Zacatecas

Zacatecas, officially called the Free and Sovereign State of Zacatecas, is one of the thirty-one states that, together with Mexico City, make up Mexico.. Its capital is the city of the same name Zacatecas. It is located in the central-north region of the country, bordering Coahuila to the north, Nuevo León to the northeast, San Luis Potosí to the east, Guanajuato, Jalisco and Aguascalientes to the south, Nayarit to the southwest and Durango to the west. With 75,539 km² it is the eighth largest state. With 1,622,138 inhabitants in 2020, 1.3% of the total country, the seventh least populated and with 21.5 inhabitants/km² and the sixth least densely populated.

It is divided into 58 municipalities. The capital is the city of the same name Zacatecas. This city holds the titles of "The Very Noble and Loyal City of Our Lady of the Zacatecas", granted by King Philip II of Spain on June 20, 1588 in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Madrid. Likewise, he was awarded the Coat of Arms, an emblem in which the Cerro de la Bufa was included. This city was important for colonization, since it was an important point on the route to the northern territories of New Spain.

Its main economic activities are mining, agriculture and tourism. It is known for its large deposits of silver and other minerals, its colonial architecture, and its importance during the Mexican Revolution. Among its most important towns are Jerez de García Salinas, Fresnillo de González Echeverría, Río Grande, Guadalupe, Sombrerete, Nochistlán and Calera.

Toponymy

Zacate

From Nahuatl, zacatl, and co; locative: "place where the grass abounds." The name means people who live in the place of the grass. Before its conquest, the place was inhabited by indigenous people called Zacatecas, from which the name Zacatecas derives precisely.

Symbols

Shield

Zacatecas City Shield

The Zacatecas coat of arms was granted on June 20, 1588 by King Philip II, by means of a Royal Decree. According to the original royal decree, it must have the shape of a Spanish shield. In a single field, an elevation that represents the emblematic Cerro de la Bufa predominates, at whose feet the city was born in 1546, as a result of the discovery of rich silver mines. In the most eminent part of the hill there is an image of the Virgin Mary, because this hill and the mines were discovered on the day the Catholic Church celebrates the feast of the Nativity of the Virgin; below, the monogram of Felipe II, as testimony of who he granted the coat of arms to the city. At the two upper ends of the shield float the sun and the moon in a deep blue sky. On the hillside there are four portraits of people in the countryside: Captain Cristóbal de Oñate, Juan de Tolosa, Diego de Ibarra and Baltasar Temiño de Bañuelos, being the main founders; below them is the motto Labor Vincit Omnia (work conquers all); and in the border, five bunches of arrows and interspersed with another five bows, which are the weapons used by the aforementioned Chichimeca Indians.

State anthem

The Zacatecas March is the work of the Zacatecan composer Genaro Codina. It was composed in the year 1892 and played for the first time in public in the spring of 1893, by the Banda del Estado, which was directed by Fernando Villalpando and reinforced by the Banda de Niños del Hospicio, as well as a war band. The merit of the instrumentation of the march corresponds to Fernando Villalpando.

Due to its acceptance and frequent interpretation in official acts, it is considered the second Mexican National Anthem,^{[citation required]} as well as the national anthem of the Mexican Charrería. ^{[citation required]}

History

Pre-Hispanic period

Pyramid in La Quemada

In the 16th century, the Spanish called the north of the central table of Mexico “La Gran Chichimeca”, a territory that was never conquered by the Mexica. This is now made up of the states of Jalisco, Aguascalientes, Nayarit, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, Durango, Coahuila and Zacatecas. The Mexicas called the ethnonym chichimeca to the inhabitants of this great region, even though they were from different civilizations, languages or tribes. It was reported that four original ethnic groups inhabited what is now the state of Zacatecas: the Caxcanes, Guachichiles, Tepehuanes, and Zacatecos, the state receiving its modern name from the latter.

Chichimeca nations in the vicinity of Zacatecas.

Most people were hunting nomads, with few permanent human settlements. The southern territory of the state was under Mesoamerican influence, while most of the state was part of the region called Aridoamerica. Currently in Zacatecas there are archaeological zones such as La Quemada, located in the municipality of Villanueva, and Altavista located in the municipality of Chalchihuites. In these areas there are ceremonial buildings and pyramids with architectural features of Mesoamerican cultures.

Foundation

In 1531, Pedro Almíndez Chirino and his troops arrived from what is now northeastern Jalisco, led by Xiconaque, a Zacateco cacique whose land was in present-day Lagos de Moreno, Xiconaque the led to what was called the "big town of the Zacatecos" or Tlacuitlapán where Chirino could not find considerable riches, he only described finding on the top of a crested hill (La Bufa) an indigenous village whose houses were circular with thatched roofs and grass. However, in 1546 when Juan de Tolosa was leading an exploration in the southern part of the state, in what is now Tlaltenango, some Indians approached him and showed him shiny stones containing silver. From Tolosa he went to the hill of La Bufa, where a Zacateca village was located, and several loads of metal were taken to what is now Nochistlan. It is believed that in January 1548 Juan de Tolosa, Diego de Ibarra, Cristóbal de Oñate and Baltasar Temiño de Bañuelos met and founded the first houses, although they did not formally found the city that would be known as Minas de los Zacatecas since that upon their arrival there were already indigenous people who inhabited that area, later known as the "Civilizing of the North." It is supposed that the foundation occurred on September 8, 1546, the approximate date on which De Tolosa explored the Cerro de la Bufa. Zacatecas became part of Nueva Galicia, the name given to a territory of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Due to its mineral wealth and the strong income to the Spanish Crown, in 1585 Minas de los Zacatecas received the title of "Very Noble and Loyal City of Our Lady of Zacatecas" and its corresponding shield by the King of Spain Felipe II.

19th century

José María Cos

In Zacatecas, as in most of Mexico, uprisings and battles arose in order to gain independence from Spain, one of them was the Taking of Zacatecas in 1811. When the capture of the insurgent commanders in Acatita de Baján was known, López Rayón fled from Coahuila on March 26, going to Zacatecas; this being followed by the royalist chief José Manuel Ochoa, with whom he fought the Battle of Puerto de Piñones, defeating Ochoa and obtaining weapons. After several combats, on April 15, López Rayón took Zacatecas, there he melted down artillery, manufactured gunpowder and gave uniforms to his troops.

A figure from Zacatecas who stood out during independence was José María Cos who participated in the Mexican war of independence almost from the beginning. He is credited, among other merits, with having prevented Zacatecas from being devastated by the violence of war and facilitating its incorporation as a supporter of the insurgents with the minimum of blood spilled. When the Chilpancingo Congress was instituted, Cos participated in it as a deputy for the province of Zacatecas. He participated in the drafting of the Constitution of Apatzingán, the first law that governed the government of the nascent Mexican Republic.

Creation of the State

Colonel Don Manuel Orive y Novales was the last mayor of the Province of Zacatecas, being in power until October 18, 1823, the date on which the provincial council declared the "Free and Federated State of Zacateca" naming himself a new legislative body that appointed the first interim and provisional governor to Colonel Juan Peredo who took office on October 18, 1823.

Zacatecas in Mexico of 1824, even with the territory of Aguascalientes.

The provincial council declared Zacatecas a free and federated state on June 17, and on October 19, 1823, the first state Congress was installed. The three constituted powers —Executive, Legislative and Judicial— defended the autonomy of the state as a condition for preserving national integrity. His position was identified with a confederalism, opposed to any separatist attitude, and he maintained the constitutionalist and legalist tradition that had taken root in Zacatecas between 1810 and 1813. Don José María Hoyos, was appointed by the Auxiliary Board as Provisional Governor of the New Federated State of Zacatecas, and on the same day, March 18, 1824, he took office, while the Municipalities were summoned to present a shortlist to elect the new Governor. The most urgent tasks of the first Congress were to draft the constitution and keep the state safe from the centralizing pretensions of the national government and, paradoxically, of Guadalajara, which was interested in retaining its former jurisdiction over Zacatecas. Two of the main topics of discussion in the legislature were the management of the state's economic resources, as a guarantee of its independence and sovereignty, and the balance of the three powers.

José María García Rojas was the first governor elected in Zacatecas under the new constitution. As governor García Rojas established the civic militia, which would be very important in the defense of federalism and supported the authority of civil power over the military and the religious. At the end of 1829, Francisco García Salinas was elected governor of Zacatecas who defended a model federal. Zacatecan conservatives favored a representative system of government. Twice, conservatives revolted against the federal government. In the rebellion of 1835, the federal forces of General Santa Anna sacked the city of Zacatecas and the silver mines of Fresnillo.

In January 1825, the political Constitution of the free state of Zacatecas was promulgated. For its preparation, the legislators analyzed the most advanced constitutions of the time, but they were clearly inspired by that of Cádiz. The Constitution was essentially an ideological document that established the federal popular representative republic and the division of powers as the form of government; likewise, it defined the links between the state and the rest of the nation. The state territory was divided into the parties of Zacatecas, Fresnillo, Sombrerete, Aguascalientes, Juchipila, Nieves, Mazapil, Pinos, Jerez, Tlaltenango and Villanueva. The municipalities were granted greater autonomy, thereby expanding their participation in the political life of the state.

Rebellion in Zacatecas

Santa Anna

Following the failure of the federal system, centralism gained ground and Congress modified the Constitution of 1824 in order to create a centralist republic, limiting the power of the states and reducing the number of military troops. Such events provoked a rebellion in Zacatecas, where the governor himself, Francisco García Salinas, led an army of some four thousand men against the government. To put an end to the insurgents, President Santa Anna personally went to fight him, leaving General Miguel Barragán in charge of the presidency. García Salinas, was defeated in the Battle of Zacatecas in 1835, and as punishment for his rebellion, the state of Zacatecas was forced to lose part of its territory, with which the state of Aguascalientes was formed.

Reform

During the War of Reform (1858—1861) Zacatecas became a battlefield between liberals and conservatives. In 1859, Jesús González Ortega put an end to the conservative ideals of the state when he decreed a law against it.

Monument to Francisco Villa in Cerro de la Bufa

The Revolution of 1910

One of the most important battles of the revolution occurred in the city of Zacatecas on June 23, 1914. It is known as the Toma de Zacatecas. In this battle, Francisco Villa—assisted by Felipe Ángeles and Pánfilo Natera—and his dorados took control of the city of Zacatecas, ensuring the financial security of the revolution. In honor of Pancho Villa, a statue was erected on the Cerro de la Bufa and the Olympic stadium in the capital received his name, notwithstanding the state economy suffered the consequences of these events during decades of sharp economic recession.^{[citation required]}

To commemorate this fact, since 2004, a parade is held annually in June in the capital of Zacatecas, bringing together hundreds of riders from different towns in the state.

Geography

Zacatecas has a territorial extension of 75,040 km², this represents 3.83% of the national territory. Its extreme coordinates are 25°09' north, 21°04' south of north latitude; east 100°49' and to the west 104°19' west longitude. It limits to the north with Coahuila, to the northwest with Durango, to the west with Nayarit, to the east with San Luis Potosí and Nuevo León, and to the south with Jalisco, Aguascalientes and Guanajuato.

Relief

Sierra Zacatecana

The state is located in the north of Mexico, specifically in the Central Plateau of Mexico, which includes the states of Zacatecas, Durango, Chihuahua and part of Coahuila; Between the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Sierra Madre Occidental, to the west and southwest there are some plateaus with a maximum altitude of 2,850 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.) such as La Aguililla hill.

In one of the valleys, there is the Juchipila Canyon, with a minimum height in the state of 1,000 meters. The Sierra Madre Occidental is the main mountain range that crosses the state. The highest elevation is Sierra El Astillero with an altitude of 3,200 m a.s.l. no. m., followed by Sierra de Sombrerete with 3,100 and Sierra Fría with 3,030. 38.82% of the state surface is scrub, 27.38% of the surface is used for agriculture, 15.67% is pasture, 12.66% is forest, 1.94% jungle and the rest has other uses. Most of the The state is part of the Chihuahuan desert, characterized by low rainfall and a great diversity of cacti.

Main elevations

Hydrography

The Bolaños River in its union to the Santiago River

The entity lacks important rivers; Those that exist are mostly temporary and are formed when water drains from the mountains in the rainy season. The hydrographic system is made up of two basins: the Pacific basin through other states are: San Pedro, Juchipila, Jerez, Tlaltenango, San Andrés, Atengo, Valparaíso. The rivers of the Interior Basin have no outlet to the sea and the main ones are: Calabacillas, Zaragoza, Los Lazos, San Francisco, and Aguanaval, which flows into Torreón, Coahuila. Regarding groundwater, there are 20 geohydrological zones in the state. The state has a total of 80 dams with a total capacity of 595,337 million cubic meters, highlighting the dams of: Leobardo Reynoso (Fresnillo), Miguel Alemán (Tlaltenango) and El Chique (Tabasco).

There are 20 geohydrological zones in the state in which 5891 deep wells are located for agricultural purposes with hydraulic costs ranging between 15 and 60 l/s. With depths of 150 to 250 meters. and average dynamic levels of 80 meters. In addition, there are 2,441 waterwheels or shallow, low-cost open-air wells of 5 to 10 liters per second. Similarly, in various regions of the state there are 483 low-cost wells for cattle watering purposes. The main problem facing the farmer who extracts water for agricultural uses is the cost of electricity.

Flora and fauna

Agaves in the northwest of Zacatecas

The vegetation of Zacatecas is very varied. In the mountains there are mixed forests of pines and oaks; the trees stay green all year round. There are also arid and semi-desert regions that are home to a large number of plants such as cacti. In plains and valleys there are abundant mesquites, gobernadoras, huisaches, nopales, lechuguillas, guayules and grasslands.

The fauna of the sierras includes is, white-tailed deer and hares; In plains and valleys, coyotes, badgers, quail and ducks are usually found. Other animals in the region are the rattlesnake, chirrioneros, alicantre, kangaroo rat, field mouse, wild cat, bats, eagle, wild turkey, mole, pocket gopher, dwarf macaw and the military macaw. Zacatecas is the entity in the country where there are more examples of golden eagles, the Mexican national symbol.

Flora and fauna of Zacatecas
Ursus americanus	Felis concolor	Centruroides suffus	Aquila chrysaetos	Canis latrans
Meleagris gallopavo	Crotalus durissus	Odocoileus hemionus	Canis lupus baileyi	Ovis canadensis
Abies durangensis	Opuntia ficus-indica	Echinocactus grusonii	Cylindropuntia imbricata	Pinus ponderosaa

Scrubs cover a third of the state's surface; It is followed in extension by pastures and in the highest parts by coniferous and oak forests. Agricultural areas cover 25% of the territory.

Geographic Regions

In the state of Zacatecas there are areas that cover several municipalities in which the soil, vegetation, climate, and fauna are characteristic only of that part of the territory; it is divided into 4 zones

1. Sierra Madre Oriental (Norte)
2. La Masa del Centro (Centro)
3. Sierra Madre Occidental (South)
4. The Neovolcanic Axis

The northern zone is characterized by a dry desert climate, the soil is hard and salty, making agriculture difficult; only corn and beans are given. On the other hand, the possibilities for livestock use of the land in this region are greater. The central zone has semi-desert and temperate semi-desert climates, some parts of the region have possibilities for agriculture. The southern zone is the largest region of the state and has climates such as the dry semi-desert, the temperate semi-desert and the temperate sub-humid, forests abound but also bushes and grasslands grow in various parts; There are also several rivers, so the region has great possibilities for agricultural exploitation.

Government and politics

National representation

At the national level, the state has three representatives in the Mexican Senate: Soledad Luévano Cantú (Morena), José Narro Céspedes (Morena) and Claudia Edith Anaya Mota (PRI). Zacatecas has thirteen representatives in the Chamber of Deputies | LXI VLegislature representatives in the Chamber of Deputies: one deputy by relative majority and two proportional representation from (Morena), one relative majority and three proportional representation from (PT), one proportional representation from (PVEM), one majority relative majority and one by proportional representation of the PAN, one by relative majority and one by proportional representation of the (PRI) and one more by proportional representation of the (PRD).

State

The governmental powers of the state have their facilities in the City of Zacatecas.

Executive Branch

Government Palace

The current governor of Zacatecas is David Monreal Ávila of the Hagamos Historia coalition made up of Morena, PT, PVEM and PANAL, who will hold office from September 12, 2021 to September 11, 2027. The main members from his cabinet are:

The general organization of the Executive Power

• General Secretariat of Government.
• Finance Secretariat.
• Secretariat for Regional Planning and Development.
• Secretariat of Public Works.
• Ministry of Education and Culture.
• Ministry of Health.
• Economic Development Secretariat.
• Secretariat for Agricultural Development.
• Contrary to the State.
• High Court of Justice.
• Procuraduría General de Justicia del Estado de Zacatecas.
• Major Officer.

Legislative Branch

The State Legislative Branch is made up of 30 deputies; 18 with a relative majority and 12 with proportional representation, among the latter, by constitutional mandate and since the fifty-eighth legislature there are two migrant or binational deputies, highlighting Zacatecas as an entity that has been able to give their representation and place to migrants from Zacatecas in popularly elected positions.

Federal Districts

Local Districts

The general organization of legislative power.

• 30 deputies.
• 18 Relative Majority.
• 12 Proportional Representation.

Judicial Branch

The Judicial Branch of the state is made up of 13 magistrates. Members of the state congress and city councils are elected for a 3-year term.

State Judicial Districts

International relations

The state of Zacatecas has international relations in which it seeks, among other things, to attract investment for the state or twinning, currently there are several twinning in various cities of the state such as the following:

• Zacatecas with Wuxi Jiangsu, China; Spoleto, Italy; Valparaiso, Chile; and Avignon, France.
• Fresnillo with Oxnard, United States
• Guadalupe with Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala

According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the state has had 7 international conventions or agreements, these are:

Administrative division

See: Municipalities of Zacatecas.

Zacatecas is divided into 58 municipalities. The municipality of Mazapil is the largest in the state. It occupies about 36% of the state area and is more than twice the area of the state of Aguascalientes. The municipality of Momax is the smallest with only 159 km². The state had 56 municipalities, a number that increased when the municipality of Trancoso was created in 2000 and in 2005 the municipality of Santa María de la Paz, bringing the current total to 58.

Political Division of Zacatecas

Demographics

Population

Population of Zacatecas

According to the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics (INEGI), in 2010, the State of Zacatecas had a population of 1,690,750 inhabitants with a density of 57 inhabitants/km². This places the state in 25th place in population in the nation and represents 1.3% of the national total. 51.3% (863,771) of the Zacatecan population was made up of women while men represented 48.7% (826,897). Like the nation, the average population of Zacatecas is quite young, being only 23 years old, which places it in 19th place. In the last 10 years, the population of Zacatecas has increased 6%. The density was 18.13 inhabitants per km².

According to the last census available (1921), ethnically the entity was made up of 8.55% indigenous, 86.1% mestizo and 5.35% white. the mestizo population has a higher percentage of European genes than the rest of the country. These amounts have been maintained up to now only estimating a decrease in the indigenous percentage and a slight increase in the mestizo sector. Currently only 1,837 people spoke an indigenous language.

Urban areas

The cities considered the most important in the state, due to their population, are Zacatecas, Guadalupe, Fresnillo, Jerez, Víctor Rosales (Calera) and Río Grande.

In the most recent study on metropolitan areas (ZM), published in 2015, by the National Population Council (CONAPO), the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics (INEGI) and the Social Development Secretariat (SEDESOL), it was established that in the State of Zacatecas there is only one Metropolitan Zone.

The Zacatecas / Guadalupe Metropolitan Area is made up of the municipalities of Zacatecas, Guadalupe, Trancoso, Morelos and Vetagrande. Where the population in the year 2020 amounts to 405,285 people, a population density of 222.65 inhabitants per square kilometer. The Zacatecas / Guadalupe ZM had an average annual growth rate of 1.5% from 2015 to 2020.

Regarding urban planning, according to the results presented by the 2010 General Population and Housing Census, there are a total of 372,662 homes in the state.

Human development indicators

The most recent information places Zacatecas among the states with medium human development (IDH of 0.7057). Its position in the national classification has dropped one place (27th place) compared to 2000 and 2005 when it was located in 26th place. In relative terms, for the year 2005 the state human development index (IDH) was 0.7872, value lower than the national one (0.8200), although it grew faster because while the national indicator increased 1.57%, the state one did so by 3.19%.

Within the entity, the HDI in 2005, for the municipalities of Zacatecas (IHD of 0.8900) and Guadalupe (IHD of 0.8799) registered the highest level of HDI. In contrast, the demarcations of El Salvador (IHD of 0.6792) and Jiménez del Teúl (IHD of 0.6583) had the lowest levels of human development.

Migration

Migrants Celebrating Homelands

Emigration from Zacatecas to the United States has historically represented one of the most intense flows nationwide, due to fluctuations in mining and agricultural conditions, among other reasons. In 1956, 1957 and 1958, as a consequence of the severe agricultural crisis caused by the drought, the departures of Zacatecans were 9.7, 11.1 and 10.4 percent in each year respectively, of the national totals; in 1957, with respect to the population it was equivalent to 6 percent and 21 to the workforce (Padilla 2000). Navarro and Vargas (2000) identify that from 1990 to 1995 about 26,000 Zacatecans left the entity each year and emigrated to other states of the country and especially to the United States.

The state of Zacatecas began its foray as a labor force expeller at the end of the 19th century. In works of yesteryear such as that of Gamio (1930), and in contemporaries such as that of Durand (2005), it is recognized that since the beginning of the 20th century, Zacatecas, together with Jalisco, Michoacán and Guanajuato, already made up the region that expels labor force..

In this migratory process various factors have influenced, such as the precariousness and exclusive nature of the productive structure of Zacatecas, characterized, among other things, by a limited industrial sector, an agricultural activity with little technology and oriented to family subsistence; an extensive cattle ranch specializing in the rearing of live cattle and a mining sector, which has almost no impact on employment and the regional economy. These characteristics place the state as one of those with the least capacity to generate employment in the country, as indicated by the State Development Plan (1999–2004). It is interesting to note that, although the Zacatecan economy has had important periods of expansion, it is currently still ranked as one of the states with the greatest poverty and marginalization in the country.

The migratory flow continues to be negative, although less than in past decades. It is estimated that half of Zacatecans live outside the state. In the United States they live between 800,000 and 1,000,000. Most reside in Chicago, Denver, Dallas, Houston, Los Angeles, and Phoenix.

Religion

The majority of Zacatecans are Catholic, despite the fact that the percentage of the Catholic population in the entire state decreased by 0.7%.

In 2010, according to the most recent INEGI Population and Housing Census, 94.4% of Zacatecans professed the Catholic religion, surpassing Guanajuato, which a decade ago led the statistics. Of the 1,490,000 Zacatecans in the state, 1,394,000 are Catholic. With the exception of the Catholic Church, practically all the main religions and cults registered an increase in their percentage of adherents.

Cathedral of Zacatecas

With regard to Protestants and Evangelicals (historical, Pentecostal, Neo-Pentecostal) the INEGI reported 41,878, which is equivalent to 2.8% of the population, that is, almost one point more than what was registered a decade ago. Religious groups such as Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) reached 15,581 people, which speaks of an increase of just 0.1%. In the entire state, only 94 Jews were counted.

In Zacatecas, Catholic temples play an important role in the culture that, together with the squares, are considered the center of the towns. The most important temple in the state is the Cathedral Basilica of Zacatecas, considered the greatest exponent of the Baroque in all of America. The bishop of the Diocese of Zacatecas is Monsignor Sigifredo Noriega Barceló, appointed bishop of Zacatecas by Pope Benedict XVI on 2 August 2012.

Public services

Public services are those that fulfill an economic or social function (or both) and primarily satisfy the needs of the community or society where they are carried out.

Health

The state's birth rate in 2012 stands at 17.79%, in 2010 36,323 births were registered. In addition to having a very young population, in 2009, just over a quarter of the population in the state (26.1%) is young (15 to 29 years old). Life expectancy at birth is 74.8 at the national level. state, 72.1 years for men and 77.7 years for women. In 2010, 8,202 deaths were registered, of the above, the main causes of death are heart disease, malignant tumors and diabetes mellitus.

Zacatecas has: Mexican Institute of Social Security, Institute of Security and Social Services for State Workers, Mexican Red Cross Zacatecas Delegation. The population of the health services of Zacatecas is estimated at 553,839 inhabitants, while the ISSSTE State Delegation has a population of 144,659 beneficiaries and in terms of affiliates to opportunities there are a total of 253,498. It has first level care units (426 care units and 16 specialty units); second level care units (5 general hospitals, 15 care units and 11 community hospitals); ISSSTE has a total of 35 units and 688 people in human resources.

IMSS has 33 first-level units and 2 second-level units. There are a total of 3,240 human resources.

The Health Services have 142 first level Units, 6 second level and 75 mobile units. The main hospitals in the state are: General Hospital of Zacatecas, General Hospital of Fresnillo, General Hospital of Jerez, General Hospital of Loreto and the Hospital de la Mujer Zacatecana.

Education

The state of Zacatecas has one library for every 6,250 people. In 2005, 92.7% of the population aged 15 and over were literate. 98% of the population aged 8-14 were literate and write. In the state there are 1,350 preschool schools, 2,031 primary schools, 1,159 secondary schools, and 185 high schools.

Higher Education

Chronology of Higher Education in Zacatecas

1759 – Foundation of the Colegio de San Luis Gonzaga in the place currently occupied by the Preparatory Academic Unit no. 1 of the UAZ.

1826 – Foundation of the Normal School of Mutual Education.

1832 – The Jerez Literary Institute begins work.

1868 - The Jerez Literary Institute changes its name to the García Literary Institute, the “Public Instruction, Industry and Development Board” is established, seeking to improve schools in the city.

1877 - Under the government of Trinidad García de la Cadena, higher education for women is promoted.

1912 – During the brief administration of Lic. José Guadalupe González, the building of the School of Agriculture was built in the town of Guadalupe, leaving it abandoned when the ruler died on December 29, 2012.

1927 – Enrique García's printing press started operating, the first linotype in the State.

1935 – The Guadalupe School of Arts and Crafts and the girls' asylum are merged, due to economic difficulties, being administered by the Secretary of Public Education.

1937 – The Institute of Sciences reopens its doors, having been closed years before together with the normal schools of Zacatecas and Río Grande.

1940 – The Normal School of Zacatecas reopens its doors.

1947 – The Ramón López Velarde Floral Games began, being repressed in 1972.

1948 – The spring courses were inaugurated, with the purpose of disseminating culture throughout the State. Being the same year that he had the ninth session of the Mexican Congress of History.

1950 – 1956 - During the period of the administration of José Minero Roque, the State Public Library was enriched.

1957 – 1972 The Normal School of the Colegio del Centro was in operation.

1968 – The Autonomous Institute of Sciences became what is now the Autonomous University of Zacatecas, its first rector being Magdaleno Varela Luján.

In the State of Zacatecas, the decisions that the government makes in terms of public policy but directed at the educational issue, are the guidelines that must lead and accompany the current educational model in each society. They are the rules to follow, the provisions that the State establishes and that are applied to the Educational System. Mexico is a country with an extensive diversity of culture, languages, traditions and customs, which is why it characterizes us as a country in which it emphasizes the study plans and programs, and the improvement of education in Mexico.

The state of Zacatecas has the following universities, research centers and institutes:

Public

• Autonomous University of Zacatecas
• Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Centro Regional Universitario Centro Norte
• Mathematics Research Center, A.C.
• National Pedagogical University Unit 321
• Instituto Tecnológico de Zacatecas
• Instituto Tecnológico Superior Zacatecas Norte
• Universidad Politécnica de Zacatecas:
• Universidad Politécnica del Sur de Zacatecas
• Technological University of Zacatecas State
• Instituto Tecnológico Superior Zacatecas West
• Instituto Tecnológico Superior Zacatecas Sur
• Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Nochistlán
• Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Jerez
• Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Loreto
• Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Fresnillo
• Interdisciplinary Professional Engineering Unit Campus Zacatecas (UPIIZ) - (IPN)
• Zacatecas State Conservation and Restoration School "Refugio Reyes"

Private

• Universidad Autónoma de Fresnillo
• Universidad Autónoma de Durango Campus Zacatecas
• Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Zacatecas
• University of Vera-Cruz (UVC)
• UNIDEP University of Professional Development
• IZEU (Instituto Zacatecano de Estudios Universitarios)
• UNID Universidad Iberoamericana para Desarrollo
• Universidad Autónoma de Durango Campus Fresnillo
• Universidad Sierra Madre Campus Fresnillo

Normal Schools

• Benemérita Escuela Normal "Manuel Ávila Camacho". (Zacatecas, Zac.)
• Escuela Normal Rural "Gral. Matías Ramos Santos". (San Marcos, Loreto, Zac.)
• Escuela Normal Experimental "Salvador Varela Reséndiz". (Juchipila, Zac.)
• Escuela Normal Experimental "Rafael Ramírez Castañeda". (Nieves, Fco. R. Murguía, Zac.)
• Escuela Normal Superior de Zacatecas. (Zacatecas, Zac.)
• Centro de Actualización al Magisterio en Zacatecas. (Zacatecas, Zac.)

Culture

Architecture

Civil Architecture of Zacatecas
Government Palace	Tower Building	Teatro Fernando Calderón	Aqueduct the Cube	Mercado González Ortega	Portales El Teúl
Portal de Rosales	Hotel Quinta Real	Hinojosa Theatre	José González Echeverría Theatre	House of Culture	Royal Funds

In this entity there are a large number of monuments, internationally recognized for their baroque, gothic, churriguresque and colonial styles. The religious conquest was carried out primarily by the Franciscan order, which founded the hospice in 1558; In 1567 they already had a large convent and in 1603 custody of the province of Zacatecas was created. Later, the Augustinians, Dominicans and Jesuits arrived, who not only evangelized the natives but helped to make them sedentary, so that around their chapels and convents, towns were founded that are currently very populous cities. The Aqueduct, the bucket, brought the vital liquid

to the site where the monument to General Jesús González Ortega is located and from there to a water fountain that was located in Plaza Independencia, starting from the shaft of the Cubo mine, hence its popular name. During the In the 17th and 18th centuries, interesting samples of Baroque architecture were also developed, in addition, in this period, several haciendas were also built in various municipalities of the state, such as the San Mateo County hacienda in Valparaíso. In the 19th century during the Porfiriato, several buildings, mainly in the capital, of which the Calderon theater and the González Ortega market stand out, located in the center of the city of Zacatecas.

Of the religious constructions, the Basilica Cathedral of Zacatecas, the former convent of San Francisco, the temple of Fátima, the temple of Santo Domingo, the former temple of San Agustín, the Sanctuary of Plateros, among others, stand out.

Religious architecture of Zacatecas
Basilica Cathedral of Zacatecas	Convent of Guadalupe	Temple of Fatima	Parish of Santa Vera Cruz	Temple of Santo Domingo	Temple of the Sacred Heart
The Virgin of the Soledad Temple	Plateros Sanctuary	Temple of Santo Domingo	Temple of San Francisco	Purification Parish	Mexicapan Chapel

Museums

Zacatecas has a large number of museums, most of them located in the city of Zacatecas, with great artistic collections and diverse themes. These collections are exhibited in historical and artistic spaces (former convents, former temples, colonial buildings, stately residences, former prisons, educational centers, modern enclosures, etc.), which for this purpose were conditioned, adapting them to the exhibitions. Among the museums of the state are the Rafael Coronel museum where interesting collections of Mexican popular art are exhibited, which are headed by the so-called "El rostro de México" and that it is made up of more than ten thousand Mexican masks; the Pedro Coronel Museum where there is a collection of universal art with more than 1,300 pieces from various cultures, including works by the artist himself and others such as Pablo Picasso, Marc Chagall, Salvador Dalí and Kandinsky; the Zacatecano Museum, the Toma de Zacatecas museum; Francisco Goitia Museum, the Manuel M. Ponce Museum and the Regional Museum of Guadalupe (Zacatecas), located in the city of Guadalupe, with one of the most important collections of viceregal painting in Mexico, as well as the Manuel Felguérez abstract art museum.

Other museums in the state are: the UAZ Science Museum, the Episcopal Gallery, the Antonio Aguilar Room and the Inquisitor Museum. Of the archaeological museums, the existing ones are the La Quemada archaeological museum and the Altavista site archaeological museum; Some of the entity's interactive museums are the Zig Zag interactive museum, the only Fourth Generation museum in the state, and the Casa Ramón López Velarde interactive museum located in the city of Jerez. Throughout the state there are also several regional museums.

The entity celebrates the festivities to commemorate Mexico, as well as official commemorations such as the anniversary of the Independence of Mexico (September 16), Day of the Dead, the anniversary of the Mexican Revolution, etc. In the Catholic Holy Week, representations of the Via Crucis and crucifixion are carried out.

There is also the International Festival of Street Theater (the third week of October), which presents theater companies from Mexico and abroad that offer performances in plazas, museums and other outdoor spaces in the city of Zacatecas. It arose in 2001, with the purpose of taking the theater to its original venue, the street, thus bringing this artistic discipline closer to the general public, especially children and young people.

Popular festivals

The entity celebrates the festivities to commemorate Mexico, as well as the official commemorations such as the Anniversary of the Independence of Mexico (September 16), Day of the Dead, Anniversary of the Mexican Revolution, etc. During Holy Week, representations of the Stations of the Cross and the Crucifixion are held.

The festivities in Zacatecas have very special characteristics and nuances, although a program of events is carried out throughout the year, festive galas are shown during major festivals such as: the Zacatecas Cultural Festival (in Holy and Easter weeks); the International Folklore (held in July); the traditional Morismas de Bracho (in the last week of August); the Zacatecas National Fair (the first two weeks of September)

or the also International Street Theater Festival (the third week of October), which presents theater companies from Mexico and abroad that offer performances in plazas, museums and other outdoor spaces in the city of Zacatecas. It emerged in 2001, with the purpose of bringing the theater to its original location, the street, thus bringing this artistic discipline closer to the general public, especially children and young people.

The festivities and fairs in the interior of the state are mainly to celebrate a specific patron saint. Among the traditional festivities that stand out the most are the "callejoneadas", where you walk through the hidden alleys of the city, savoring an exquisite Huitzila mezcal and tasting a sample of regional cuisine.

Other state festivals include: Jerez, the Jerez spring fair, the Baroque festival at the Guadalupe Museum, and the Zacatecan poetry festival. The patron saint festivities of some municipalities of the state are:

• Tlaltenango: Tlaltenango Regional Fair, in the first week of January:
• Nochistlán: Fiesta a San Sebastián (the Papaqui), from 16 to 21 January, a celebration of the oldest in the State.
• Juchipila: Juchipila Regional Fair, on the third Sunday of January
• Hambrerete: Festival de la Candelaria, February 2
• Guadalupe: Guadalupe State Fair in mid-December
• Fresnillo: National Silver Fair, in the first week of September
• Pines: Regional Pine Fair from 14 to 25 February
• Juan Aldama: 1 November
• Valparaíso: Valparaiso Regional Fair, between the first and the second week of December
• Plates: Fiestas del Santo Niño de Atocha, 25 December
• Jalpa: Jalpa Regional Fair, 18 December-1 January
• Villanueva: San Judas Tadeo Regional Fair, from 20 to 28 October
• Teúl de González Ortega: Feria de la Música y el Mezcal in the third week of November
• Tabasco: Regional Candy Fair, in the first and second week of December and the Cultural Festival during the Easter holidays.

Crafts

In the state of Zacatecas, as in other regions of Mexico, economic development or the adoption of new cultural guidelines caused in many urban or rural communities, a progressive abandonment of production in various branches of traditional crafts.

However, in recent years attempts have been made by some official organizations to preserve the influence of those master craftsmen who still survive and propagate their knowledge. A recent survey by IDEAZ (Institute for Craft Development of Zacatecas) has raised the census of artisans from 150 to 1,500 throughout the state. Among other initiatives, it is intended to create a high quality seal for silverware, since Zacatecan silver is one of the best in the world.

In Zacatecas the main current artisan branches are silverware, ceramics and pottery, quarry carving, textiles, saddlery and works with pita and lechuguilla. Carved wooden items, ceramics, artistic blacksmithing, basketry, blown glass, resins, papier-mâché, and works in rocks, semi-precious stones, and metals such as copper, iron, and gold are also produced. Leather objects with pyrography, handmade wooden furniture, leather and stuffed animals, macrame, miniature furniture, plaster and beaded figures. Edible artisan products are also made, such as drinks made from agave, typical sweets and traditional meals or dishes.

The work of carving in the quarry has always been very prominent in this state. This activity has been preserved especially in Fresnillo. The textiles of Guadalupe, Jerez, Villa García and Zacatecas have are outstanding. There are made sarapes (a kind of peasant blanket) and jorongos (with an opening like a poncho), jackets (jackets) and other woolen items, made on a pedal loom.

The Huichol territory covers areas of the Sierra Madre Occidental mainly in the states of Jalisco and Nayarit, and less in Durango and Zacatecas. The Huichols produce necklaces, bracelets and pendants made with beads (beads), woven and embroidered wool girdles and backpacks with abstract or naturist motifs, ceremonial clothing and hats, etc. These items are originally valued for their ability to provide both physical and spiritual protection for the user.

Because it is a cattle-raising state, leather goods are highly valued here, especially those related to charrería, such as saddles, belts, boots, pistol holsters, and horse harnesses. Saddles and their different accessories are made in Jerez, as well as utilitarian products such as women's bags (wallets) and purses. All of them are profusely decorated (pitteados) with pita threads that allow them to withstand intensive use. The work with pita fiber is characteristic of the Zacatecan soil.

In the semi-arid region of Zacatecas, a fiber known as lechuguilla is produced, with which various woven objects are produced. Salvador Mazapil, Concepción del Oro and Melchor Ocampo are the three municipalities where numerous residents support themselves by working with this material. Precious and semi-precious stone carvings are made in the mining city of Zacatecas, with turquoises set in metal standing out. Throughout the state there are several regional museums where items from the region are exhibited.

Dances

There are well-recognized and remembered dances among the Zacatecan population, such as the Mexicapan dance, which represents a lived purpose and reflects the character of the Zacatecan: strong, gallant, and boastful. There is a set of melodies La Jesusa, Las Barracas, La Varsovina, El Barretero, La Botella, and Diablo Verde; Unquestionably with European influence, as a result of the mining boom in Zacatecas. In the south of Zacatecas, the Dance of the Tastuanes is famous in the municipalities of Apozol, Juchipila and Moyahua de Estrada.

Music

The corrido is famous throughout the state of Zacatecas, in its multiple manifestations. In the south of the altiplano and north of the sierra, bands of breath, known as tamborazo, are usually found. "The Zacatecas March" by Genaro Codina, it has been heard for years throughout the republic and abroad; It is the anthem of the charras associations and is considered, due to its frequent interpretation in official acts, as the "second national anthem". Likewise, northern music identified mainly by the accordion can be heard throughout the state territory.

The interpretations of the international Zacatecas State Music Band, directed by Octaviano Sigala, Juan Pablo García and Salvador García; as well as the Orquesta Típica de señoritas, directed by Fernando Villalpando. It is important to highlight the tamborazo (from Jerez) that cannot be missing in the Zacatecan festivities. The jaraberos of Nochistlán, music considered one of the oldest in the state.

Since 2004, the state government awards the medal of musical merit "Candelario Huízar" to prominent figures for their career in favor of musical development in Zacatecas. The award-winning musicians have been:

• 2004 - Luis Humberto Ramos, clarinetist
• 2005 - José Román Jiménez Pérez, saxophonist and orchestra director
• 2006 - Héctor Guzmán Mejía, organist and orchestra director
• 2007 - Salvador García Ortega, band director
• 2008 - Luis Félix Serrano, choir director
• 2009 - Jorge Barrón Corvera, violinist
• 2010 - Manuel Cerros Guevara, cornista
• 2011 - Ernesto Juárez Frías, composer
• 2012 - Francisco Vanegas Vega, director
• 2013 - Cristina Pestana Alpízar, violist
• 2014 - Rubén Esparza, guitarist
• 2015 - Alfonso Vázquez Sosa, pianist

The award ceremony takes place on February 2 of each year in commemoration of the birth of Candelario Huízar.

Choral music has been one of the main musical manifestations in the state. Manuscripts of vocal work for musical groups have been located in the Cathedral Basilica of Zacatecas, the Convent of Guadalupe and the library of the Academic Unit of Arts of the Autonomous University of Zacatecas has an important collection of manuscripts of Zacatecan composers from the 19th century. and XX, among others: Fernando Villalpando, Francisco Aguilar y Urizar, Manuel Barrón y Soto, Severiano González, Isauro Félix, Candelario Huízar, Samuel de la Trinidad Herrera, Luis G. Araujo and Octaviano Sigala.

Coro del Estado de Zacatecas / Zacatecas State Choir

The most outstanding choral groups in the 20th century were

• University Choir of the U.A.Z. led by the Pbro. Martín de Jesús Pacheco Sánchez
• IMSS Choir directed by Luis Félix Serrano
• Choir of FONAPAS directed by Luis Félix Serrano
• University Cantoría de la U.A.Z. directed by José Antonio Rincón and Héctor Mora de Lira
• Ensamble Vocal Poliphonía directed by Alfonso Vázquez

The Zacatecas Choral Society and the Polifonía Vocal Ensemble maintained constant activity for more than a decade, performing concerts, recordings, tours and participating in opera performances. Both groups participated in several editions of the Zacatecas Cultural Festival. In turn, the Polyphony Vocal Ensemble won first place on two occasions (1985 and 1987) in the National Contest for Teaching Musical Ensembles, convened by the Ministry of Public Education and held at the National Conservatory of Music.

At the beginning of the 21st century, the project "Coro Monumental de Zacatecas" made up of a chamber choir and several choirs of children, youth and seniors. The project was short-lived with important performances in the official acts of the Zacatecas City Council.

Since 2009, the Zacatecas State Choir was created, the only professional choral group currently active.

In 2007 the Zacatecas Opera Workshop was established, which later became what is now the Zacatecas Opera Company.

Zacatecas State Chamber Orchestra

The state has these orchestra groups:

• Zacatecas State Chamber Orchestra (OCEZ) also offers seasons of symphonic concerts; special presentations of various musical genres.
• Zacatecas Philharmonic Orchestra (OFILZAC) which offers a monthly concert in two annual seasons.
• Youth Symphony Orchestra of the State of Zacatecas
• Youth Symphony Orchestra of the Autonomous University of Zacatecas (OSJUAZ)
• Camerata de la Ciudad de Zacatecas

among others

Typical costumes

The difference in regional clothing for women and men is clear.

• The woman's clothing consists of a red cloth skirt, line "A" across the street, because the back has a planks. On the bottom of the skirt there is a strip with embroidered flowers. From the skirt stands a white lace background. The blouse, white and French brocade, has a high neck, virreinal type; pumped sleeve, except from elbow to the chin, button and is enclosed to the waist where a pleated skirt of the same cloth falls.

• The typical man's suit consists of a beige trousers, can be other colors, white shirt with high neck embroidery in the chest and cuffs finished in the olan. It is accompanied by a three-room red sleeve jacket, open and decorated with buttons.

Gastronomy

The gastronomy of Zacatecas is wide and varied, it is a cuisine rich in flavors and aromas, it is mainly based on products such as meat, corn, chili, tomato, fruits and beans, birria and basket tacos, how Delia said.

Among the main dishes, the asado de bodas stands out, which is made with pork with a sauce of chili peppers and chocolate, and which, as its name suggests, was traditionally served during weddings. Other of the main dishes of Zacatecas are the ram birria, the popular menudo, the enchiladas, the gorditas stuffed with stews and the marinated meat. The gorditas with chile and butter were born during the Revolution, and were prepared by the adelitas for their men, and they were made basically with those two ingredients. Today, there is a wide variety of gorditas and rolls that play an important role in popular food, they are made from corn or wheat, sweet or salty, on a griddle or in the oven. The gorditas can be filled with a wide variety of stews (mole with rice, nopalitos with egg, chicharrón with chile, rajas with potatoes, tongue, liver, wire, tinder, among others. Panuchos and semitas are also used, which are The condoches are made with wheat flour, milk, cinnamon and sugar, and decorated with raisins, coconut or walnuts, which are sweet corn chutneys that are cooked on corn leaves.

With regard to desserts, the Jerez cocadas, marshmallows, guava and quince ates (sweet paste), milk ham, prickly pear honey, as well as the traditional sweet potato, biznaga, chilacayote and pumpkin candies stand out. Lent season the capirotada is consumed as the main dessert.

Zacatecas has a tradition of mezcal production and the state is part of the list of entities with denomination of origin for mezcal production along with 7 other states. In addition, this region produces internationally recognized table wines, excellent red, white and rosé wines, ideal as an accompaniment to meals. Other drinks include pulque and mead, along with cane brandy and colonche, the regional drink. par excellence, which is obtained from the fermentation of the juice of the tuna cardona.

As one of the most important grape producers in Mexico, the state developed an important wine culture starting in the 1970s. In the eighties Pedro Domecq settled in the municipality of Ojocaliente where he began producing brandy and table wine. In 1986 Jesús López López, former president of the Mexican Winegrowers Association, began producing Cacholá wine in the Valle de las Arsinas, which won the first medal for a wine from Zacatecas in the Challenge International Du Vin de Bordeaux. In 1987, the businessman Isauro López López founded Viñedos Campo Real, located in the municipality of Trancoso and in 1988 produced his first wine, Reserva del Patrón , from Ruby Cabernet grapes. After a milestone several years, in 2010 the sons of Isauro López López summed up wine production at Viñedos Campo Real under the name of Tierra Adentro. The winery has become the most prolific in the state and has managed to win more than twelve awards for its wines.[17] In 2018, Isauro López Muñoz introduced the López Rosso Wine to the market, produced under the direction of Dr. Joaquín Madero, and in 2019 he obtained his first award at the Concours Mondial de Bruxelles Mexico Edition.

Infrastructure

The State of Zacatecas can be considered to be well connected, since it is located in the center-north zone. There is a railway network that is currently only used for freight transport with a length of 671 km. There are also several bus stations throughout the state where the most important are Zacatecas and Fresnillo, as well as an International Airport, which has national and international service with domestic flights to Tijuana and international flights to Chicago-Midway. and Los Angeles; It has 5 aerodromes in the municipalities of Mazapil, Tlaltenango and Huanusco.

Roads

Regarding roads, the federal, state and rural highway network is 11,842 km long and has a network of paved roads that cross its territory, it also has a wide network that connects the capital with all the municipalities.

The main routes that cross the state are: federal highways, Federal Highway 23 Fresnillo, ZAC - Chapala, JAL; Federal Highway 25, Aguascalientes, AGS - Loreto, ZAC; Federal Highway 44 Fresnillo - Valparaíso; Federal Highway 54 Saltillo - Zacatecas.

Media

The state has 188,438 fixed telephone lines, 851 post offices, 30 telegraph offices, 19 radio stations operate in the state (13 amplitude modulated and 6 frequency modulated) as well as 16 television stations. Coverage of amplitude and frequency modulated broadcasting.

Five newspapers are published in the entity, Imagen, Página 24, El Sol de Zacatecas (founded in 1965, which is one of the newspapers with the greatest circulation and sales in the state with a circulation of 17,217 copies, daily and member of the Mexican Editorial Organization), La Jornada Zacatecas and the Diario NTR; two open-signal television channels with 12 repeaters from Televisa and TV Azteca, as well as a wide variety of local cable programs and printed publications in municipalities.

Economy

Due to its geographical location, Zacatecas is connected to the main ports and economic centers of the country. The State of Zacatecas has traditionally had a very small contribution to the gross domestic product (GDP). Currently, its participation in the national total is only 0.9%.

Zacatecas received 5.9 million dollars in foreign direct investment (FDI) in 2011. The manufacturing industry was the main destination of foreign direct investment received by the state in the reference year. Zacatecas is part of the newly created Northern Mexico Economic Corridor, made up of the states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas and Zacatecas.

The EAP of 12 years and older is 358,449 people, that is, 37.5%, placing Zacatecas 11.8 points below the national average, which is 49.3%. The economically inactive population stands out, where 62 out of every hundred people do not work, which places us 12 points above the national parameter. The employed population is 353,628 people (98.66%) of which 53.2% are employees and workers, the rest work on their own or are in another situation. In this same category, women stand out, where 68 out of every hundred work as employees and workers. The employed population is distributed as follows: 73,126 people in the primary sector, 94,549 in the secondary sector and 174,981 in the tertiary sector; almost 50% of the employed population is concentrated in the latter.

Sectors of economic activity

Primary Activities

The following are classified as primary: agriculture, livestock, forestry, fishing, mining, etc.

Agriculture

The agricultural products that are harvested are cereals (the production of which depends on the intensity of rainfall), and the maguey, which depends on the irrigation of the lower valleys, and which thrives easily in dry climates.

According to the figures of the 2000 Census, 1,303,564 hectares were planted in the State, of which 1,241,824 hectares correspond to cyclical crops, and only 61,735 to perennials. Within the cyclicals, the largest area is planted with beans, 755,615 hectares, but given the drop or depression in the price of this legume, it is expected that a smaller area will be planted in the near future. It is worth mentioning that in the sowing of corn it was 356,166 hectares, 64,177 of fodder oats; 34,150 of chili, 5,248 of barley, 4,025 of oats, in addition to planting sorghum, onion, garlic, etc. With regard to perennials, 22,012 hectares are planted with peach, 14,181 nopal, 8,605 alfalfa, 5,246 guava, etc.

The cyclical crops that are most sown are: beans, corn, fodder oats, chili peppers, and barley. In addition, oats, sorghum, onion, garlic, peach, cactus, alfalfa and guava are planted. In total, 1,303,564 hectares are used for agriculture.

Livestock and fishing

Livestock is also a priority in the economy since the state of Zacatecas has large expanses of rangeland 5,388,434 hectares that can be used for livestock activities. According to the 2000 Census, 1,037,287 heads of bovine cattle are produced annually, among: production of meat, milk, 245,762 heads of pigs, 310,023 heads of sheep; 546,414 goats; 209,707 equines including horses, donkeys and mules; 1,862,726 gallinaceous birds and 30,442 turkeys and 46,426 hives between rustic and modern. It should be noted that despite the fact that the State lacks coastlines, the volume of capture of aquaculture products is 5,095 tons, highlighting tilapia, carp, catfish and bass.

Forestry Regarding forestry, 58,344 m³ in rolls of timber forest products are obtained, the main ones being oak and pine.

Mining

Silver

Mining is by far one of the oldest activities carried out in Zacatecas, as well as one of the most important, mainly the extraction of silver, gold, mercury, iron, zinc, lead, bismuth, antimony, salt, copper, quartz, kaolin, onyx, quarry, cadmium and Wollastonite. The mineral wealth of the state was discovered shortly after the conquest, and some of the mines (and the most famous in Mexico) date from 1546. The most productive are the Alvarado silver mines. More than 800 million dollars were extracted from this mine alone during 1548 and 1867, according to surviving records. Today, Mexico is the first silver producer in the world.

Currently the most important mineralized zones contain mainly mineral aggregates in the form of complex oxides and sulphides of lead, zinc and copper, with small amounts of silver and gold. These zones are located mainly in 13 mining districts, among which Fresnillo, Zacatecas, Concepción del Oro, Mazapil, Sombrerete and Chalchihuites stand out for their importance, with Noria de Ángeles being more important in recent years.

There are 86 economic units involved in mining activity. Manufacturing is a growing sector of the economy, of which the food and beverage industry is the largest. It should be noted that in the aforementioned mines there are also important deposits of non-metallic minerals for industrial use such as: kaolin, onyx, quarry, wallastonite and quartz, among others.

Secondary Activities

This sector refers to industrial activities, those that transform the resources of the primary sector.

Manufacturing is a growing sector of the economy, of which the food and beverage industry is the largest; Of the Zacatecan manufacturing industry, beer production stands out, which in addition to appearing as the most important industrial activity, contributing 24.8% of the entity's total gross production and 26.6% of fixed assets, also ranks first in the generation of added value. Likewise, the activity of Food, Beverages and Tobacco stands out for its contribution to the Product with 55.93%, followed by Metal Products, Machinery and Equipment with 22.41%. The products that had the greatest dynamism in Zacatecas due to their annual growth rate were: non-metallic mineral products, followed by metallic products, machinery and equipment.

Currently, it is about consolidating the Fresnillo Industrial Park, which was provided with infrastructure in its territorial reserve area, with the urbanization of 15 hectares (expansion of the Fresnillo Industrial Park), where easy access and connectivity were obtained for the establishment of new companies, 10 new industrial warehouses have also been created, of 500m2 each, fully equipped for this purpose.

In the Calera Industrial Park, new infrastructure works are carried out, which are executed in its roads with respect to pavements, public lighting, perimeter fence, access modules and bus stop. The aerospace industry settled in Zacatecas. The company Grupo Everest, from the sector of industrial manufacturing projects in Mexico, has consolidated the installation of an anchor company, triumph group, dedicated to the manufacture of aircraft parts. Recently, as a result of Japanese investment, another Japanese company was inaugurated in the entity called Koide Kokan Mexico.

Tertiary activities

Trade

It has 48,257 economic units, 1.3% of the country, in terms of occupation it employs 174,368 people, 0.9% of the employed personnel in Mexico. Of the total personnel employed in the entity, 60% (103,894) are men and 40% (70,474) are women. On average, the remuneration received by each worker per year in Zacatecas is 72,211 Mexican pesos, the average national is $99,114.

Tourism

Cathedral of Zacatecas.

In the entity, the existence of 265 hotels and 6,815 rooms, 604 preparation establishments in food and beverage services, night tours of legends, tram tours, hourly guide service, among other tourist services, are registered. The state of Zacatecas has internationally recognized colonial communities such as Zacatecas, the state capital; Guadalupe, Fresnillo, Sombrerete and Jerez de García Salinas.

The most visited locations are:

• Zacatecas: Capital of the state, rich in history and traditions, enslaved in a cliff, flanked by the historic Cerro de la Bufa, Cerro del Grillo, Cerro de la Virgen and Cerro del Padre, lies its soil full of brooks and ambuved streams, on which the population is built and gives it its special form. Important for the role he played during the Mexican revolution in a key battle for the triumph of the revolution in June 1914. The city's physiognomy has undergone several changes throughout its history, which have been cyclical depending on the city's economy, it is known as a colonial city, although in reality there are few buildings belonging to the period of the colony, most of the most representative buildings are of the second half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century, at this time there is a great mining boom in the city, there is abundant trade and

Fernando Calderón Theatre.

Mercado y la Plaza de Toros San Pedro (today converted into a hotel, one of the most beautiful in Latin America), is also famous for its Baroque and Churrigueresque architecture, although in reality the only purely Baroque building is the main façade of the cathedral and its two towers, of which the north tower was finished until 1904, as well as the 8 gold-plated altarpieces of the side altars of the Santo Domingo temple, there is a Gothic-style church that is the Fátima temple, built in half of the 20th century, the only construction of its style in the state. A city declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1993. In Zacatecas you can admire the town from a cable car that crosses the center from Cerro de la Bufa to Cerro del Grillo.

Every year during Holy Week a Cultural Week is held, where all expressions of art are manifested in theaters, and natural settings such as squares, squares, streets and alleys. This cultural week receives artists from all over the world and is considered one of the most important cultural festivals in America, only after the Cervantino Festival.

On the last Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday of August, the Morismas de Bracho are celebrated, a representation of the battle of Lepanto, Moors against Christians that took place in 1571, is one of the 3 performances in the world together with the one in Granada and Alicante in Spain, being this one, the one in Zacatecas, the most monumental, with about 15,000 actors and which has more than 100 years of tradition.

Panoramic of the city of Zacatecas.

From the last Sunday of July to the first Sunday of August, the Zacatecas international folklore festival "Gustavo Vaquera Contreras" where dance groups from the five continents visit us, as well as from the states of Mexico, it is considered one of the best 5 festivals in the world, being the most important in the American continent, the dances are in squares, squares and special places, the gala presentations that take place at the Fernando Calderón and Ramón López Velarde Theater.

In September, the Zacatecas National Fair (FENAZA) is held during the first three weeks of the month, with events such as bullfights, cockfights, exhibitions, artistic varieties and entertainment, considered one of the 3 most important fairs in Mexico and is one of the few fairs that do not charge access to its facilities.

Also every year in October, the city of Zacatecas maintains its international appointment with the street theater festival, being the only festival of its kind in all of Mexico, opening the doors of its squares and alleys to the companies that have made the open space the stage for their artistic creativity, where they invade all possible spaces to delve into the senses of each one of the spectators, to eliminate the barrier that divides everyday life from the world of dreams.

In this way, in the course of these eight years, the International Street Theater Festival has established itself as one of the cultural projects that have achieved an important objective: to mobilize and integrate the public with the actors, in the incomparable setting of a world heritage urban space.

All year round, Zacatecas hosts various cultural events, and it has a great hotel infrastructure, being one of the best options for national and international tourism.

• Guadalupe Neighboring the capital with which a metropolitan area is formed; it has a rich virreinal sacral art gallery, a Franciscan convent with a gold-plated chapel (Capilla de Nápoles) and other outstanding buildings.
• Brake: It is the second most important city after the state capital. Cuna of remarkable illustrious men, such as Manuel M. Ponce, Francisco Goitia, Tomas Méndez, etc. It was founded by the eibarrés explorer, Francisco de Ibarra. The city is the center of a mining area known mainly for its silver production. Its mine is one of the largest production in the world of silver, the Proaño mine or the Fresnillo mine, which belongs to the mining company Peñoles

It is the place of the famous Santo Niño de Atocha, a Roman image bought by Mexico from Spain

• Plateros Sanctuary: It shelters the Holy Child of Atocha, the third most visited religious centre in the country.
• Hat: colonial settlement with temples, convents and colonial buildings of quarry with centuries old. It possesses a mining wealth that made it one of the main minerals of the country during New Spain. It was the capital of the state for one year by La Toma de Zacatecas, and is considered the second city with the greatest architectural wealth by institutions such as INAH. It has three sites within the Real Camino de Tierra Adentro that are considered the heritage of humanity which are the historical set of the municipal headboard, the village La Noria de San Pantaleón and the Sierra de Organs national park. In addition, it was declared a magical village in 2012 by the federal tourism secretariat.
• Nochistlán: colonial settlement founded on January 5, 1532, which has a lot of architectural jewels among which is the temple of San Francisco which began its construction in the year 1584, the temple of San Sebastian dating from 1743, in addition to the municipal president, the pariah, the aqueduct built in 1792, the monument in honor of the foundation of the first Guadalajara and many more buildings that stand out for its beauty and its antiquity.
• Juan Aldama: It is the largest community and the municipal head of the Municipality of Juan Aldama. The city was named in honor of the Mexican insurgent Juan Aldama. It was founded by 400 Tlaxcalteca families in southern Mexico that with the permission of King Felipe II, and in New Spain the Virrey Don Alvaro Manrrique, gave permission to go to colonize the area. Juan Aldama was known by other names: San Juan Bautista del Mezquital and Villa Aréchiga. It currently has 13,848 inhabitants according to census (2005).
• Jerez de García Salinas: The native population of the poet Ramón López Velarde and the politician Francisco García Salinas, with quarry buildings, among which are the Hinojosa Theatre and the parish temple. It also highlights the regional fair that begins on Saturday of glory. In 2007 he was declared a Magic People.
• Sain Alto: Founded in 1532 by the Spaniards Fernando and Francisco de Sain. It has a great abundance in culture and traditions. Your fair in honor of the patron saint San Sebastian Martyr. It also has thermal water spas, and several springs.
• Valparaíso: Native population of the artist Manuel Felguérez and the military Jesus González Ortega. It has thermal water spas and large tracts of forest, where there are various activities, it also has a large number of haciendas.

Tourism of Zacatecas
Jerez, Magical village	Hate, Magical village	Zacatecas Centre	Naples Chapel	Plateros Sanctuary
UMA Fortines Valparaíso	Caxcan Paradise	Sierra de Organs	Archaeological zone of Altavista	Archaeological zone of La Quemada

World Heritage Site

Historic Center of Zacatecas

In 1972 the World Heritage Convention was held as part of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the United Nations Organization (UNO) in the city of Paris in the that the Historic Center of Zacatecas was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1993. Remarkable for its architecture and its many museums, the Basilica Cathedral of Zacatecas, built between 1730 and 1760, the Fernando Calderón Theater, the Aqueduct El Cubo, the Government Palace, the Plaza de Armas, or the Museum of the Toma de Zacatecas, are just a few examples.

Camino Real de Tierra Adentro

Map of the Real Way of the Adentro Earth.

In the framework of the 34th meeting of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee that takes place from July 25 to August 3 in the Brazilian capital of Brasilia, the committee voted and declared the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, also known as El Camino de la Plata as a world heritage site.

This Camino is the oldest in America, covering an area of 2,900 km that starts from Mexico City to Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States. This route was traced in the 16th century by the Spanish conquerors to develop trade, facilitate military campaigns, support colonization and evangelization in New Spain. It also represents one of the most important cultural bridges that unite both nations.

In Zacatecas, the sites that received this distinction are the former Apostolic College of Our Lady of Guadalupe, in Guadalupe, the Cueva de Ávalos in Ojocaliente; the Sanctuary of Plateros in Fresnillo; the temple of San Nicolás Tolentino and the Historic Center of Pinos; the temples of Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles and Nuestra Señora de los Dolores, in Noria de Ángeles and Villa González Ortega, the temple of Noria de San Pantaleon, Historic Site and Sierra de Órganos in Sombrerete; Historic Site of Chalchihuites, as well as the Camino Real de Palmillas in Ojocaliente.

UNESCO determined that a cart that is part of the pre-Hispanic murals of the Cueva de Ávalos will be considered the emblem of the 60 sites that make up the cultural itinerary declared a World Heritage Site. In this place the contact with the colonizers was embodied in rock painting.

Magic Towns

The characteristics of these towns include being located in areas close to tourist sites or large cities, having easy access by road. The State of Zacatecas has six Magic Towns that are:

• Jerez de García Salinas (2007)
• Teúl de González Ortega (2011)
• Shadow (2012)
• Pines (2012)
• Nochistlán de Mejía (2012).
• Guadalupe (2018)

Archaeological Zones

There are more than 500 archaeological zones found throughout the Zacatecan territory, of which La Quemada and Altavista stand out.

The Burned

La Quemada is a singular archaeological zone in the mosaic of Mesoamerican sites. In 1615, Fray Juan Torquemada identified it as one of the places visited by the Aztecs on their migration to the Basin of Mexico.

Altavista

The Altavista archaeological zone was a ceremonial and astronomical center product of the súchil branch of the Chalchihuites culture, whose occupation and development lasted approximately 800 years. This area is considered an important ceremonial-astronomical center of the Chalchihuites culture, whose archaeological remains are: the Plaza de la Luna (or hall of columns), the votive pyramid, the Gamio staircase and the Labyrinth. In the latter, the respective equinoxes of the seasons can be seen with punctuality and precision.

National parks in Zacatecas

Sierra de Organs National Park.

National parks are those areas that are protected by official decree, generally by the president, and are regions that have one or more ecosystems. In the state of Zacatecas, there is a national park in the municipality of Sombrerete.

Sierra de Órganos National Park

It is an area that corresponds to the municipality of Sombrerete, in the Mexican state of Zacatecas. The place has several steep elevations and capricious rock formations caused by various climatic and geological factors, with a shape similar to that of cacti or to that of the pipes of those musical instruments from which it takes its name.

In addition to the presence of coniferous forests in the highlands and scrub and xerophytic plants in the lowlands, it is a refuge for some endemic animal species of the region and others in danger of extinction. It is a popular place for the practice of extreme sports such as cycling, hiking and also for the scenic beauty of its landscapes. In addition, it has been the setting since the 1950s for numerous international films.

Sports

Stadium Carlos Vega Villalba.

The state participates within the National System of Physical Culture and Sports in region II made up of the states of Chihuahua, Durango and Zacatecas.

Similarly, in the National Sports Council of Education, it participates in the Northern Region, an area made up of the universities of the states of Chihuahua, Durango and Zacatecas. The following universities compete for Zacatecas: - Autonomous University of Zacatecas - Autonomous University of Durango. Zacatecas Campus - Manuel Ávila Camacho Normal School - Matias Ramos Rural Normal School

Professionalism is represented by the soccer team Mineros de Zacatecas that competes in Liga de Expansión MX, the second highest category in Mexican football , and the homonymous team and the Plateros de Fresnillo of Basketball of the National Professional Basketball League of Mexico. .

In times past, the state used to have very competitive teams such as the Mineros de Zacatecas of the now-defunct Mexican Basketball Circuit, of which they were champions in 2003, the Tuzos of the UAZ professional baseball team of the eighties, and the Real Sociedad de Zacatecas finalist in 1997 of the Primera A.

Featured Characters

Geographic location

Northwest: Durango	North: Coahuila	Northeast: Nuevo León
West: Durango		This: San Luis Potosí
Southwest: Nayarit - Jalisco	South: Aguascalientes - Jalisco	Sureste: Guanajuato - San Luis Potosí