| ICMAT | Institute of Mathematical Sciences | 2008 | ||
| ICHM | International Commission on the History of Mathematics | 1971 | ||
| ICIAM | International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics | 1987 | ||
| ICM | International Congress of Mathematicians | |||
| ICMI | International Commission on Mathematical Instruction | 1897 | ||
| ICTCM | International Conference on Technology in Collegiate Mathematics | |||
| ICTP | Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics | 1964 | ||
| IEC | Institvt d'Estvdis Catalans | 1907 | ||
| IEEE-CS | IEEE Computer Society | 1946 | ||
| IMA | Institute of Mathematics and its Applications | 1964 | ||
| IMAFF | Institute of Mathematics and Fundamental Physics | |||
| IMT | Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse | 1887 | ||
| IMU | International Mathematical Union | 1920 | ||
| INFORMS | Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences | |||
| ISDE | International Society of Difference Equations | |||
| Konex | Konex Foundation | 1980 | ||
| KVA | Swedish Royal Academies | 1739 | ||
| LMS | London Mathematical Society | 1865 | ||
| MAA | Mathematical Association of America | 1915 | ||
| MEC | Ministry of Education and Science of Spain | |||
| MFO | Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach | 1944 | ||
| MICIT | Ministry of Science and Technology | |||
| MOS | Mathematical Optimization Society | 1973 | ||
| MSJ | Mathematical Society of Japan | 1946 | ||
| NAS | National Academy of Sciences | 1974 | ||
| NFT | Number Theory Foundation | |||
| NUST | National University of Sciences and Technology | 1991 | ||
| ÖMG | Österreichische Mathematische Gesellschaft | 1903 | ||
| PIMS | Pacific Institute for the Mathematical Sciences | 1996 | ||
| RAS | Russian Academy of Sciences | 1724 | ||
| CSR | Royal Society of Canada | 1882 | ||
| RSL | Royal Society of London | 1660 | ||
| RSME | Royal Spanish Mathematical Society | |||
| RSS | Royal Statistical Society | 1834 | ||
| SASTRA | Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy | 1984 | ||
| SCM | Societat Catalana de Matemàtiques | 1998 | ||
| SEMA | Spanish Society of Applied Mathematics | 1991 | ||
| SEP | Ministry of Public Education | |||
| SIAG | SIAM Activity Group | |||
| SIAM | Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics | 1951 | ||
| SIMAI | Società Italiana per la Matematica Applicata e Industriale | 1989 | ||
| SMAI | Lisez maintenant Société de mathématiques appliquées et industrielles | 1983 | ||
| FSF | Société Mathématique de France | 1872 | ||
| SMM | Mexican Mathematical Society | 1943 | ||
| SPB | Saint Petersburg Mathematical Society | 1890 | ||
| UMALCA | Latin American and Caribbean Mathematical Union | Latin America | 1995 | |
| UMI | Unione Matematica Italiana | 1922 | ||
| WFNMC | World Federation of National Mathematics Competitions | 1984 |
Quotes
- Dating of or for mathematicians
Wikiquote hosts famous phrases of or over Mathematic.
- A mathematician is a machine that transforms coffee into theorems.
- —Ascribed to Alfréd Rényi and Paul Erdős.
- Die Mathematiker sind eine Art Franzosen; redet man mit ihnen, so übersetzen sie es in ihre Sprache, und dann ist es alsobald ganz etwas anderes. (The mathematicians are [like] a Frenchman; if you tell them something, they translate it into their own language, and immediately means anything else.)
- -Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
- A mathematician, like a painter or poet, is a pattern creator. If yours are more durable, it's because they're made of ideas.
- G.H. Hardy, Apology of a mathematician.
- Some of you have ever found a mathematician and wonders how he got there.
- - Tom Lehrer.
- It is impossible to be a mathematician without being a poet of the soul.
- -Sofia Kovalevskaya.
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