Yugada
Yugada is an agrarian measure of area of an anthropic and traditional nature, which makes it highly variable in different areas and times. Its equivalence with the metric system goes from a quarter of a hectare (2500 m²) to 32 hectares. A hectare is 10,000 m² therefore 32 hectares would be 320,000 m².
Ancient Rome
The Latin term iugerum, jugerum, iugera or iugus designates a measure equivalent to a rectangle with a side greater than 240 pedes (Roman foot) or 71 m and with a smaller side of 120 pedes or 35.5 m; i.e. 28,800 pedes quadrati (square feet), which equals 0.623 acres or 0.25 hectares. For some authors (Marco Terencio Varrón, Columela), its name derives from being twice the actus quadratus; an actus being the estimate of the length of the furrow that a a team of oxen can till without stopping (120 feet). Two iugera constitute one heredium, the allotment initially given to each Roman citizen as heritable property. One hundred heredia constitute a centuria and four centuriae a saltus. In uncial measures the iugerum is subdivided into 288 scrupuli of one hundred square feet (9.2 m²).
However, the measures do not appear to be used uniquely across all sources:
... regarding the measurement of the fields, different units of measure have been established in each case. For in Hispania Ulterior they are measured in yogos (caterpillar), in Campania in verses (uersus); between us, in the Roman and Latin field in yugadas [iugeris]. Call iugumTo that which anointed oxen can plow in one day. They say uersum a square surface of a hundred feet. Yugadaiugerum) is the one that has two actus squares. The act (actussquare, which has a hundred and twenty feet wide and another so long: this measure is called in Latin acnua.Varrón, De re rustica1.10.1-2
"... the action of Tiberius Gracchus in 133 [a. C.] consisted of limiting the property of ager publicus to 500 iugera (about 125 hectares), plus an additional 250 iugera for every two male children, but the ager privatus was not questioned at any time." "Plutarco, who only talks about the limit of 500 yugadas, does not inform us about the author or the date; it only indicates that it is prior to the Gracchi." "500 iugera was already a large property, especially if one thinks that at the beginning of the Republic the finances of each citizen belonged to 7 iugera". "... in 173 BC. C., the agricultural land, the Ligurian and Gallic ager publicus, was distributed to individuals in small lots, without constituting organized colonies, as Viritan land divisions of ten iugera for the Roman colonists and three for the Latin allies".
Spain
The Spanish word "yugada" is defined by the DRAE as the amount of arable land that a yoke is capable of working in one day (a word that is also given as a synonym for "yugada"), that is, a pair of oxen yoked with a yoke. Equivalent to 50 bushels or 32 hectares.
According to a text from 1736, "in Valencia it is counted by hanegadas, cahizadas and yugadas. The hanegada is 200 square fathoms or 16,200 square hands. The cahizada, of 6 hanegadas, that is, of 97,200 square palms. The yugada consists of 6 cahizadas, that is, 583,200 square spans". This is equivalent to 2.5 hectares (25,409 m² for one span linear of 0.20873 m).
In Navarra, on the other hand, it was equivalent to 1/2 cahizada, 2 robadas, 4 peonadas, 8 cuarteladas or 32 almutadas. In current measurements it would correspond to some 17.97 areas (1796.912 m²)
Italy
In the northern Italy of the Middle A The zone) or 288 tavole ( tavola ); twelve iugeri composed a meek . In the Altomedieval documents it usually appears as Jugium or jugis , and only the classical form iugerum in the low Middle Ages reappears. The value varied according to the area, around 7000 or 8000 m². It was considered equivalent to the farm for a day. In the meaning equivalent to the Roman iugerum was replaced by other units such as the Biolca , the Tornatura and the Giornata Piemontese .
According to the area, it was subdivided into 12 PERICHE iugiali of 24 tavole , or in 24 staia ( staio ) of 12 tavole , or four biolche ( biolca ) of 72 tavole .
France and French language areas
The Journal of Bœufs , jugère the term " arpende " (In French arpent , in classic Latin arapennem /i>) derives from the pre-Roman measure used by the Gauls ( are-penno ) that was based on the length attributed to an arrow shot; as a surface measure the arpent (square) is equivalent to the acre (of the Germanic acker Depending on the length of the pole, different in each zone, although the most common was the pole of 22 pieds du roi (French acre) equivalent to 5107 m², while the acre derived from the ordination perche I> equals 4220.8 m². In New France (current Quebec, in Canada) the 18 -foot ROI perche square) equivalent to 3418.9 m² (0.34189 hectares, which in square feet - media used in the Anglophone Canada - are 36 802).
Other countries
- In German-speaking areas: joch(from 0.33 to 0.58 hectares (3300 to 5800 m2), juchart (equipped at 0.45 hectares from the 1835 Concordat) tagewerk or tagwerk(for peat extraction—2048 square feet—), morgen(2500-3500 m2 —0.25-0.35 ha—), Hufe or Hube.
- In English-language areas: oxgangor Bovate (from 15 to 20 acres—15 acres equal to 61 000 m26.1 hectares). The Manse (anglization of mansus caroling, from France) equivalent to hide, based on a military criterion (each three Mansi —then every four— supplied a warrior and his equipment.
- In areas of Dutch language: Hoeve(from 10 to 15 hectares, according to the clay or sandy nature of the land).
- In Arabic (Egypt, Sudan, Syria): feddan (فدان faddān—"Ox pair"—-), equivalent to 0.42 hectares.