Tupac Yupanqui
Túpac Yupanqui or Túpac Inca Yupanqui (Cusco, 1441-Chinchero, 1493), was the tenth Inca or sovereign of the Inca Empire. He was the son and successor on the throne of the Inca Pachacútec, next to whom he assumed the reign probably between the ages of 15 and 30 (between 1456 and 1461). Then, after the death of his father, he took full power.
First as Auqui ("Heir") and then as Inca ("King") he spent most of his time in warlike campaigns of conquest or "pacification", and even, exploration. The latter took him to Quito to the north, the Maule River to the south, the country of the opataris and the Paititi to the east and Mangareva to the west. However, he also had an active participation in the government. Thus, he established the curacas, carried out the first general census, distributed the work, assigned taxes, cemented the mitimaes, continued the construction of the great roads, ordered the prisons, spread the cult of the Sun and implanted a calendar based on itself. He himself embellished the city of Tomebamba with palaces in honor of his newborn Huayna Cápac and founded the city of Quito. He called himself "The Shining One."
He took his sister Mama Ocllo Coya (homonym of the wife of the first Inca) as his main wife, with whom he had few children. However, he left strong descendants among concubines and secondary wives.
He died in Chinchero, perhaps poisoned by one of his wives named Chuqui Ocllo to favor their son. However, after having chosen him as his successor, he corrected himself at the last moment and designated the very young Huayna Cápac as Inca (emperor). Her mummy lasted until the Inca civil war, during which the Quito soldiers of Generals Quizquiz and Chalcuchímac burned it in revenge for having conquered Quito. The Cápac Panaca, who makes up his offspring, collected the ashes and would have hidden them in Calispuquio together with his tutelary deity.
Origin
Túpac Yupanqui was born in Cuzco around the year 1440. He was the legitimate son of Pachacútec and his sister wife Mama Anahuarque. He stood out as an exceptional warrior and a relevant emperor; the chroniclers Fernández de Palencia, Sarmiento de Gamboa and Cieza de León describe him as "great gentleman and very brave", "of lofty thoughts" and "the great king Túpac Inca Yupanqui", respectively.
However, he was not the predestined heir being the youngest of the sovereign's sons. In effect, Pachacútec, following a practice established by his father Huiracocha Inca, had associated his son Amaru Inca Yupanqui to the throne in the last years of his reign, but he was very peaceful and kind - they called him "the good". It is said that when they sent him (practically forced) to fight against the Guarani he was defeated. Such attitudes made Pachacútec change his mind, so he named Túpac Yupanqui as his successor and, when the Inca was already very old, he let him assume almost all power (co-government). Other authors affirm that Túpac Yupanqui was designated successor from the beginning and that his brother, upon being informed that he should serve her, accepted him willingly.
After being chosen as Auqui, or crown prince, he reigned at his father's side, serving him as Apuquispay or chief of his armies, beginning a long list of conquests.
Correinado
The choice fell on the young Túpac Yupanqui, who until then had received a strict education within the Coricancha. The prince was put, with no time in between, at the head of an army and sent to test his qualities against the enemy. Pachacútec, of course, did not want to take risks and entrusted the second command to his brother Cápac Yupanqui, of proven experience, with the task of supervising his son's work, but he soon showed that he did not need tutors and that naturally he was brought to the trade of arms
In the subsequent campaign, the young Auqui exercised command alone and achieved memorable results that made his august father proud. Pachacutec had found his desired successor.
Conquests like Auqui
The first campaigns of the then-Prince Túpac Yupanqui took place in the north of Cuzco and had as the scene of the confrontations, first the Hatun Xauxa region, then they extended to the territories around the Bombón plateau and ended with the conquest of the huaylas and the possession of Cajamarca.
Subsequently, the young conquistador attempted a daring attack on the Chimú kingdom, turning his attention to its walled capital city: Chan Chan. Given this, Túpac Yupanqui developed an accurate strategy: divert the Moche River, the main supplier of water for Chan Chan. As the city is in the middle of the desert, it did not take many days to announce the surrender.
After this first expedition, he returned to Cuzco with a loaded booty and many goldsmiths and artisans who were very useful in teaching these arts in the capital. He rested there for two years, and immediately left again for the north annexing more ethnic groups and defeating others that due to their "savagery" would not annex them because they were not of interest. Then continued the conquest of the territories dominated by the Chachapoyas, a strong ethnic group led by a skilled warrior, Chuqui Sota, offered fierce resistance, entrenching themselves in the fortress of Piajajalca, but finally had to give up.
Túpac Yupanqui made another rapid incursion to Huancabamba, the last place conquered and the direction was still north, towards Ayabaca and the territories of the department of Piura. It was the land of the tallanes and bracamoros, the latter savage people who pawned hard, but did not stop the armies of Cuzco.
Later on was the area of influence of the Cañaris, a powerful town that dominated the region. Túpac Yupanqui attempted a compromise, but the proud inhabitants refused to submit and, having allied themselves with the equally combative Quillaco of Quitu, fought openly.
For the first time in his life, Túpac Yupanqui risked defeat and only his courage decided the day. Realizing the collapse of his troops, the prince did not hesitate to launch himself, with his personal guard, into the fray and annulled the result of the confrontation. The leaders of the Cañaris perished in the battle and the leader of the Quillaco, Pillaguaso, was captured. The entire region was now in the hands of the Incas who occupied Tomebamba, even reaching Quito itself.
Túpac Yupanqui settled in the region, taking care to assimilate it to the customs of the empire and, for this, he introduced the construction techniques of the Incas, building sumptuous palaces in Tomebamba, chosen for the occasion as the capital of the troops in the field. While he waited here to undertake new initiatives, he had the pleasure of seeing the birth of his son, Titu Cusi Hualpa, who would later succeed him as Huayna Cápac. Upon returning to Cuzco after 4 years, he was tempted to lead another campaign of conquest through Chinchaysuyo, in the Gulf of Guayaquil, where he defeated the Puna and the Paches.
To the south, his gaze was directed towards the valley of Cañete and the manor of Huarco. Allied with the chinchas, he believed that his victory would be certain, but the facts would prove otherwise. His campaign through those lands, the most arduous that he would fight in his life and that served him well in his development as a warrior, took him about five years. For this reason, he decided to appeal to other resources to achieve the definitive defeat of such strong people. Indeed, he sent emissaries to point out to the leaders of the region (headed by a fierce warrior woman) that both nations would reach an alliance for the mutual benefit of both, being that those of the Huarco would constantly provide food and products to the Empire while the Incas would respect their autonomy. Given this, great celebrations would begin and in the middle of the party the soldiers of the young Túpac Yupanqui would break into the main defensive positions to take them. They would achieve this in all redoubts, except in the Ungará fortress.
Here the fighting became harder and it cost many lives to take it. Finally, seeing themselves surrounded and eager to save their bodies from the fury of the imperial prince, the survivors threw themselves from the top of the fortress in a jump that years later would emulate the famous Cahuide before the Spanish conquerors. Upon his arrival at the place, Túpac Yupanqui, congested by his anger, ordered that all the prisoners be executed and hung from those walls as a warning to all the towns that followed his example.
Finally determined to return to Cuzco, Túpac Yupanqui stopped to visit the famous oracle of Pachacámac that his mother had recommended he honor. The prince underwent a very long fast and his devotions were rewarded because he declared that he had a vision of the god who had ordered him to build a temple in his honor.
Laden with honors and booty, Túpac Yupanqui finally returned to the Inca capital.
Government
Pachacútec's welcome to his victorious armies was grandiose. Among other things, the old emperor had the pleasant surprise of meeting the very young Huayna Cápac and was delighted, to the point of recommending him to his son as his future heir. The celebration included the development of a mock battle and the sovereign wanted to entrust the command of a squad to his grandson who was a boy of about ten years.
After the holidays, the old sovereign, who already felt close to the end, recommended to his son the fate of the empire and, shortly after, he died crying along with all his relatives. His death, however, was kept secret until the representative families of the empire ruled on his succession.
In 1471, with the death of Pachacútec, Túpac Yupanqui was crowned with the mascapaicha as Sapa Inca at approximately 30 years of age. In an effort to continue the expansion of the empire, he led a campaign in the Antisuyo (jungle region).
Conquests to the south of the empire
The new lord of Cuzco was, however, more inclined to a military life than to head an empire, with all the necessary bureaucratic implications. Relying on the help of his brother Amaru Inca Yupanqui, of whom he was very faithful and capable, he set out to continue the activity to which he felt more inclined: that of conqueror.
Conquests in the Amazon jungle
To the east of the Andes mountain range stretched the Amazon jungle with its immense and unexplored forests, but the eager sovereign was not intimidated even by the trap of nature. The Inca army entered the depths of the forests in search of territories to conquer.
The real difficulty was not the natives, few and intimidated though they were armed with poisoned arrows, but the tangle of vines and lack of roads. The Inca invented new strategies. His most agile men climbed the tallest trees and pointed the way, orienting themselves with the rivers, but even so the march was very slow and difficult.
Although decimated by disease, the Cuzco army still managed to occupy the region of the Paititi river, the current Madre de Dios and obtained the obedience of the Opataris, Manosuyos, Manaríes and the Chuncos.
At this juncture the news arrived that the Collao was in revolt and that it was essential to return to the Andean highlands. Túpac Yupanqui did not spend time in the middle and, by forced marches, recovered the coolness of his native mountains, probably grateful for the opportunity to leave those unhealthy forests that were so ill suited to the nature of his soldiers accustomed to living at high altitudes.
Uprisings in Collao
Their campaign was deadly and the rioters went from rout to rout. Later, Llallahua, Asillo, Arapa and Pucara were conquered and their defenders definitively defeated.
Because they were rebels, Túpac Yupanqui had no mercy and their leaders were immediately executed. Out of contempt they were flayed and their skins were made into war drums left as endowments to the army.
Only after having definitively eliminated any focus of rebellion and having obtained the subjugation of the Charcas, lords of the region later known as Upper Peru, did the Inca return to Cuzco.
Conquests of Collasuyo
The sovereign's indomitable character, however, did not have to allow him a long rest. There were vast territories to the south of the empire, almost unexplored, and the Inca decided to go there with his troops.
Túpac Yupanqui followed the path through the Andes, the same path that Diego de Almagro would follow later. However, his armies were unaware of the difficulties experienced by the Spanish conquerors and easily reached the Maule River.
Here they found themselves faced with the Mapuche ethnic group, a proud and indomitable people who would defend their lands from Spanish rule until 1800. The Incas defeated them in battle and their leaders Michimalongo and Trangolonco were forced to surrender, but their resistance was hard enough to convince Túpac Yupanqui not to continue further south.
In effect, according to Cristóbal de Molina, the Inca would have sent an expeditionary force to the Strait of Magellan, but the description of this cold and desolate land would have convinced him to fix the borders of the empire on the Maule River and return to Cuzco later to install a garrison on the river.
The chronicle "Suma y Narración de los Incas”, by Juan de Betanzos (circa 1551), is one of the most authoritative chronicles written about the Inca Empire because it was prepared on the basis of the data provided by people close to the court of Cuxirimay Ocllo, former wife of the Inca Atahualpa who later married Betanzos. Indeed, in the Introduction of the book by Juan de Betanzos published by María del Carmen Rubio (2004) it is indicated that Betanzos (p. 16): “…interrogated wise men, warriors and elderly characters who still kept in their memory the events that occurred in the expansive or repressive campaigns of Tupac Inca Yupanqui or Huayna Cápac, and many others...": "...in this way, the chronicler obtained the necessary news that allowed him to write and describe, almost as he heard, the events that occurred during the splendid years of the Inca government…”.
In chapters XXXIII to XXXV, Betanzos describes the uprising of the “collas” whom Tupac Yupanqui confronted and persecuted until he arrived, first at Arapa (near Puno), then at Chuquiabo (current city of La Paz) and later to Urocoto (probably Oronkota, northeast of the current department of Potosí, in Bolivia).
Túpac Yupanqui (always according to Betanzos), later reached: “…a large river, which they say is the one of La Plata…” and then: “…went along its side until it reached its sources, which they say they are behind Chile's back...//...he passed the ports and mountain ranges of snow and high mountains, holding and conquering everything...". Returning from Chile, Tupac Yupanqui and his armies re-entered the territory of Collasuyo passing through Carangas, Aullagas, Chichas and Llipi (Lípez) until they reached Chuquisaca, the Charcas, Pocona and Sabaypata, places where he built fortresses and left garrisons. of mitimaes. Seven years after his departure, probably in 1478, he returned to Cuzco (“…and Túpac Inca Yupanqui was there, from the time he left Cuzco to pacify this province of Collasuyo until he returned to the city of Cuzco, seven years…”. Betanzos, op. cit., page 204). This "road map" that, according to Betanzos, was followed by Túpac Yupanqui, coincides with the one indicated by the Cápac Ayllu, a document drawn up in 1569 by those who considered themselves: "...grandchildren of the conquering Incas...", that is to say, grandsons of the Incas Túpac Yupanqui and Huayna Cápac (Rowe, J.H. Probanza de los Incas grandsons de conquistadores”. HISTORICA. Vol. IX, No. 2, [1569] 1985: 193-245). This document, also prepared on the basis of the data provided by the still existing Inca quipucamayos, makes more specifics regarding the area that concerns us, encompassing regions, ethnic groups and extremely important data of historical interest regarding not only the current area of the chichas, Chiriguanaes, the Tucumán and the Juris, showing that the knowledge that the Incas had of this entire area was certainly very broad.
It obviously contains much of the data from the previous document but expanded, in such a way that both documents complement each other. In both, it is the same "road map" that the conquering Incas followed, from "the collas" in the Altiplano, to "the juries" in Tucumán, passing through the chichas and various other areas characterized by the name of the towns that inhabited them. The pass that Túpac Yupanqui used to reach the "chiriguanaes" was surely the so-called "Puerta del Chaco", for the current town of Santa Ana and the one he used to reach Humahuaca and Tucumán It must have been the corridor that crosses the Yavi and Livi Livi valleys, the only expeditious route with roads to reach those areas.
The process of his foray into the "chiriguanaes" It was after conquering the Collao. From 1470 Tupac Yupanqui headed to the southeast, where he met a variety of Indian towns foreign to those of Collao, he tried to integrate them into the empire through the field of war due to their opposition. Already subjugated, he entered the territory and managed to meet the Chiriguanos, having clashes with them, later he had to leave the region to advance south, taking with him many subjugated Indians as mitimaes who would be placed in the Tucumán fortresses. The integration of the region of these Indians was not fully, since only sentinels were left as lookouts for the subjugated Indians, and they constantly suffered attacks from the Chiriguanaes. Later, these subjugated Indians would be scattered throughout the empire as mitimaes and slaves, completely depopulating the region where they lived, and which would be of benefit to the Chiriguanos.
In Chile, it displaced the Diaguitas from the transversal valleys and part of the Picunches (northern Mapuche group) who inhabited the Valley of Chile (the current Aconcagua Valley or the Mapocho Valley) and some regions located to the south of it, causing them to move towards Mapuche land, and there the Diaguitas and Picunches joined the Mapuches, thus establishing the limits of the Inca Empire, in an area that historians and archeology conventionally extend to the Maule River. He took the road back along the coast passing through Pica, Huantajaya, Ariacca, Tácana and in Sama he headed towards Cusco.
The chronicler Pedro Cieza de León expresses:
He walked all over the province of Collao until he left it, sent his messengers to all the nations of the Charcas and Carangas and more people there in those lands. From her, some came to serve him and others to give them war... Going victorious in front of the charcas, he crossed many lands or provinces and large depopulated snow until he came to what we call Chile and mastered and conquered all those lands, in which they say they came to the Maule River. In Chile, he made some buildings and tributated them from those regions a lot of gold in tejuelos. He left governors and mitimates and, in order what he had won, returned to CuscoPedro Cieza de León
Conspiracy in Cuzco
During the military campaigns, the reign of Túpac Yupanqui developed calmly, within its borders, with Cuzco being controlled by his faithful brother Amaru who, among other things, had also been entrusted with the task of directing the panaca Cápac Ayllu established by the reigning sovereign. This was an anomaly because, strictly speaking, Amaru Inca Yupanqui should have been part of Pachacútec's panaca, but it is supposed to have been a kind of recognition of his resignation from the throne and his activity as guarantor of the kingdom during the numerous absences of the conquering sovereign.
Actually, there had been a kind of riot, reported by Cieza de León in his work, but it must have been a minor episode because it was resolved without the intervention of the sovereign.
While the Inca was determined to celebrate the puberty rites of one of his recent children, it happened that one of his brothers, Topa Cápac, tried to rise up and expel him from the kingdom.
This brother had always been well considered by Túpac Yupanqui who had treated him in a special way. She had been his comrade-in-arms in the first campaign when he was still Auqui and had been appointed by him, after his accession to the throne, inspector general of all newly conquered lands. In the performance of his functions Topa Cápac had gathered in all the districts of the empire some faithful to his cause and with his contribution he had promised to unseat his brother from the throne.
His intentions, however, had been discovered before his supporters could reach Cuzco and the sovereign, quickly hastened, managed to quell the rebellion in the bud. The culprit was immediately executed along with the main authors of the conspiracy. Regarding the less committed participants, Túpac Yupanqui acted differently. All of them were stripped of their birth prerogatives and transformed into yanaconas or servants of the emperor without the right to autonomous citizenship.
Death
Túpac Yupanqui died in his palace in Chinchero, at the age of 45, due to an unknown illness. There is a version that Chuqui Ocllo, one of his wives, convinced him that his son Cápac Huari should succeed him However, Túpac Yupanqui designated his son Titu Cusi Hualpa (Huayna Cápac) as his successor; this angered Chuqui Ocllo who poisoned Túpac Yupanqui in approximately 1493.
His mummy, together with his idol Cuxichuri, was kept by his panaca the Cápac Ayllu in his palace in Pucamarca. Later in 1532, when Atahualpa's army took the city of Cuzco, the ethnic groups that made up his army still held immense resentment towards Túpac Yupanqui for having conquered them. These ethnic groups burned his mummy in Cuzco under the command of Quizquiz. Her ashes were collected by the Cápac Ayllu and hidden in Calispuquio, where they remain hidden to this day.
Offspring
The numerous sons of Túpac Yupanqui met in the panaca founded by the sovereign. It was the prestigious Cápac Ayllu who, due to his wealth and power, would have disputed power in the empire with the other great panaca, that of Pachacútec, called Hatun Ayllu.
During the civil war between Huáscar and Atahualpa, members of the Cápac Ayllu took sides for Huáscar and when the latter was defeated they were severely punished. All of its main representatives were massacred, family properties confiscated, and Túpac Yupanqui's own mummy outraged and set on fire.
Theories about Tupac Yupanqui
Polynesian Discovery Theory
.jpg)
From the works carried out by Spanish chroniclers Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, Martín de Murúa and Miguel Cabello Balboa during the conquest; A series of stories were collected in which it is explained that Túpac Yupanqui, when he was on the north coast (in the Puná islands), would have learned of some distant islands where he would find gold, deciding to go in search of them. Enlisting a large fleet of rafts, he set sail with 20,000 expedition members, reaching islands called Ninachumbi and Ahuachumbi.
These chronicles gave rise, to the historian José Antonio del Busto, to formulate a theory that these two islands would be Mangareva and Rapa Nui, based on thirty pieces of evidence that he claims to have discovered; among them the fact that in Mangareva there is a legend about a tupa king, who came from the east on rafts with sails, bringing gold and silverware, ceramics and textiles and of whom there is a dance to this day. A similar account would exist in the Marquesas Islands. In addition, it adds that the Vinapú, in Rapa Nui, is built in a similar way to the Inca constructions of Cuzco, and that the Tupa king in Rapa Nui would have taken the name of Mahuna-te Ra'á, translated as 'son of the Sun' based on a Rapa Nui legend. This hypothesis is supported by the journey made by the Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl, called Kon-tiki in honor of the god of the Incas, Huiracocha, the creator of the universe, since Kon-tiki is an invocation of it.
The stories narrate that Túpac returned when he was two years old bringing with him black people (who would be Polynesian prisoners found in Mangareva), brass chairs (which would actually be a throne made of a material similar to tumbaga, collected from the kingdom of Chimú at the end of the trip), horse skins and jaws (which could have been male sea lions) that were preserved in the Sacsayhuamán fortress.
And when they walked Topa Inga Yupanqui conquering the coast of Manta and the island of Puná and Tumbez, they brought there some merchants who had come by the sea from the west on rafts, sailing. Of which were reported the land from which they came, which were islands, called an Auachumbi and another Niñachumbi, where there were many people and gold. And as Topa Inga was of high spirits and thoughts and was not content with what he had conquered on earth, he determined to tempt the happy venture that helped him by the sea. After learning how Tupac Yupanqui learns of the existence of auachumbi and ninachumbi islands, this was warned and confirmed by a merchant named Autarqui. It was determined to go there. And for this he made a very large number of rafts, in which he seized more than twenty thousand chosen soldiers. He sailed Topa Inga and went and discovered the Auachumbi and Niñachumbi islands, and returned from there, from which he brought black people and a lot of gold and a brass chair and a fur and horse jaws. I urge in this, because those who know about Indias will find a strange and difficult case of believing.Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa
Summarizing the scope of his theory about the trip of Túpac Yupanqui to Polynesia, Del Busto recognized that the verification of his postulates was still lacking, which he said was based on "possibilities" or "odds":
This is something that began as a great curiosity on my part, that I can't deny. I turned it into a working hypothesis and today is a theory. The demonstration is definitely missing. Find things that avoid the presence of Túpac Yupanqui in 1465 over there.Antonio del Busto
Theories about the expedition to Chile
Version of the battle of Maule
The Inca Garcilaso de la Vega in his book Comentarios Reales de los Incas and the Spaniard Alonso de Ercilla in the epic poem La Araucana recount the Inca expedition with a suspicious amount of detail, since the former heard it as a child and the second practically invented it. Calling this encounter the battle of the Maule.
According to both authors, during the campaign to the south a war was fought between 20,000 men of Túpac Yupanqui and 20,000 warriors of the Mapuche tribes, south of the Maule. The Picunche subgroup, known as promaucaes by the Spanish, found out about the coming of the Incas, allied with the Antalli, Pincu and Cauqui subgroups. The Incas sent parliamentarians to recognize Túpac Yupanqui as sovereign.
The Purumaucas decided to give battle and faced the Incas for three days. During the confrontation there were many deaths on both sides and no winning army. On the fourth day they decided not to confront each other. The Purumaucas withdrew from the battlefield claiming victory, while the Incas tried to ensure control of small conquered areas to the north of the Maule.
...it lasted the battle all day without recognizing advantage, in which there were many dead and wounded...the fourth day... they did not leave their lodging...the Purumaucas... they returned to their lands, singing victory...the Incas...resolved to return to what they had won and point out the Maulli River at the end of their Empire and not to go forward in their conquest until they had new order of their King Inca Yupanqui...Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, Actual comments
The powerful inca king, invented in all Antarctic regions, was a master in extreme amateur, to see and conquer new nations... The promaucas of Maule, which they knew, the vain attempt of the incas vanos, at the time and hard encounter came out to them, no less in good order than we were lozanos; and the things of luck came, that these people came to their hands, died infinite orejons, losing the field and all the pendules. [...] The incas, which the force knew, that in the indomitous province it was closed, and how little they would gain, carried out the impeached war; seen the erred attempt they brought, stripping away the won land, returned to the peoples they left, where for some time they rested.Alonso de Ercilla, The Araucanah
These two accounts led some modern Chilean historians to theorize that, upon the arrival of the Spanish, the Mapuche had driven the Incas back to the Mapocho River "Mapuche" name that never corresponded to the river, but rather to the dividing line between both groups, which had moved in that period of time from two hundred kilometers to the south. It should be noted that to the north of this line there was a settlement belonging to Vitacura, one of the main lieutenants of Túpac Yupanqui and which to this day designates a commune of Santiago, the capital of Chile. The same sources affirm that already very tired by the prolonged occupation, the Incas looked to the Spanish colonial interests and the occupation sought by Diego de Almagro, the opportunity to settle accounts with their old enemy, but this unfortunately led to a new retreat, this time two hundred kilometers north to the Choapa Valley. The few remains found in the XX century led us to assume that the Incas could never achieve their goal of settling and during the following months In battle, their subsistence focused on gathering fruits and looting small towns. The denomination inka, means 'thief' in the Mapuche language,[citation needed], which could suggest that they were never well received by the locals, who in ancestral songs denounce the Incas stealing food and making human sacrifices,[citation required] from which the name Huelén ('pain') would derive, the original Mapuche denomination of the Santa Lucía hill, in the center of the current city of Santiago.
Version of the Inca expeditions to Chacao
Data provided by Spanish chronicles, such as the Report of Miguel de Olavarría[citation required] or that of Father Giovanni Anello Oliva[citation required] in their Historia del Perú (published in a French translation) indicate that the Inca expansion would have reached further south, or that the last expansion or invasion further south to the Biobío River. Miguel de Oliveira affirms that "they conquered and subjugated all the Indians that flowed from La Serena to the great river of Biobio as heard and seen having reached the said river by the forts that they made on the hill of the Río Claro,[citation required] where they settled and had a border with the Indians of the state with whom they had many battles"; while, for his part, Father Anello Oliva narrates that Túpac Yupanqui & # 34; subdued as far as the Arauco Valley, where he spent the winter, after having built some forts. He then subdued the provinces of Chiloé and Chillcaras." [citation needed ]
The historian José Antonio del Busto, in his work on Túpac Yupanqui, collects testimonies from several chroniclers such as Cristóbal de Molina, who comment that Túpac Yupanqui crossed beyond the Maule and Biobío rivers, reaching the Chacao Channel, observing from the shore the Island of Chiloé, considering it the "end of the earth". Upon appreciating these last unproductive territories, he returned to the government of Tahuantinsuyo, establishing his borders on the Maule River.
"and it should be known that when the spanols entered the Cucko there were Indians who remembered a Lord Inga who was called Tupa-Inga Yupangue, who was the father of Guaynacaba, father of Tabalipa and Guascar and Mango Inga, and exodus many others, but questostres were the most important, and those that the spanoles reached the principles of. This Tupa Inga Yupargue conquered by his person, according to the Indians, most of these kingdoms, and was very courageous and made and increased the real paths of the mountain and five hundred leagues of that part of Cuzco; this conquist the Collao, which rebels many times, and from Cuzco to the provinces of Chile, which are 500 leagues.Cristóbal de Molina, the almagrista
Southern borders of the Incas according to archeology
At the end of the XX century, archaeological investigations disputed whether the permanent and stable Inca border was located on the Maipo River or the Maule River. Some authors, accepting this stable border, handled the possibility of a temporary incursion to the Bío Bío, while postulating the existence of scattered foci or episodes of (non-violent) economic and cultural contact between the Incas and the indigenous people of the Arauco area. This activity, according to these authors, "in no case" reaches in its radius of influence, the zone of Chiloé or Chacao.
According to the archaeological remains found especially in the last portion of the Inca trail that reaches approximately one kilometer from north to south in the center of the capital of Chile, it is considered that there was not a great battle as stated by Encilla or Garcilaso, but there were some clashes between the Inca armies and the Mapuche peoples, the latter fighting mainly under the guerrilla strategy that they would later apply with the Spanish conquerors. Based on this conclusion, it is considered that the Incas won in these confrontations due to the greater number of sources and chroniclers that support them, and also due to the recent discoveries of archaeological sites under the city of Santiago de Chile, which was presumed to be of Spanish foundation..