Treaty of Lima
The Treaty of Lima, also known as the Rada y Gamio - Figueroa Larraín Treaty or 1929 Treaty, is an agreement signed on 3 June 1929 in the city of Lima between Chile and Peru, which put an end to the controversy over the sovereignty of the provinces of Tacna and Arica. According to the treaty, the department of Tacna was reincorporated into Peru, while that of Arica remained in the hands of Chile, the latter committing itself to pay Peru an indemnity of six million US dollars. It also establishes the Concordia line as the land border between the two countries and the easements in favor of Peru in Arica, a wharf at the service of Peru in Arica and the Tacna-Arica railway.
History
The referendum that never took place
United States President Calvin Coolidge, arbitrator of the controversy, ruled on March 5, 1927, in a resolution regarding the holding or not of the planned plebiscite, that it was viable to hold it in Tacna and Arica.
The arbitral award of the President of the United States indicated the return of Tarata, which occurred on September 1, 1925, an area occupied by Chile in 1885. At the signing of the Treaty of Ancón, the Department of Tacna had three provinces: Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá.
The arbitral award confirmed the holding of the plebiscite and the creation of a Plebiscite Commission made up of Agustín Edwards McClure of Chile, Manuel de Freyre and Santander of Peru, and General Joseph John Pershing of the United States. The commission held 37 regular sessions from August 5, 1925, to June 14, 1926.
The date to register voters was set for March 1, 1926 and the plebiscite for May 1.
In January 1925, General Pershing explained to the Plebiscitary Commission that 710 Peruvians had been deported. On June 2, 1926, US Ambassador William Collier collected the information that 250 Peruvians from Tacna and Arica were living in Santiago against his will.This situation led the US delegates to create a "Complaints Committee". 3. 4; to receive and investigate the complaints and that they were not going to support an anomalous plebiscite. Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg asks Pershing not to postpone the referendum and to hold it even under imperfect conditions.
Peru requests guarantees for the Peruvian plebiscitaries before the Chileanization campaign in Tacna and Arica. On November 2, 1925, Pershing issues the "Statement of Prerequisites" and requests that the Chilean military and police forces in the area be reduced, that the Chilean paramilitary groups be disarmed, and that the Peruvian propaganda campaign in the region be guaranteed. Pershing argues that the Plebiscitary Commission has full power over the territories in order to guarantee the plebiscite. Chile responds that the zone is under its sovereignty and the Plebiscitary Commission cannot impose requirements on its administration.
On November 19, the events of Challaviento take place and the members of the Peruvian commission carry out the investigations.
The Chilean government makes a change of authorities, sending the governor of Arica Emiliano Bustos as governor of Tarapacá and the mayor of Tacna, Luis Barceló Lira as head of the Chilean electoral campaign.
Pershing decides not to endorse the referendum and calls for his resignation. He leaves Arica on January 27, 1926, being replaced by William Lassiter.
General Lassiter arrived in the area on February 1, 1926.
On May 14 in Arica, members of the Peruvian commission were attacked, among them Jorge Basadre. On the 22nd the violence was in Tacna. On the 29th, the Peruvian Manuel Espinoza Cuéllar was assassinated. Lassiter asked to postpone the final agreement arguing that the governments were agreeing to an agreement outside the plebiscite. Peruvian voters had stopped going to the plebiscite records.
On June 15, 1926, General Lassiter signed the "Scheme of reasons to require a definitive termination of the plebiscite procedures in Tacna and Arica" and declares that it is impossible to hold the plebiscite since Chile does not guarantee fair conditions for the Peruvian vote in Tacna and Arica. The commission approves Lassiter's motion.
...That a plebiscite to determine the sovereignty of Tacna-Arica cannot be held because of coercion by Chile of Peruvian voters...Major General Lassiter. June 1926[1]
In the 37th session the commission was dissolved. The American and Peruvian delegates declared the plebiscite null and void, and the Chilean refused to do so.
Among the military elements stationed in Arica...(some) obeyed only and exclusively direct inspirations of a body of Santiago...If giving repeated orders and instructions of the Plebiscitarian Commission had been fulfilled by those recalcitrants, they would not have had either General Pershing or General Lassiter reason to declare that the prevailing conditions in Tacna and Arica did not permit the holding of a right plebiscite.Augustine Edwards. The Eleven Months of Arica.[2]
Members of the US delegation declare on June 7, 1926 that the arbitral award was wrong.
Leguía-Figueroa-Kellogg negotiations
On August 27, 1926, Frank Kellogg and Wade Ellis decided to propose to Peru and Chile the division of the territory, from the Arica-La Paz railway to Peru, and the rest divided between Bolivia and Chile. If it was not accepted that a new arbitration be carried out by President Coolidge. If it was not accepted either, the United States would withdraw from the case.
Ambassador Hernán Velarde and former Foreign Minister Alberto Salomón meet with Wade Ellis and argue with him about the Peruvian thesis that Tacna and Arica should be Peruvian because the voter registration for the plebiscite was mainly Peruvian. In addition, Chile failed to comply with article 3 of the Treaty of Ancón and therefore, Peru would have no reason to comply with it as well, so the provinces of Tacna and Arica had to return to Peru.
In March 1927, Foreign Minister Conrado Ríos Gallardo requested the voter records and with this ruled out insisting on the plebiscite. He also ruled out the annexation of Tacna and Arica, which did not have the support of the United States arbitrator. For this reason, Chile promotes direct negotiations with Peru. Conrado Ríos ensured that the proposal for the division of Tacna and Arica by the new president Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, which had also been proposed by the United States, was accepted.
Chile began to import sugar from Cuba and no longer from Peru, which meant the protest of Peruvian producers: if bad diplomatic relations with Chile were maintained, they would translate into bad commercial relations.
Finally, when Kellogg made his request for the reestablishment of diplomatic relations official on July 9, 1928, they both accepted. Chile, on the 11th and Peru two days later.
Emiliano Figueroa for Chile and César A. Elguera for Peru were appointed ambassadors.
Peruvian President Augusto B. Leguía presented five points to Ambassador Emiliano Figueroa Larraín.
- cession of the zone to a third power, after electoral consultation
- a corridor for Bolivia in the center
- the delivery of Tacna to Peru
- the surrender of Tacna to Peru, irrigated waters and the privatization of the railway from Arica to La Paz
- the annexation to Bolivia of Tacna and Arica.
On December 12, 1928, Leguía made the following proposals successively
- the total return of Tacna and Arica to Peru
- the delivery of the city of Arica and the Moor to Peru
- turn Arica into a Chile-Peru-EE protectorate. U.S.
- neutralize Arica under Venezuela and Uruguay
- the division of Arica between Chile and Peru.
Finally, Leguía and Figueroa agree on the territorial division of Tacna for Peru and Arica for Chile. Figueroa argued that Arica had more sympathy for Chile, while Tacna was loyal to Peru. The new dividing line would deliver part of the Tacna province to Chile.
Chile retained Arica and an extension of 15,351 km² and Peru recovered Tacna and an extension of 8,678 km² together with Tarata with an extension of 980 km².
Since Arica was the natural port of Tacna, Peru requested one on behalf of Chile in Arica. The US ambassador in Lima, Moore, asked that part of the Arica Bay and the railway be Peruvian. Other studies were carried out so that the Peruvian port could be built 2 km from Arica on the San José River. Chile offered to build one 16 km from Arica on the Lluta river, 30 km from Arica on the Yarada or 60 km from Arica on Sama. Finally, Chile offers to build a docking boardwalk, customs offices and the railway terminal in the port of Arica.
The compensation that Chile would pay to Peru would be six million US dollars for works in the city of Tacna.
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As Bolivia demanded a sovereign outlet to the sea and given the possibility that Chile would give it to it by ceding previously Peruvian territories, Leguía demanded a complementary protocol in which it would stipulate that Chile would not cede any territory that had been Peruvian to Bolivia without first consulting to Peru.
About the Tacora sulfur mines, they would remain in Chilean territory since Ambassador Figueroa Larraín argued that their owners were Chileans. The Tacora volcano that belonged to the province of Tacna was left in the hands of Chile. Peru would obtain all the waters of the Uchusuma and the Maure that flow through Chilean territory.
The proposal was submitted on May 15. Chile and Peru accepted it the same day.
The treaty is signed on June 3, 1929 in the city of Lima, being the Peruvian representative Pedro José Rada y Gamio and Emiliano Figueroa Larraín on the Chilean side. The stipulations pertinent to the layout of the border line were expressed in the following terms:
Article II.- [...] The dividing line between these parts and, consequently, the border between the territories of Peru and Chile, will depart from a point of the coast that will be called "Concordia", distant ten kilometers north of the bridge of the Lluta river, to follow to the east parallel to the route of the Chilean section of the railway of Arica to La Paz and distant ten kilometers from it, with the inspires necessary to use, in the nearby region, ]
Article III.- The boundary line referred to in paragraph 1 of Article 2 shall be fixed and marked in the territory with milestones, by a joint commission composed of a member designated by each of the signatory Governments, which shall cost, by half, the common expenses that this operation requires. If there is any disagreement in the commission, it will be resolved with the vote of a third member appointed by the President of the United States of America, whose judgement will be inapplicable.Treaty of Lima, 3 June 1929
The ratifications are exchanged in Santiago on July 28, 1929. In Chile it was promulgated by decree N 1110, on July 28, 1929 and published in the "Official Gazette" on August 16, 1929.
On August 28, 1929, Tacna was reincorporated into Peru.
Execution of the treaty and demarcation
Between the Arbitration Award, the Treaty of Lima, the Complementary Protocol, and the Act of Execution; Chile and Peru obtain the following between sovereignty, easements, prohibitions and permits.
| Please | Against | |
|---|---|---|
| Chile | 15 351 km2 of Arica and part of Tacna The Tacora Volcano and its sulfur | Keep the morose down |
| Peru | 8678 km2 of Tacna 980 km2 from Tarata $6 million The waters of Uchusuma and Maure in Arica A dock in the bay of Arica Free transit of items by Arica Tacna-Arica Railway Line Casa Bolognesi and Casa Yanulaque, both in Arica | |
| Both | Christ of Concord at the top of the Moor | Consult the other country if you wish to assign a third party, part of this territory Check the other country if you want to build international railway lines. |
Regarding the demarcation of the border line in application of the clauses of the Treaty, the governments of Chile and Peru delegated said task to a Mixed Boundary Commission, which concluded its work on July 21, 1930, signing On said date, the respective Act, the same as that regarding the border line, established the following:
[...] The border line demarcated part of the Pacific Ocean at a point on the seashore located ten kilometres northwest of the first bridge over the Lluta River of the Arica to La Paz railway track, and ends in the Andean mountain range at the fifth milestone of the old dividing line between Chile and Bolivia.[...]s: Final Act of the Limits Commission with the description of the milestones placed, 21 July 1930
Finally, on November 13, 1999, an Act of execution of the pending clauses of the 1929 Treaty was signed, relating to the usufruct by Peru of an area located in the Port of Arica.