Trujillo (Peru)

Trujillo is a Peruvian city, capital of the province of the same name and of the department of La Libertad. It is the third most populous city in the country with 1,111,300 inhabitants in the year 2022. It is located on the Peruvian North Coast on the right bank of the Moche River, in the Moche Valley. The metropolitan area, of which it is a part, extends over an urban area of 164 km² and is made up of 9 districts.

At an industrial level, it is recognized as a center of leather and footwear production, as well as an important agro-industrial hub. The city has traditionally been characterized by its varied commercial activity at a regional and national level, being an obligatory point of passage for the north coast of the country and with provinces that connect to Ancash and Cajamarca, an importance that has been recognized since colonial times.

The location on which this urban nucleus is located was founded by Diego de Almagro, at the end of 1534, under the name of "Trujillo de Nueva Castilla" (founding spelling: Truxillo^{[citation required]}). Said act was made official on March 5, 1535 with the installation of its first town hall, in charge of the Marquis Francisco Pizarro, under the name of "Villa de Trujillo", in honor of his native Trujillo. On November 23, 1537 by means of a royal decree issued by Carlos V, it was renamed "City of Trujillo".

During the colonial era, the city functioned as the capital of the Municipality and corregimiento of the same name. It was one of the first cities in the country to have a once independent court of justice. The city functioned as the provisional seat of the government on two occasions, in 1823 and 1824 by decree of Simón Bolívar. In 1932 it was the focus of the Trujillo Revolution as a product of the adverse situation of the haciendas surrounding the northern capital. In 1996 it was the headquarters of the VIII Meeting of the Andean Presidential Council within which the "Act of Trujillo" was signed, with which the current Andean Community and the Andean Integration System were created.

Among the most representative cultural manifestations are the International Spring Festival, the International Book Fair and the National Festival of the Marinera, a cultural event that takes place every year in January and focuses on a marinera contest, the national dance native to this city. Its metropolitan area houses the archaeological zone of Chan Chan, the largest adobe city in America and capital of the extinct Chimú Kingdom, which was one of the most important capitals of pre-Columbian America. This citadel was inscribed on the list of World Heritage Sites. Humanity by UNESCO in 1986. Another relevant archaeological zone is made up of the Huacas del Sol and de la Luna, ancient sanctuaries of the Moche culture that developed between the 2nd and 5th centuries in the valley of the Moche river, being the Huaca del Sun the largest pre-Columbian adobe pyramid in the country.

Its historic center is another important tourist center, which extends over an area of 133.5 hectares and concentrates a large part of its cultural, architectural and urban heritage, as well as the main economic, political-administrative and socio-cultural activities of the city.

Toponymy

Francisco Pizarro founded this urban nucleus under the name of "Villa de Trujillo" (original spelling: Villa de Trvxillo) in honor of his native Trujillo (Extremadura). During the colonial period it was also known as "Trujillo de Nueva Castilla".

During the first years of the republican life of the country, its name was changed to «Ciudad Bolívar». The renaming as Ciudad Bolívar happened on March 9, 1825 by decree issued by Simón Bolívar. The city would return to its initial name, Trujillo, on July 21, 1827.

The name of the city is in turn shared with towns in Spain and America, such as Trujillo (Spain), Trujillo (Honduras) (1525), Trujillo (Venezuela) (1556) and Trujillo (Colombia) (1922).

Symbols

Flag

It is white in color and has the city's coat of arms in the center. It is hoisted in the official ceremonies of the Municipality of Trujillo in the city's main square, like every December 29, in commemoration of the proclamation of the Independence of Trujillo made in 1820.

Shield

The city's Coat of Arms was granted on December 7, 1537 by royal decree issued by Carlos V. The Shield consists of two columns of azure waters, the king's crown on top surrounded by pearls and precious stones and two canes that embrace the columns; the letter K (initial of Karolus, name of the king) and on the back of the shield a griffin looking to the right and embracing said shield.

The traditionalist Ricardo Palma, when dealing with the Trujillo coat of arms in his book «Peruvian Traditions», says that:

"At the request of Manuel Godoy, Prince of Peace and Minister of Charles IV, named "alcalde de Trujillo", the king himself stamped the sacramental "I the King" on the royal cédula that added to the city's coat of arms three roeles of gold, in sautor, on the silver columns, this is metal on metal, which – to say Ricardo Palma – is worth so much as God " “...Lima, with being Lima, does not look on its shield of metal weapons on metal. Honra tamaña was reserved for Trujillo.

Ricardo Palma“Peruvian traditions”

Anthem

The hymn to Trujillo is a patriotic composition written by Ramiro Mendoza Sánchez and whose musical arrangements were composed by Ramiro Herrera Orbegoso. The city's anthem was chosen in a contest held at the national level in 1974 in which 133 composers participated. In its lyrics it narrates the history of the city and is disseminated in official ceremonies of the city and the region.

History

Pre-Columbian times

Side wall of the Huaca de la Luna in the archaeological area of Moche.

In the territory currently occupied by the city of Trujillo, various pre-Columbian cultures such as Cupisnique, Mochica and Chimú developed.

The Moche or Mochica culture developed between 100 B.C. C. and 700 AD. C. in the Moche valley, having as headquarters the territory that today is called Huacas del Sol y de la Luna, an archaeological complex that covers approximately 60 hectares and was the center of power of the Mochica culture; This culture spread to the valleys of the north coast of present-day Peru. The Moche societies developed a complex technology of irrigation canals, with which they demonstrated extensive knowledge in hydraulic engineering and expanded the agricultural frontier. In addition, they made intensive use of copper in the manufacture of weapons, tools, and ornamental objects.

The Mochica God Aiapaec or "Degollador", represented in one of the walls of the Huaca de la Luna.

The Chimú empire developed between the years 1000 and 1200 and occupied the territories previously inhabited by the Mochicas, whose main urban center was the citadel of Chan Chan, which played the role of capital of the kingdom.

Numerous archaeological sites testify to the development that these peoples reached, such as the Huaca del Dragón or Arco Iris in the district of La Esperanza or the Huaca Esmeralda in the district of Trujillo, approximately 4 km northeast of the historic center of the city city. The main pre-Hispanic urban sites that the Trujillo metropolitan area has are the Huacas del Sol and de la Luna located in the Moche district. This archaeological complex covers approximately 60 hectares and was the center of power of the culture Mochica and the city of Chan Chan, which was the capital of the Chimú kingdom and where it is estimated that approximately 100,000 people lived at its time of greatest expansion, whose vestiges are located 5 km from the historic center of the city to the northwest of the current area. metropolitan in the district of Huanchaco.

Viceregal period

On December 6, 1534, Diego de Almagro chose the place to found, giving it the name "Villa de Trujillo" in memory of Pizarro's homeland, ordering preparations for its foundation. The following year, the On March 5, 1535, Francisco Pizarro officialized the foundation of the town with the name of "Trujillo de Nueva Castilla" in the place called Ganda, in the province of Chimo and Martín de Estete was given the power to designate the mayors and aldermen, and in turn Estete proceeds to carry out the layout of the parade ground and the checkerboard.

After receiving the rank of city, it was designated as the capital of the corregimiento. In this way, it assumed the status of administrative capital of the area; and in it the royal box was established. Before the creation of the encomiendas, Trujillo became the place of residence of the encomenderos from the north of the viceroyalty and already had a regular regiment around 1540. The economy flourished from agricultural activities such as the cultivation of sugar cane, wheat, bread crops and cattle raising.

When Viceroy Toledo on December 22, 1574 reorganized the corregimientos de indios (or natives), which had been created by Governor Lope García de Castro in 1565, he ordered that the corregimientos of Cajamarca, Chicama and Chimo or Chiclayo, Piura and Paita, Santa, and Saña depended on the Spanish corregimiento of Trujillo and the corregimientos of Cajamarquilla, Los Pacllas, and Luya and Chillaos depended on Chachapoyas. All in the district of the Royal Audience of Lima. In 1611 Los Pacllas was annexed to Chachapoyas, in 1635 Chicamo or Chiclayo was annexed to Saña and in 1773 Luya, Chillaos and Lamas was annexed to Chachapoyas.

At a religious level, the city welcomed various religious orders. Consequently, in the year 1577 the Bishopric of Trujillo was created by means of a papal bull issued by Pope Gregory XIII. After that, throughout the remainder of the 16th century and even into the early XVII, the construction of temples had a great boom in the city. In 1616 the construction of the cathedral was finished.

On March 24, 1614, the Bishopric of Trujillo was established with the corregimientos of: Trujillo, Cajamarca, Chiclayo, Piura and Paita, Saña, Cajamarquilla, Los Pacllas, Luya and Chillaos, and Jaén de Bracamoros. In 1759 the corregimiento of Huamachuco was formed from that of Cajamarca.

The corregimientos were suppressed in 1784, by King Carlos III and replaced by the municipalities. With the territory of the Bishopric of Trujillo (except Jaén de Bracamoros) the Intendancy of Trujillo was created. The corregimientos became parties of the intendancy.

Royal cédula that grants the coat of arms to the city of Trujillo, granted by King Carlos I of Spain in 1537.

The system of intendancies was established in the Viceroyalty of Peru by means of the royal order of August 5, 1783, being applied the Royal Ordinance of Intendants of January 28, 1782. The first intendant of Trujillo was Fernando de Saavedra, who he assumed office in 1784, appointed by the viceroy at the proposal of the inspector general Jorge Escobedo y Alarcón and approved by the king on January 24, 1785.

In 1784 the Municipality of Trujillo was created maintaining the same area of influence as the initial district of Trujillo and also had the franchise of the nearby port of Huanchaco; In 1779 the territory of the intendancy was expanded, which came to have nine districts that were Trujillo, Lambayeque, Piura, Cajamarca, Huamachuco, Chota, Moyobamba, Chachapoyas, Jaén and Maynas, this last district previously made up the departments of what is known today as (Department of San Martín, Ucayali, Loreto) being the Municipality of Trujillo the largest in the Viceroyalty of Peru, that is, almost all of northern Peru today; its first mayor was Fernando de Saavedra from 1784 to 1791. After him, Vicente Gil de Taboada (1791-1805 and 1810-1820), Felice del Risco y Torres (provisional) (1805-1810) and the Marquéz de Torre would follow. Tagle (1820), who led the independence of the Intendancy.

On February 14, 1619 at 12:30 pm, Trujillo faced an earthquake that caused the death of 350 people and the destruction of the city. In the sea, giant waves damaged all existing vessels. This experience gave rise to a singular devotion to Saint Valentine, who on February 12, 1627 was declared patron of Trujillo by the city council and on whose holy day the earthquake occurred. A movement began that sought to move the city to another place, many emigrating to the Santa Catalina pampas. This movement met with resistance from members of the clergy, who refused to leave their temples.

After that, a long process of reconstruction began, until 1639 the council asked to lower the contributions, thanks to the tragedy of 1619; The architecture also underwent important changes, leaving aside the Elizabethan Gothic style of the early years, giving rise to the new churches being made with three naves.

Vestigio de la Muralla de Trujillo, View from the Miguel Grau in the intersection of Av. Spain with Jirón Miguel Grau.

In 1625 the Seminary of San Carlos and San Marcelo was created and the Society of Jesus was established in the city. In 1680 the Bethlemite Convent and Hospital was founded. The urban perspective was completed with the construction of the Trujillo wall which remained standing for nearly two centuries.

At the end of the 17th century, there were great droughts and plagues that undermined the rich agriculture of the area, causing a great economic crisis in the city, whose main economic support was the production of food for the viceroyalty.

From the second decade of the XVIII century, Trujillo acquired greater importance at the regional level due to the flood that occurred in 1720 that caused the disappearance of the city of Saña, located in the current department of Lambayeque and which had gained importance due to the problems that Trujillo faced during the previous century.

During that century, Trujillo also faced earthquakes like those of 1725 and 1759 and floods like in 1701, 1728, 1720 and 1814.

Independence

The House of Emancipation where Torre Tagle managed the independence of Trujillo on December 29, 1820. It was the seat of the constitutional congress and government palace with Riva Agüero. It currently houses cultural exhibitions and a museum.

The ideas of liberation and Peruvian independence had one of the main centers of gestation in the city of Trujillo. The Colegio Seminario San Carlos y San Marcelo was a breeding ground for liberal thinkers and leaders, where the heroes Luis José de Orbegoso y Moncada, José Faustino Sánchez Carrión, and Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, among others, studied. Although the discussion about the independence of Peru took place in the city of Lima due to the political influences that inhabited it, the discussion in Trujillo had more evident manifestations. Thus, after the election of the Peruvian representatives to the Cortes of Cádiz in 1812, the main personalities of Trujillo had a marked tendency towards independence.

After the landing of General José de San Martín in Paracas in September 1820, the mayor of the city, José Bernardo de Tagle, received a letter from San Martín dated November 20, 1820, inviting him to join the emancipatory cause.

Trujillo was the first Peruvian city to complete the process of independence from Spain, complying with the necessary acts for that purpose which took place between December 24, 1820 and January 6, 1821.

On December 24, 1820, by means of an open town hall, the population of the city unanimously agreed to proclaim independence in the following days; for this the flag of Peru was made, which was veiled with an honor guard on the night of December 28, 1820.

On December 29, 1820, at the headquarters of the town hall, which was presided over by José Cabero y Muñoz, the Trujillo independence act was signed. Later, before an open council meeting in the Plaza de Armas of the city, José Bernardo de Tagle spoke these words:

My people. We just proclaimed and swore Trujillo's independence. From this moment and by the unanimous will of the people, Trujillo is free... I place our destiny and that of the people under the protection of heaven. Long live the homeland!

José Bernardo de Tagle

In this way the independence of Trujillo was proclaimed, proceeding to lower the Spanish flag and raise the Peruvian flag for the first time. On January 6, 1821, the city council proceeded to swear independence and sign the Oath Act that is kept in the Regional Archive of La Libertad.

Republican era

Trujillo Gun Square in 1839, drawing of "Léonce Angrand".

On January 31, 1822, the Congress of the Republic of Peru conferred the title of "Ciudad Benemérita y Fidelísima a la Patria" and to its municipality, then a council, the dictation of "honorable" for its role in the process of independence of the country.

In 1823, before the counterattack of the royalist troops that took the city of Lima, the Congress, meeting in Callao, by decree of June 21 of that year, ordered the transfer of the seat of government to Trujillo. Days later, the congress exonerated Riva Agüero from the position of president of the republic, by decree of June 23 of the same year. Aware of these facts, Riva Agüero embarked for Trujillo with his ministers and part of the deputies; once there, on June 26, he established his seat of government, dissolved congress and created a 10-member senate, and Riva Agüero governed de facto until August 6, 1823.

On March 26, 1824, the "Superior Court of the North" (current Superior Court of Justice of La Libertad), the first Superior Court of Justice of Peru. In the same year, the city received the liberating army of Simón Bolívar, who assumed the government of the country and established the national accounts in Trujillo, of the official gazette and of the general staff, on March 8, 1824. Later, by decree of March 26, 1824, Trujillo was designated as the provisional capital of the republic, while Lima was liberated. In honor of his contribution for the support of the patriot cause, by law of March 9, 1825, it was decided to call the city of Trujillo Ciudad Bolívar, but it was by law of July 21, 1827 that the name of Trujillo was returned to the city, although the department was called since then La Libertad.

During the years that followed the process of independence and the birth of the republic, Trujillo stayed away from the constant wars of the caudillos that took place in Lima. Such situation caused the economy of the city and the department to be strengthened. The Moche and Chicama valleys emerged as new economic enclaves linked to the modernization of the sugar industry. The process of concentration of land and formation of latifundia created the new agricultural aristocracy linked to national political power. On the other hand, the freedom of trade and openness to foreign capital investment, allowed the arrival in Trujillo of European families, mostly from England and Germany. Likewise, the new General Cemetery of Miraflores was built. In addition, in 1870 the Port of Salaverry was created in the district of the same name.

Architecture Paseo Pizarro one of the highest transit streets in the historic center of Trujillo.

Between 1879 and 1883 the war with Chile took place. Although it was not the scene of battle, Trujillo contributed both troops and economy for national defense and was later occupied by Chilean troops. During this period, the development of the city and its economy stagnated. During its last stages, the invading Chilean army commanded by Patricio Lynch systematically devastated the large sugar-producing areas of the valleys of the Peruvian north coast.

When peace was finally restored, in 1883, the Chicama valley's agriculture and sugar industry, as well as the entire coast, was largely reduced to subsistence level. By the end of the century XIX, the five covers of the city had already disappeared, so it was that during this time, the wall of Trujillo was destroyed and growth was allowed from the city, this urban expansion allowed the establishment of the Chicago, La Unión and Pedro Muñiz neighborhoods.^{[citation required]}

20th century

At the beginning of the XX century, during the administration of Víctor Larco Herrera as mayor in the city, modernization works began, such as the construction of the Municipal Palace, the embellishment of the Plaza de Armas, the atrium of the Cathedral, the remodeling of the Municipal Theater. Also, the construction of the road to the Buenos Aires spa, current Larco avenue, which broadened the urban perspective of the city. Within these works, an international competition was called for the construction of the Monument to Freedom, deciding to build the model of the German sculptor Edmund Möeller. This monument was located in the center of the Plaza de Armas and replaced the marble pool that previously existed and is currently located in the "El Recreo" square, in the historic center of the city. This work represents the process of independence. In the 1930s, on the occasion of the city's fourth centenary, different public works were promoted. The works focused on improving sanitation and paving streets and avenues. Likewise, the construction of houses and residential areas located on the outskirts of the historic center began.

7 June 1932.

Troops of the Peruvian army occupied a trench in the "Mansiche" neighborhood during the 1932 revolution; photography on permanent display at the "Hare de la Torre Cultural Center" in Trujillo.

On July 7, 1932, the Trujillo uprising took place, led by leaders of the Peruvian Aprista party against the government of Luis Sánchez Cerro. Sánchez Cerro had carried out a self-coup, publishing an unconstitutional law that outlawed political liberties and allowed the detention of any citizen without a court order. This fact, added to the social inequalities, the lack of respect for the labor rights of the workers of the sugar estates located near the city, were the causes of the outbreak of the revolution. Trujillo was bombarded by the nascent Peruvian aviation and strong contingents of the army entered the fight to quell the armed uprising. The revolution cost the lives of many citizens, for which reason this year is known as the "year of barbarism"; although it would also mark the political identity of the city towards APRA during the second half of the XX century. The following year, On April 30, 1933 in the city of Lima, President Luis Sánchez Cerro would be assassinated by an Aprista fanatic, ending the Sanchecarrionista regime.

Starting in the 1950s, the restoration and monumental movement of the city was put aside and a movement to urbanize it began, as well as an accelerated growth of its population. Trujillo also suffered from the phenomenon of migration: the population from the provinces of the department and from other departments began to settle in the city, giving rise to the conurbation of the city and causing the deepening of regional centralism.

Starting in the 1960s, the so-called young towns began to emerge, such as El Porvenir, La Esperanza and Florencia de Mora, which then formed the immediate area of influence of the city. The historic center of the city also suffered a process of accelerated population growth. On the other hand, new residential developments also emerged outside the perimeter of the historic center and to the southwest of the city such as: Santa María, California, San Fernando, Santa Edelmira, Santa Inés, Palermo, Primavera, Las Quintanas, San Andrés, La Merced, El Golf, Palmeras del Golf, among others.

North area of the city.

Events such as the incursion of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces in 1968, the agrarian reform and later the 1970 earthquake accelerated the migration of rural populations and other population centers in the region, exacerbating the demographic growth of Trujillo. From the 1980s the growth of the city and the adjacent districts born as young people, had produced the conurbation of these. Thus, by the 1980s, the nascent metropolitan area of Trujillo was made up of the integrated urban area of the districts of Trujillo, El Porvenir and Florencia de Mora, leaving the districts of Víctor Larco Herrera and La Esperanza as a discontinuous integrated zone. In turn, projects such as the Trujillo Industrial Park, located in the northern part of the city, in the last mentioned district, were promoted.

With the arrival of the 1990s, the districts of La Esperanza and Víctor Larco Herrera were integrated into the urban continuum of Trujillo and the horizontal growth of the city caused the districts of Moche, Huanchaco, Laredo and Salaverry to become part of the discontinuous integrated area of the city. It was in the first half of the 1990s, with the emergence of the El Milagro populated center, in the Huanchaco district but urbanly linked to the La Esperanza district and the increase in interdependence with the Moche and Laredo districts, that Trujillo it was cemented as a new metropolis in the country.

In 1996, it hosted the VIII Meeting of the Andean Presidential Council, within which the “Act of Trujillo” was signed, creating the current Andean Community and the Andean Integration System.

Contemporary period

Partial view of the San Andrés Urbanization.

In November 2010, Trujillo was the first city in Latin America and the Caribbean to be chosen by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) to develop the pilot project "Trujillo: Sustainable City". The plan will conceive Trujillo from other perspectives such as fiscal and economic-financial sustainability, but also from environmental sustainability and quality of life. Since 2011, the IDB has been developing the relevant projects in coordination with the City Hall.

In 2011 it was prepared to host the XVII Bolivarian Games. The commission of the Bolivarian Sports Organization (ODEBO) traveled to the city to make a visual inspection of its facilities, the examination showed that Trujillo could organize the games, the confirmation of this venue was made public on February 7 in Rio de Janeiro. The former president of the Peruvian Institute of Sports (IPD), Arturo Woodman commented on the matter:

“Trujillo has made much progress in recent years, it has a good infrastructure. This event gives an enormous benefit to the sport, the country, the athletes, in general because they have to prepare as best possible.”

Arturo Woodman

This occasion was the third time that a Peruvian city organized the Bolivarian Games. The mascot of the sporting event was called "El Chalancito", a typical character of the rider and rancher or chalán from the city of Trujillo.

In 2011, the XVI U-20 Women's Volleyball World Championship was held in the city, with Warmi, a Peruvian dog as mascot, and the XLIV South American Swimming Championship 2018, both sharing headquarters with Lima and Shut up.

In 2023, Trujillo was chosen as one of the venues for the U-17 World Cup.

Geography

Location

The city is located at an average altitude of 34 m a.s.l. no. m. in a western coastal strip of the province of Trujillo, in the Valley of Moche or Santa Catalina. The city is located on the north coast at an average altitude of 34 m a.s.l. no. m. on the right bank of the Moche River on the shores of the Pacific Ocean, in the Moche or Santa Catalina Valley.

The following table shows the geographical location of the historic center with respect to the districts that make up the city:

Northwest: Pacific Ocean, Trujillo District (12 km)	North: The Hope, The future, Florence de Mora (4 km)	Northeast: El Porvenir (4 km)
West: Pacific Ocean, Trujillo District dO=12		This: Trujillo District (Palermo) (7 km)
Southwest: Pacific Ocean, Victor Larco (5 km)	South: Pacific Ocean, Victor Larco (7 km)	Sureste: Trujillo District (14 km)

Orography

Trujillo is established on a plain on the coast of the La Libertad region and has a smooth topography, for which its relief is not very rugged, since it sits on a plain in the province of Trujillo. The low altitude areas of the city are very close to the Pacific Ocean and the higher altitude areas are close to the first Andean foothills that appear in the area.

Hydrography

Trujillo has the Moche River that runs through the southern part of the city; Its waters were used since ancient times by the Mochicas and Chimús who inhabited this area, who took advantage of it for their cultivation fields. It is currently part of the Campiña de Moche and its waters continue to be used in it. The river flows into the Pacific Ocean right on the border between the districts of Moche and Víctor Larco Herrera.

Climate

Partial view of the city of Trujillo.

The city is a land with a temperate, mild climate and little rainfall, with a moderate temperature that varies between 14° and 30°C due to the Humboldt current. Trujillo has a hot climate on summer days, and cool and pleasant at night due to the effect of the sea breeze. It has an average annual temperature of 18 °C, and the extreme minimum and maximum temperatures fluctuate around 23 °C and 31 °C in summer, respectively, with peaks of minimums of 26 °C and maximums of 33 °C. It presents rains that are light, sporadic and occur during the afternoon or at night. In the other months, average temperatures between 20 °C and 16 °C are recorded. Unlike the hot months, between May and October, the city is affected by light drizzle and dense morning mists that usually last until the end of the day.

In the Trujillo area, the Andes and its foothills are very close to the coast, and because they present a lower altitude in relation to the Andes mountain range of central Peru, they favor the flow of humid air coming from the region of the Amazon, which converges with the breezes from the western slope, favoring a greater frequency of light rains in the summer season. According to Thornthwaite's climate classification, the city of Trujillo would have an arid, semi-warm and humid climate, with no rainfall during all seasons of the year.

The city maintains a warm and warm climate with temperatures around 19 °C during most of the year, which is why it is known as the City of Eternal Spring. The part closest to the sea is foggy during the morning and In general, the temperature is lower than in the central and higher parts of the city. However, when the El Niño phenomenon occurs, the climate varies, rainfall increases, with less intensity than in the regions located to the north of the city, and the temperature also rises above 30 °C.

Trujillo is identified as one of the Peruvian cities vulnerable to the effects of climate change. In 2011, the Inter-American Development Bank together with the Provincial Municipality of Trujillo established the "Action Plan: Trujillo Sustainable City" where environmental sustainability, improvement of urban transportation, and strengthening of the institutional capacity of the Municipality are identified as priority areas. In 2013, the United States Agency for International Development selected Trujillo to carry out carried out a study to assess the risks and vulnerabilities of the city in the face of climate change. In 2019, a joint initiative between CAF and the French Development Agency was launched to create the Climate Change Vulnerability Index in the cities of Trujillo and Piura.

Average Trujillo climate parameters
Month	Ene.	Feb.	Mar.	Open up.	May.	Jun.	Jul.	Ago.	Sep.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Annual
Temp. max. abs. (°C)	33.3	32	32	30	29	27	27	27	28	29	30	31	33.3
Average temperature (°C)	25.3	26.4	26.3	24.4	22.2	21.2	19.8	18.8	19.4	20.3	21.5	23.1	22.4
Average temperature (°C)	21.65	22.65	22.7	21.0	19.6	18.85	18.3	17.8	17.7	18	18.85	18.8	19.7
Temp. medium (°C)	18.0	18.9	19.1	17.6	16.4	15.9	15.1	14.2	15.4	16.8	17.4	18.2	16.9
Temp. min. abs. (°C)	15.3	15.5	16	15	13.1	12.5	11.9	11.7	10.7	10.8	12.0	13.9	10.7
Total precipitation (mm)	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3
Relative humidity (%)	89	88	89	89	89	89	89	89	90	90	89	89	89
Source: Climate-data.org

Morphology and urban structure

Close-up of the city of Trujillo.

During the colonial era with the Viceroyalty of Peru, the person in charge of diagramming the urban layout that distinguishes the city from all the other Spanish-founded cities in Peru was Martín de Estete. The layout was made with string, the The blocks were long-lined, measuring an average of 130 to 150 meters per side, organized in a checkerboard pattern covering an area of 40 hectares and starting from the Plaza Mayor. Around it, the Wall of Trujillo was built to protect it from pirate invaders, it was built in the government of Viceroy Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull between 1687 and 1690.

At that time, the city included only what we know today as the monumental center and was administered by the Cabildo of the city, which changed its name to Municipality after the independence of Trujillo, which would later be returned to the Cabildo, differentiating itself from indigenous communities (these were called municipalities) and only in 1823, establishing a common regime and which was presided over by a mayor. In turn, With the Constitution of 1823, the districts would be created in Peru with which they would separate the city for its better administration.

Urban planning

Thus, with the passing of the years, the city ceased to be only the historic center and began to extend with more districts and cities conurbated in Metropolitan Trujillo by the width of its territory, such as with the cities of Huanchaco or Moche. Currently, the urban planning of Trujillo is carried out by the Plan de Desarrollo Territorial de Trujillo (PLANDET), a decentralized advisory body of the Provincial Municipality of Trujillo.

Politics and government

Local Administration

Casa Muñoz y Cañete, headquarters of the Regional Government of La Libertad, in the Plaza de Armas of Trujillo.

In Trujillo there is no governing body for the city as such, it lacks a metropolitan government in charge of its administration, which is currently distributed by various authorities, it is the Provincial Municipality of Trujillo that exercises its jurisdiction throughout the territory of the province as stipulated in the organic law of municipalities. On the one hand, there are the nine district mayors in the city, in charge of the local administration of each one, and directed by a mayor and aldermen, all elected by popular vote. The person in charge of the superior administration of the department, which in this case is the Regional Government of La Libertad, formed by the Regional Council and the Regional Governor, also elected by popular vote, at the same time the region has a lieutenant governor who is elected together with the last. The current mayor of Trujillo is José Ruiz Vega.

The city is the seat of the regional government and of the technical bodies under its jurisdiction, this is the Casa Muñoz y Cañete in the city's Plaza de Armas. It is also the headquarters of the relevant regional directorates of the ministries that make up the country's public administration, as well as the III-Territorial Directorate of Police, the execution body of the National Police of Peru, and the administrative bodies of the Judicial District of Freedom.

Administrative division

In 2012 the city of Trujillo was divided into 5 districts.

Districts in the city of Trujillo Victor Larco Herrera The Hope The future Trujillo (Distrito) Florence de Mora

Metropolitan Trujillo

Road exchanger located at the intersection of Mansiche and Nicolas de Piérola Avenues.

The Trujillo metropolitan area (AMT) is made up of the rural and urban areas of the districts of Trujillo, Moche, La Esperanza, Huanchaco, Florencia de Mora, El Porvenir, Víctor Larco Herrera, Laredo and Salaverry. The AMT It occupies an area of 108,435 ha.

It had a 2017 census population of 962,369 urban and rural inhabitants. The projected population for 2020 is 1,015,592 inhabitants; that is, it represents 99.21% of the provincial population; likewise at the regional level La Libertad represents 54.12% of the regional population and finally the metropolitan area of Trujillo represents 3.08% of the national population.

The urban population in 2020 is comprised of 980,746 inhabitants living in urban areas. Of the urban population, 71% of the urban population lives in Marginal Urban Neighborhoods, 10% settles in critical risk areas and 8.4% of all homes are located in risk areas.

Metropolitan districts

Demographics

Population evolution

At the beginning of its foundation, in the year 1544, Trujillo had 300 houses and approximately 1,000 inhabitants. Around 1760 it was estimated that about 9,200 people lived in Trujillo, almost three times the population that the city registered in 1604. At the beginning of the XVII century, according to Vásquez de Espinoza, the city had a population of about 400 Spaniards.

The city's population has changed a lot over the decades. In the years when it was the capital of the Municipality of Trujillo, in 1812 its population was 12,032 inhabitants, being the second least populated in the Municipality despite being the capital and being surpassed by Cajamarca, Chiclayo, Piura, among others. This continued to hold through the ages until its potential rise in the 20th century.

For the 2007-2017 census period, the city presented an average annual growth rate of 1.8%.

Composition by age range

District population

The population of the metropolitan districts is distributed as follows:

Migration

In the last decades the urban growth of Trujillo is mainly due to the population increase of migratory origin, being the main contributors of population (1993 census), the provinces of the interior of La Libertad such as Otuzco (15.8%), Santiago de Chuco (9.3%), Ascope (9%) and Sánchez Carrión (5.2%), while Cajamarca contributed 16% and Áncash 5%.

Recently there has been an exponential growth of Colombian and Venezuelan international migration, the last one produced by the crisis in Venezuela where 8% of Venezuelan immigration in Peru chooses Trujillo to live according to a report prepared by the International Organization for Migrations (OIM), making the city the second place with the most Venezuelan immigration in the nation, below Lima, the latter with 65% of the total.

Religion

The population of the city after the Spanish colonization of America was purely Catholic. Over time, the Catholic Church has lost representation in the country, but despite this, it continues to be the most predominant.

Economy

Residence on the "Húsares de Junín" Avenue in the city.

One of the main axes of the Trujillo economy is represented by the Chavimochic agro-industrial project, considered one of the largest agro-industrial projects in the world. Said project arises under the scheme of a public and private association and is currently in the third stage of its expansion.

Chavimochic represents an important source of jobs for the city and an important share of its exports. The main export products are asparagus and artichokes, which are destined for the markets of Europe (mainly Spain) and North America.

It is thanks to this important source of export that Peru is the main exporter of asparagus in the world.

During the period 2003-2008 it was the second city with the highest economic growth in Latin America, according to the 2009 report of "América Economía" presenting a percentage variation of GDP per capita of 63.2%. Likewise, in the 2007-2008 period, the percentage change in GDP was 8.65%, one of the highest in Latin America.

District dynamics

The district of Trujillo is the one that concentrates around 68% of the registered economic agents, followed by the districts of La Esperanza and El Porvenir respectively. The concentration in the central district in any of the activities is greater than 50%; highlighting the financial, mining, electrical, water, real estate and business sectors.

One of the most decentralized activities in the province is the industrial sector; where 48% is carried out outside the homonymous district of the city. This decentralization is transferred in favor of El Porvenir, La Esperanza and Florencia de Mora.

Work Sector

According to the "Specialized Household Survey on Employment Levels," the Economically Active Population (PEA) amounts to 239,994 people, presenting a labor activity rate above the country average with an average monthly income of 812 nuevos soles, whose main areas of activity in which they work are the manufacturing industry (%), commerce (%) and non-personal services (%).

Construction

In another aspect, the construction sector of the city is among the most dynamic in the country, according to the Study of Urban Buildings prepared by the Institute of Construction and Development of the Peruvian Chamber of Construction. Making the activity In 2010, the building area amounted to 437,440 m ², 84.3% for housing, 0.3% for offices and 1.3% for commercial premises. In the case of housing supply, the apartments concentrate 42.3% and houses 57.7% of the total offer in this destination sector.

Industry

The industries in Trujillo are distributed in three sectors that cover an area of 110.4 hectares. The largest is the Industrial Park located in the district of La Esperanza with 94.57 hectares, followed by the Moche industrial zone in the Moche district located on the Panamericana Sur — at the southern entrance to the city — with 12.5 ha and last the Santa Leonor urbanization with 3.44 ha.

Tourism

93% of tourists are of national origin, 71% from Lima, and the rest from Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Piura, Ancash and San Martín. Foreign tourists who are interested in visiting the tourist attractions of Trujillo have the following characteristics: 36% come from Europe, 18% from North America, 10% from Israel, 20% from South America, 4% from Australia and 12% from other places according to the Mincetur.

Heritage

Historic Center

The historic center of Trujillo occupies an area of 133.5 ha and is made up of a total of 1,783 lots, which grouped into 72 blocks, are located within the area that was known as the Cercado de Trujillo. The initial urban fabric of this area was protected by a wall.

Currently the set of streets of the initial urban fabric of the monumental area is surrounded by Avenida España. In it there are various monuments among which the buildings product of the colonial and religious architecture prevailing during the viceregal era predominate, in addition to large houses that date from the same period and from the dawn of the republic, among whose hallmarks are their balconies and lattice-like windows.

Panoramic view of the historic Trujillo Arms SquareTo the left the Cathedral of the city.

Civil monuments[citation needed]

Religious monuments[citation needed]

Typical wooden balcony of the houses of the Historical Center of Trujillo.

• Trujillo Cathedral: Built between the years 1647 and 1666 its altars are of baroque style and rococó; the canvases it conserves belong to the Trujillana school of painting, to the Cuzqueña school and Quito school. The cathedral has the Cathedral Museum that has works mainly religious of the virreinal period in gold and silver.

• El Carmen Church and Monastery: Characterized by the harmony of its architecture was built in the centuryXVIII. Its various altars and pulpit are of interest. It has about 150 paintings part of them from the Quito school of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. He also has a canvas called "the last supper" by Otto Van Veen who was a master of the flamenco artist Pedro Pablo Rubens. It is worth highlighting the thorough work of their carvings covered with gold bread.

• Church La Merced: Temple dates from the centuryXVII, whose design and construction is of the Portuguese citizen Alonso de las Nieves, has a mixture of architectural styles on its facade. Interesting is its rococo style organ. It is located next to the headquarters of the High Court of Justice of La Libertad.

• Church of Saint Augustine: Built between the 16th and 17th centuries with an altar of baroque style. Particularly noteworthy are the murals representing the apostles and the colonial pulpit of carved and golden wood.

• Church and Convent of San Francisco: The constructions of both were in charge of the order of the Franciscans and that the initial work was begun in 1536, in these are the paintings of some characters of the sacred scriptures and saints. Its main altar is decorated with multicoloured altarpieces and its pulpit dates from the centuryXVII.

• Church of San Salvador de Mansiche: Located in front of the Plazuela de Los Papas at Av. Mansiche, is one of the architectural and historical centers of Trujillo, is guarded ornamentally by a plazuela which is called the Plaza de Los Papas, by the sculptural busts in which they represent potatoes. It's the second oldest church in the city.

• Church of Santiago de Huamán: Located in the Plaza Mayor of the old town of Huamán is the oldest in the region with a baroque style, and in this church one of the most traditional festivities of the region is celebrated and with more than 300 years old: the Patronal Festivals of the Lord of Huamán. This religious festival brings together Christian faithful who come to the historic temple of the people of Santiago de Huamán, takes place from 13 to 27 May each year.

Archaeological zones

The city and metropolitan area contains important archaeological sites that are part of the cultural legacy of the Chimú and Mochica kingdoms. The archaeological zones are part of the Moche Route, which begins at what was formerly the seat of government of the Moche culture, the Huacas del Sol y La Luna, approximately 4 kilometers south of the historic center of Trujillo, and covers a series of places that were part of the domains of the Mochica kingdom in its heyday.

• Chan: It was the largest adobe city in America pre-Columbian, capital of the Shimus; it is located 5 kilometres north-west of the historic center of Trujillo, near Mansiche Avenue leading to Huanchaco. UNESCO declared Chan Chan the heritage of humanity in 1986.

• Huaca Esmeralda: It is an archaeological site associated with the Chimú culture and was built linked to Chan Chan. The temple is a building that has a rectangular base of approximately 65 meters long by 41 meters wide. It is made up of two platforms with central ramps. The first, located at the entrance, corresponds to the last stage constructive chimú; its decoration consists of fishing nets with fish inside it. Behind, the second platform and the oldest one has decoration similar to the Tschudi Palace with network designs and the marine otter. The adobe walls are decorated with zoomorphic and geometric motif reliefs. It is located three blocks from the church of Mansiche, of the urbanization La Esmeralda, in the old agricultural fund of the same name that occupied this area 3 kilometers from the center of the city. The archaeological site is considered « Monumental Patrimony of the Nation».

• Huaca del Dragon: Also called Huaca del Arco Iris, it is located 4 kilometres north of the historic centre of Trujillo in the La Esperanza district, near Chan Chan. It is a religious monument, ceremonial and administrative centre built in adobe whose murals are decorated with friezes in relief showing anthropomorphic figures and representing the very stylized rainbow.

• Huacas del Sol y de la Luna: These are pre-Hispanic monuments located 5 km south of the historic centre of Trujillo, in the Moche district. This archaeological site physically represented the capital of the Mochica culture since the centuryIa. C. to the centuryIX; it is next to its museum one of the most visited places in the city.

• Huaca of the kings: It is an archaeological complex located in the district of Laredo, about 14 km east of the historical center of Trujillo. This monumental ensemble was investigated during the 1970s by the Chan Chan Valley Moche Project (M. Moseley and C. Mackey, 1973). It shows a scenario where the ritualistic architecture exposes the portrait of men and "gods". Huaca de los Reyes, for the society Cupisnique represented the tangible reflection of the ritualistic ceremonial world -Hanan pacha and Kay pacha- which is the notion of duality, of space and social historical time. It is the oldest ceremonial center in the valley of Moche, belonging to the culture Cupisnique, according to studies carried out by archaeologist Jorge Ruiz Barcellos. It is declared “Cultural Patrimony of the Nation”.

Spas and others

Huanchaco Spa.

A few kilometers from the historic center of the city there are several beaches or spas, among the spas the following stand out:

• Huanchaco Spa. Considered a world surfing reserve is located in the district of Huanchaco, on the outskirts of the city, it is a traditional spa, in it you can see the totora horses, rafts used since the time of the backpacks to do fishing. It also highlights the artisanal dock that represents an icon of the spa.

• Balneario de Las Delicias. Located in the metropolitan district of Moche, the San José Fair is held in mid-March of each year. It's a spa next to Salaverry.

• The Humedales of Huanchaco. Also known as of Huanchaco or Huanchaco swamps is an ecological park that is located northwest of the city. This park contains totora reserves, from which the raw material is extracted for the manufacture of the totora horses used since the time of the backpacks for artisanal fishing.

• Campiña de Moche. Located in the Moche district, it is crossed by the Moche River and houses the Huacas del Sol and the Luna, home of the old Mochica culture. In this country there are also campestres recreational centers where typical dishes such as the soup teóloga, the chicha de Moche, etc. are presented; there are typical restorers such as the "Mochica", also the urbanized area of Moche with its place of arms. The countryside presents historical and millennial traditions.

• Laguna de Conache. Located in the traditional village of Conache in the metropolitan district of Laredo, close to large dunes that are visited to practice the sandboard. Near the Conache Lagoon there are extensive algarrobos forests that have varied fauna and are also visited by tourists as they are a tourist attraction complementary to the lagoon, where you can make camper lunches, boat rides, etc. Near the lagoon, for 16 years, in March, the Carnival of Conache is celebrated.

Archaeological complex El Brujo.

Although they do not belong to the city of Trujillo, due to their short distance from the city they are related to it. Some places near the city are:

The Degollador, Mochica god represented in one of the walls of the archaeological complex The Witch.

• Archaeological complex El Brujo. Located approximately 45 kilometres north of Trujillo city. The Brujo is one of the oldest archaeological complexes on the northern Peruvian coast. It is located in the Chicama River valley, in the Magdalena de Cao district. This complex was a ceremonial center where you can contemplate the legacy of 5000 years of occupation from the nomadic hunters, collectors and later by the culture Cupisnique, Moche and Chimú. In this archaeological complex was found the tomb and mummified body of the Mochica ruler named the Lady of Cao, also contains the Site Museum of Cao.
• Campiña de Simbal. Located in the district of Simbal, it is characterized by being a place of direct contact with nature, the countryside has country houses, recreational centers campestres, among them the recreational center Rio Bar which is located in the ravine of a river between two mountains. Simbal is conducive to adventure sports as you enter your field.

Green Areas

Some of the parks and green areas in the city of Trujillo are:

• The Alameda de Mansiche. Located in the historic former cover of Mansiche that was part of the old city wall in the monumental area of the historic center of Trujillo. The alameda has a very old set of trees and is also the scene of cultural presentations.

• The Trujillo Botanic Park or Garden. Located in South America Avenue near Larco Avenue and about 1200 meters from Historic Centre of Trujillois also known as The Trujillo Green Flemish. It houses various plants of the coast, mountain range and jungle; the botanical garden preserves species such as mochero, totorals and brown cotton among other plants. In this conservation center also hosts variety of birds that have come attracted by plants.

Museums and cultural centers

The Museum of Modern Art of Trujillo founded by the artist Gerardo Chávez.

• Toy Museum, property of the painter Gerardo Chávez, in this museum are exhibited toys dating from the middle of the centuryXX.. The museum is located a few blocks from the Plaza de Armas of the city and has a café bar next to it.

• Museum of Modern Art, shows works and sculpture of national and foreign painters, was inaugurated on November 30, 2006 by the artist Gerardo Chávez in which he made available to the public his wide and diverse collection of modern art. The museum is currently managed by the Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego.

• House of Emancipation Museum, traditional cultural center located in a case of the intersections of the Gamarra jiron with the Pizarro jiron and that it was stage of the gestation of the Independence of Trujillo. He also hosted the First Constituent Congress and House of Government of former Peruvian President José de la Riva-Agüero. Its activities focus on art exhibitions and diverse cultural activities that take place in its central courtyard. It is currently managed by Fundación BBVA.

The General Cemetery of Miraflores It has the tombs of historical characters such as Luis José de Orbegoso and Moncada and Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre.

• Museum of Zoology, it shows a taxidermal exhibition of the fauna of the coast, mountains and Peruvian jungle. The museum is under the administration of the National University of Trujillo,

• Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History, through seven rooms shows the development of the historical process on the north coast and particularly in the valleys of the La Libertad region, from the arrival of the first inhabitants, about 12 000 years ago, to the arrival of the European colonizers in 1532. Since 1939 the museum has been providing the general public with the exhibition of local and national history, its headquarters casena Risco in the jiron Junín. It is currently under the administration of the National University of Trujillo.

• Centro Cultural Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, inaugurated on 12 July 2010, it is possible to find five rooms dedicated to the philosopher and politician Haya de la Torre. In these first five rooms the cultural life of the city of Trujillo is also reviewed, focusing on the main figures of the North Group and the Trilce Group. It also has five other rooms with itinerant exhibitions dedicated to art, where works of various artists have been exhibited among them by the painter Gerardo Chávez.

• Museum, administered by the Metropolitan Archbishop of Trujillo shows the religious history of the city from the time of the colony to the present. It is divided into six sections, in which one can appreciate from the clothing of the ancient cardinals, sculpture of saints, mural paintings and canvases of anonymous painters of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

• José Cassinelli Mazzei Archaeological Museum, located in the avenue Nicolás de Piérola presents samples of various cultures of the region such as Chavín, Moche, Chimú, Recuay, etc. It focuses on its art, ceramics and religious ceremonies, it also has mummies that are displayed in the museum.

• BCR Museum, located in the Urquiaga House, exhibits a unique collection of coins from the beginning of Peru to the present. It also maintains furniture and mention of the colonial and republican era as from this case Simon Bolivar led the government of the country. It is currently administered by the Central Reserve Bank of Peru.

Cultural events

Festivals

Pasacalle at the 52nd Marinera Festival in Trujillo.

• Marinera Festival (last week of January): Organized by the Club Libertad de Trujillo, national and international invited couples are presented to contest the first place of the different categories of the contest. It also highlights the parade of allegorical cars that runs through the main streets of the historic center. Within the framework of the festival is also held the Fiesta del Perol in which the attendees dress white to pay tribute to the Marinera. Every year there are several personalities from the political, social, national cultural sphere among many people who come to this event.

Chips at the Spring Festival.

• International Spring Festival (September - October): It is considered the representative festival of the city, its main attraction is a traditional parade of allegorical chariots with beauty queens of the lion clubs of different parts of the continent; in the framework of the festival activities such as the crowning of the queen of the spring, the contest of pass horses organized by the Association of Criadores and Dueños de Caballos de Paso and at the International Festival of La Marinera. The first festival was held in 1950.

• International Festival de Canto Lirico: It has the presence of exponent singers from the international lyrics from America, Asia and Europe, besides having international teachers and pianists; it is organized by the Center for Cultural Promotion of Trujillo, it is held in the Municipal Theatre of the city during the month of November.
• Trujillo International Ballet Festival: It began to take place since 1977 in the Municipal Theatre with the participation of delegations from many countries of the world, the national version is carried out with the participation of delegations representing different regions of the country.

Marinera dancers, at the Trujillo Marinera Festival, is held in January of each year.

• Trujillo International Book Fair: Celebrated every year in Plazuela El Recreo since 2012. It has the participation of writers, thinkers, etc. internationally. It is organized by the Provincial Municipality of Trujillo.

Music and dance

The most representative music and dance of the city is the Marinera. For this very reason, the city is considered the Capital of the Marinera. The city is home to a significant number of dance academies where the practice of this traditional dance is cultivated. These academies serve as a preparation center for the participants in the national marinera contest, held in January of each year.

Customs

In the city of Trujillo one of the oldest and most representative traditions with great impact is the care and breeding of Paso horses. The Paso horse is considered the best saddle horse in the world, as it has the smoothest gait. In the town of Buenos Aires Norte in the Víctor Larco district, the premises of the Association of horse owners and breeders passing through La Libertad. In the city there is a monument called El Mural de caballos de paso which is located in Víctor Larco and pays homage to the traditional riders from Trujillo and the region called chalanes. The Peruvian Paso horse is considered a native of northern Peru and has been declared a National Cultural Heritage by the National Institute of Culture (INC) of the Peruvian government.

Similarly, on the outskirts of the city, in the district of Huanchaco, the caballitos de totoras can be seen. These boats of pre-Inca origin with a raised prow, made of pressed reeds, measure from three to four meters long and in them Huanchaquero fishermen continue to go to sea, putting ancestral fishing techniques into practice.

• Jubilee Week of Trujillo (first week of March): Commemorate the date of installation of the city's first lobby on March 5, 1535. The celebrations last about 5 days and have the presentation of cultural and artistic events.
• Trujillo Independence Day (29 December): Commemorates the day of the proclamation of Trujillo's independence, officially declared to be fair on 29, 30 and 31 throughout the province in November 1920. Flags are mounted in the Plaza de Armas of Trujillo and multiple cultural and artistic activities are carried out at the celebration. It is a representative date of the city's civics.

Image of the Virgin of the Gate, patron of the city.

Religious events

The Archdiocese of Trujillo, in charge of Monsignor Miguel Cabrejos Vidarte, exercises Catholic ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Trujillo.

In the city you can find various churches and cathedrals built during the Viceroyalty of Peru. The most outstanding buildings of this stage are the Cathedral of Trujillo, Iglesia de la Merced.

More recently, is the Trujillo temple operated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, built in 2015 and located in the district of Huanchaco.

One of the most prominent Catholic religious manifestations in the city and region is the cult of the Virgen de la Puerta, whose image dating from the viceroyalty is carried out in procession through the streets of Otuzco from December 13 to 16 each year. She is the patron saint of the city along with Saint Valentine and on January 20, 2018, Pope Francis declared her "Mother of Mercy and Hope" during his visit to the Peru, where the Santísima Cruz de Motupe and various representations of Catholicism from the north of the country also arrived in Trujillo. Another of the most important and popular celebrations is the Feast of the Lord of Miracles, who bears the title of "Sworn Patron and Protector of the city of Trujillo", held in the month of October with masses, processions and various manifestations of faith.

Gastronomy

Typical dish of ceviche, Cultural Heritage of the Nation, according to Peruvian historical sources, ceviche would have originated first in the Moche culture, on the coast of its current territory more than two thousand years ago.

Trujilla's gastronomy presents a diversified number of dishes, in some cases with a thousand-year-old tradition; They are prepared on the basis of fish, shellfish, seaweed, poultry, livestock, and local products. There are more than a hundred typical stews.

Among the most representative typical dishes are:

• Ceviche: The dish is prepared on the basis of 5 main ingredients: fish fillet cut into pieces cooked with lemon, onion, salt and pepper lemon or moche pepper. The dish is added from a variety of ingredients to taste, one of the results of this combination is the mixed cebiche. The fish that can be used are very diverse and include both fresh and seawater species, as well as other seafood and seaweed fruits and even vegetables. The dish can be accompanied to the taste of products such as sweet potato, choclo, zarandaja, yuca, lettuce leaves, yuyo, roasted corn (called cancha), etc. According to Peruvian historical sources, the ceviche would have originated first in the Moche culture, on the coast of its current territory more than two thousand years ago. Different chronics report that along the Peruvian coast the fish was consumed with salt and pepper. This dish has been declared a National Cultural Heritage by the Peruvian government.

Shámbar, it is a typical dish of the city of Trujillo.

• Shámbar: Soup from the libertarian mountain range, is prepared from menestras and also includes smoked ham. It is accompanied with roasted corn called a court. Restaurants are traditionally served on Mondays.
• Theologue soup: Soup with roots in the Spanish medieval kitchen and ancient Roman. It contains a wide variety of ingredidents such as hen, turkey, petties, butter, bread and saffron, which is adorned with chickpeas, olives, hard-egg slices, chopped parsley and tomato, and a saffron, onion and yellow pepper. It is often accompanied by a pepián of rice with a goat, zarandaja or a bocona lentil, and a butter thread. It is usually served on Palm Sunday in Moche.

There are also typical dishes: wheat soup, fish pork rinds, common in cevicherías; chicken chicharrón, usually accompanied by vegetable salad and French fries; popped crab; tacu tacu with canary beans; dried calf; Trujillana-style beans; Trujillana style fish; Trujillo northern fried, etc.

Transportation

Ground transportation

Vehicle fleet

Public transport

In the 2010-2020 decade, public transport has undergone a modernization process under an initiative promoted by the MTC. In 2021, the development of the "Trujillo Integrated Transport System&#34 is underway; (SITT). The project plans to cover the urban area of Trujillo with a North-South Corridor under a coordinated system of routes with an electronic collection system.

Sea transport

Puerto de Salaverry de Trujillo.

The Port of Salaverry is the main port of the city and is located in the Salaverry district, it has two 225-m berths. and 230 m. and four berths, which allows it to simultaneously receive four deep-draft ships.

The port is the main one in the region because the regional production of La Libertad is exported through it; It is one of the most modern, equipped with services and equipment for loading, unloading and storage operations, with available capacity to serve a greater port flow; It also receives military training ships and cruise-type tourist ships from all over the world.

The area of influence is in the departments of La Libertad, Lambayeque, Cajamarca, and Ancash; it is currently one of the busiest commercial ports in the country.

Air transportation

International Airport Carlos Martínez de Pinillos de la ciudad de Trujillo.

Carlos Martínez de Pinillos International Airport is the air terminal for the province of Trujillo. It is located on the outskirts of the city, in the city of Huanchaco. In 2012, it had a traffic of 402,491 passengers nationwide and a cargo flow of 742 tons.

The airport maintains connections with the cities of Arequipa, Cusco, Lima and Santiago de Chile.

This airport currently has a runway 3,000 meters long by 45 meters wide, after being expanded in 2005 and can receive up to Boeing-747-400 type aircraft. Since 2012 it has been under the administration of the private company "Corporación Peruana de Aeropuertos y Aviación Comercial" (CORPAC S.A.) which obtained the concession on December 11, 2006 and is the main gateway to the city and the region.

See source and visit Wikidata.

Media

Written press

Newspapers: La Industria, Correo, Satelite and Nuevo Norte

TV channels

Utilities and provisioning

Energy infrastructure

The distribution of electricity in the city is in charge of Hidrandina. The electrification rate reaches the order of 91%, with the Trujillo district having the highest coverage and El Porvenir the lowest with 82%. In 2010, the city consumed a total of 428,159 MWh of electrical energy, with the districts of Trujillo and La Esperanza having the highest consumption rates.

Drinking water

The main supply source comes from the Salaverry treatment plant, the plant has a production capacity of 1.25 m³/s. The company in charge of the distribution of drinking water is SEDALIB S.A. which acquires the water from the CHAVIMOCHIC special project and at the same time exploits 33 tube wells from the Santa Catalina Valley aquifer.

The per capita production of water is 210 liters per person, and an annual demand of 899,000 m³/year. The coverage of the drinking water service in the city is 91.74%.

Education

The city of Trujillo shows an illiteracy rate of 5.5%. In the city in 2007 there were 833 educational centers, 83% of the schools are concentrated in the urban continuum, 50% corresponding to the district of Trujillo. Most of the educational establishments, in the district of Trujillo, are those of secondary level (53%), whose offer is covered mostly by private institutions. The expansion of the state educational infrastructure and the growing participation of the private sector in education have allowed the progress of educational coverage in the city.

Higher Education

The city has a total of 9 educational establishments of university level or higher. The district of Trujillo is the one that conglomerates most of them with 6 institutions, within which are the following universities and centers of higher study:

• National University of Trujillo
• Private University Antenor Orrego
• Private University of the North
• Technological University of Peru
• Escuela Superior de Bellas Artes de Trujillo Macedonio de la Torre
• Regional Conservatory of Music Carlos Valderrama
• Escuela Superior Indoamérica

In the Víctor Larco Herrera district:

• Universidad César Vallejo

In the Moche district:

• Catholic University of Trujillo.

National University of Trujillo, was the first republican university founded in the country on May 10, 1824 by Simón Bolívar and José Faustino Sánchez Carrión.

National University of Trujillo

Among all the universities, the National University of Trujillo stands out, the only national university in the city, founded in 1824 by the liberator Simón Bolívar and José Faustino Sánchez Carrión, it is the fourth oldest in Peru and was the first republican in the country.

Art Education Centers

Among the institutes of higher education in Trujillo is the Escuela Superior Indoamérica where primary and secondary teachers have been trained since 1965. Likewise, some of the institutes that are also located in the city are the Instituto Nueva Esperanza, Instituto Tecnológico Trujillo, Santo Tomas De Aquino Pedagogical Institute, Technological Institute of the North. etc.

In addition to higher university and technological training centers, the city also has higher artistic training centers such as the Carlos Valderrama Regional Conservatory of Music, which has university rank, presenting professional musical training careers and granting bachelor's degrees and titles graduate on behalf of the nation in their respective careers.

The Escuela Superior de Bellas Artes de Trujillo Macedonio de la Torre is also a superior center for artistic training in the city, founded by the indigenous painter Pedro Azabache Bustamante, where artists are trained in various fields of fine arts such as sculpture and art. painting.

UPAO Campus in Trujillo, the second university with more students in the city.

Health

Regarding health services in Trujillo, there are a total of 97 establishments including hospitals, maternal and child centers, health centers, clinics, polyclinics, medical posts; Of these, 66% belong to the public sector and 34% to the non-public sector, with the Ministry of Health of the Peruvian government being the one with the largest number of establishments (50%), providing the most care in consultation external (44%), in laboratory and X-ray services (68%) and hospitalization (56%).

EsSalud, within its healthcare network, has 6 hospitals, 2 polyclinics, it also has different medical and primary care centers; private, private health establishments are 10 clinics and 5 medical centers. The urban continuum of Trujillo concentrates 75% of the health establishments; 40% of the establishments are located in the capital district. Some of the important health establishments are:

Sports

View of Manshiche Stadium during a football game.

Football

The most followed sport in Trujillo is soccer, this sport is mainly represented by the Carlos A. Mannucci soccer club and César Vallejo. In addition, La Libertad stands out in this area since it is the second department with the most teams in the First Division with a total of three, two in Trujillo and one in Pataz. Among the historical clubs in the city we have:

Football Clubs
Equipment	Foundation	Stadium	League
Carlos A. Mannucci	16 November 1959	Mansiche	First Division
Alfonso Ugarte	August 01, 1917	Mansiche	Copa Perú
Carlos Tenaud	12 October 1946	Mansiche	Copa Perú
César Vallejo	06 January 1996	Mansiche	First Division

View of the Olympic Pool during the XVII Bolivarian Games of 2013.

Sports venues

• Mansiche Sports Complex, is the main and most important sports scene in the city with capacity of about 25 036 spectators. It is located near Mansiche Avenue. It was founded on October 12, 1946.

Within it is the Mansiche Stadium, the main stadium of the metropolitan city, in it develops the first division football league of the city and was one of the most important scenarios of the Trujillo Bolivarian Games 2013.

In this complex is also the Coliseum Gran Chimú which serves as a location for sporting events such as volleyball, basketball, etc., is also host since the 1970s of the National Marinera Competition.

• Sports Complex Mochica Chimú. Located in the Chicago neighborhood, it houses the Chan Chan Chan Athletic Stadium, the hummingbird and the Huaca de la Luna sports centre, with a capacity of 6 000, 3 500 and 3 000 spectators respectively.

Featured Characters

Foreign relations

Sister Cities

Throughout its history, the city of Trujillo has had various twinning agreements with cities from various continents, as well as some regions or autonomous communities. Sister cities with Trujillo:

Consular Representation

Trujillo is home to some consulates, from those countries with which there are the greatest number of trade relations or the presence of immigrants from those countries in the area.