XIV century
The 14th century d. C. (fourteenth century AD) or XIV century and. c. (fourteenth century of the Common Era) began on January 1, 1301 and ended on December 31, 1400. It is known as the «Century of the Plague».
It is undoubtedly one of the most disastrous in the history of humanity, the century is marked by serious plagues and wars that devastated almost all of Europe. Between 1315 and 1317 there was the so-called Little Ice Age that ended thousands of crops causing misery and famine. In the middle of the century, between 1348 and 1355 there was an outbreak of plague, in its bubonic, pneumonic and septicemic variants, called the "black plague", which wiped out a third of the European population.
The death of the last king of the Capetian dynasty in France caused a European conflict over the succession. The French crowned Philip VI of Valois, the late Capetian king's first cousin, but other claimants to the throne rose up. Edward III, King of England and legitimate claimant to the throne of France, began hostilities against the latter kingdom, beginning the Hundred Years' War, one of the longest in human history.
Conflicts would continue in the rest of Europe: in Castile there was a civil war for the throne between Pedro I of Castilla, nicknamed "el Cruel", and his half-brother Enrique de Trastámara, through the which, the conflict between England and France moved to Castile. On the other hand, the Ottoman Empire will continue to expand, especially through the Balkans, although an already greatly reduced and battered Byzantine Empire will still resist the Ottoman attacks.
In Asia, Tamerlane or Timur established the Timurid Empire, a major Islamic territory in the Middle East and Central Asia and the third-largest empire in history ever to be established by a single victor, similar to the Mongol Empire of his predecessor Genghis Khan. Scholars estimate that Timur's military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, representing about 5% of the world's population at the time. India founded the Sultanate of Bengal, one of the world's leading trading nations, described by Europeans as the richest country to trade with, following its independence from the Delhi Sultanate. The Mongols were driven out of China and retreated to Mongolia, the Ilkhanate collapsed, the Chagatai Khanate dissolved and split into two parts, and the Golden Horde lost its position as a major power in Eastern Europe.
In Africa, the wealthy Mali Empire, a world leader in gold production, reached its territorial and economic zenith under the reign of Mansa Musa I of Mali, the wealthiest individual in medieval times, and according to various sources the history.
Relevant events
Wars and Politics
- 1322: The reunification of Poland under the reign of Vladislaus I occurs.
- 1328: With the death of Charles IV of France the dynasty of the ghettos is ended.
- 1335: With the death of Abu Saíd Bahador Jan the Ilkanato, a Mongolian government established in Persia, is fragmented.
- 1336: The Vijayanagara Empire is founded in southern India.
- 1337: In France the war of the hundred years begins, with the claim of the English king Edward III to the French crown.
- Black Pest rise in Asia.
- 1340: The English fleet beats the French in the battle of Sluys.
- 1340-1396: Bulgarian and Ottoman wars take place.
- 1346: The French are defeated in the battle of Crécy by the English, in the first great battle of the Hundred Years War.
- 1347: The black plague arrives in Messina, Sicily, and rapidly expands throughout Europe
- 1351-1369: The First Castellana Civil War, between Pedro I and Enrique de Trastámara, supported the first by England and the second by France.
- 1356: The English defeat the French in the battle of Poitiers where King John II himself falls prisoner.
- 1368: In China the Ming dynasty is established after expelling the Mongols.
- 1370: Tamerlan establishes the timid dynasty in Central Asia.
- 1372: A Castilian fleet (France's ally) annihilates an Englishman in the battle of La Rochelle.
- 1378: The revolt of the Cyompi in Florence occurs.
- 1381: In England the rebellion of Wat Tyler explodes.
- 1385: The merger of Poland and Lithuania under the reign of Vladislaus II occurs through the Krėva Act.
- 1389: The battle between Ottomans and Serbs takes place.
- 1396: In the battle of Nicopolis, Sultan Bayaceto I beat an army allied with Hungarians, French and Valacos.
- 1397: Sweden, Norway and Denmark meet in one kingdom through the Kalmar Union.
Science and Philosophy
- 1326: The first real weapon of fire was invented in Florence.
- In New Zealand, moas are extinct by human activity, giving way to the joint extinction of the Haast eagle, which had been hunted by humans and had lost its main food source.
Religion
- 1305: Pope Clement V moves the papal headquarters of Rome to Papacy of Avignon.
- 1307: Under the orders of King Philip IV of France, a group of the so-called Knights Templar was captured and taken to the Holy Inquisition to be judged and condemned for various crimes against Christianity.
- 1312: Clemente V yielded to the pressures of Philip IV and dissolved the order of the templars through papal bull.
- 1314: The templar group was definitely dissolved.
- 1378: Ends the war of the Eight Saints with a peace treaty signed in Tivoli in July.
Disasters
- 1315-1317: In Europe, a great famine kills millions of people. Provoked by the climate change of the so-called Ice Age.
- 1348-1355: In Europe there is a outbreak of the black plague, which kills between 30-60% of the European population being a third a very positive calculation.
Culture
- 1325: Mexicas founded the city of Mexico-Tenochtitlán in the center of Lake Texcoco.
- 1364: The University of Krakow is founded, best known as the "Jagellonic University" by Casimiro III of Poland.
- 1365: Publication NagarakretagamaI chose Javanese.
- In India the book is published Samkhia-sutrauntil the centuryxix will be attributed to the mythical wise Kapilá.
- Starts the Italian Renaissance
Notable people
- Bertrand du Guesclin (1314/1320-1380): French military and accountant.
- Carlos I Roberto of Hungary (1288-1342): King of Hungary.
- Charles II of Navarre (1332-1387): King of Navarre and suitor to the throne of France.
- Charles IV of France (1294-1328): King of France, last king of the Capeto dynasty.
- Charles IV of Luxembourg (1316-1378): emperor of the Holy Roman German Empire.
- Casimiro III of Poland (1310-1370): King of Poland, last king of the piast dynasty.
- Christine de Pisan (1364-1430): French poet.
- Dante Alighieri (1265-1321): Italian poet.
- Dmitri Donskói (1350-1389): Prince of Moscow.
- Don Juan Manuel (1282-1324): Spanish writer.
- Edward III of England (1312-1377): King of England and Precursor of the Hundred Years War.
- Edward of Woodstock (1330-1376): son of King Edward III. Known as the Black Prince.
- Henry II of Castile (1333/1334-1379): King of Castile.
- Philip VI of France (1295-1350): King of France, first king of the house of Valois.
- Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400): English writer, poet and philosopher.
- Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337): painter, sculptor and Italian architect.
- Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375): Italian writer and humanist.
- Gregory XI (1336-1378): Pope of Rome, last Pope of the Pontificate of Avignon.
- Guillaume de Machaut (1300-1377): French poet and composer.
- Guillermo de Ockham (1280/1288-1349): English philosopher, Franciscan friar.
- Ibn Battuta (1304-1368/1377): Arab explorer.
- Ibn Jaldun (1332-1406): philosopher, historian, economist and Arab demographer.
- Elizabeth of France (1292-1358): daughter of King Philip IV of France and queen consort of England.
- Juan de Mandeville (-1372): Flamenco writer.
- Louis I of Hungary (1326-1382): King of Hungary and Poland.
- Mansa Musa (1312-1337): King of the Empire of Mali.
- Oleg II of Rizan (1330-1335 - 1402): Great Prince of Rizan
- Osman I (1258-1326): leader of the Ottomans, founder of the Ottoman Empire.
- Peter I of Castile (1334-1369): King of Castile.
- Petrarca (1304-1374): Italian lyric and humanist.
- Richard II of England (1367-1400): King of England.
- Roberto I of Scotland (1274-1329): King of Scotland.
- Simone Martini (1284-1344): Italian painter.
- Tamerlan (1336-1405): founder of the timid dynasty.
- Toqtamish (midth centuryXIV-1406), kan of the Golden Horde.
- Zhu Yuanzhang (1328-1398): Chinese emperor, founder of the Ming dynasty.