The Toboso
El Toboso is a Spanish municipality in the province of Toledo, in the autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha.
Its urban configuration is the characteristic of this region, with its masonry and rammed earth buildings and its well-whitewashed walls. The houses, with wooden corridors and columns, have patios with a square or rectangular floor plan and the floor is almost always pebble.
It is also the homeland of Dulcinea, a character from Don Quixote de la Mancha, the love of the illustrious Manchego gentleman.
Geography
It is located on the southeastern limit of the province of Toledo, in the region of La Mancha. Located 635 meters above sea level, it borders the municipalities of Quintanar de la Orden, Los Hinojosos (Cuenca), Mota del Cuervo (Cuenca), Pedro Muñoz (Ciudad Real), Campo de Criptana (Ciudad Real) and Miguel Esteban.
Toponymy
The origin and meaning of the name of the town is not known for certain, but it is certain that thistles "toba" abounded in this place, or because there is also an abundance of limestone on the ground, porous and of little value called with the same name "tuff". The truth is that the coat of arms of the town has in its field and in a crossed way the thistle "toba".
History
The origins of this municipality date back to prehistory, as evidenced by the archaeological findings found. There are also vestiges of the Celtiberian era. There is no evidence that demonstrates the existence of a Roman, Visigothic or Muslim settlement.
The name of the municipality appears mentioned in documents from 1338 and in 1353 it was part of the common of La Mancha. In 1390, Vasco Rodríguez granted the town a free market and appointed a judge and mayor from among its neighbors. In 1468, El Toboso appears in the censuses of the Order of Santiago and in 1480 the master of the Order, Alonso de Cárdenas, upon confirming his privileges, granted him the title of town. The 16th century is the period of greatest strength of the town and the greatest repopulation.
El Toboso became very popular due to the work of Miguel de Cervantes Don Quixote de La Mancha, written in the 17th century XVII, as it was Dulcinea's place of residence.
Demographics
Graphic of demographic evolution of El Toboso between 1900 and 2006 |
Source: Spanish National Statistical Institute - Graphical development by Wikipedia |
Religious architecture
- Church of San Antonio Abad
When the town of El Toboso was founded in 1278, the Knightly Order of Santiago de la Espada immediately built an old religious building, some traces of which are still preserved. This building served as the first church on which the primitive parish of El Toboso was erected under the dedication of Nuestra Señora de las Angustias.
Nothing is known about their trajectory throughout the 14th and 15th centuries, but everything suggests that the people of Santiago conscientiously carried out arduous pastoral and religious work. There is news of the decision to break down this old church to build the current parish church from 1511. In addition, with the erection of the new temple, the parish was entrusted to the dedication and ownership of San Antonio Abad.
The Parochial Archive of El Toboso treasures sacramental books that give an account of the pastoral activity of this parish from 1565 to the present day through the registration of baptisms, marriages and deaths, as well as other factory and construction work books of the current temple, account books of brotherhoods and several documentary files that confirm the historicity of the Parish.
Since its creation and until the suppression of the Military Orders in Spain (1931), the parish of El Toboso was administered by the Knights of Santiago whose Prior obtained episcopal attributions from the Pope. Throughout these centuries, the parish was enriched with the establishment of the religious orders of the Poor Clares (1548), Agustinos Recoletos (1600) and Trinitarian Recollects (1680) that increased the religious and pastoral flow in this town.
In 1931, the parish of San Antonio Abad de El Toboso, together with all of Santiago de Compostela in the south of the province of Toledo, became dependent on the Bishopric of Cuenca until 1955, when it became part of the Primate Archdiocese of Toledo. Pope Pius XII issued a consistorial decree, “Toletanae et aliarum”, through which he separated from the diocese of Cuenca seven parishes that were also in the territory of the civil province of Toledo, including El Toboso. Between 1931 and 1955 the pastoral care of the parish will be in the hands of the Trinitarian religious who attended the monastery of the Immaculate and San José of the Trinitarians of El Toboso. During the 1960s the parish was favored by the presence of the Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament and Mary Immaculate who established a school in the town.
Integrated into the Archdiocese of Toledo, the parish has been pastorally administered by the diocesan clergy of Toledo. Between the years 1960 and 1980 the parish lived fruitful years of pastoral and religious activity, the fruit of this work have been the numerous vocations to the priestly, contemplative, missionary and consecrated life that have arisen in this era. The work of ecclesial groups has also been important, the catechetical evolution, renewal of brotherhoods and sororities and the proposal of new actions that keep the parish community of El Toboso alive.
On May 3, 1993, the parish church suffered a fire while repair work was being carried out on the roof. Consequently, a comprehensive restoration process began that ended on July 26, 1996, the day it was reopened for worship and the works were blessed by the then Archbishop and Cardinal of Toledo Marcelo González Martín. In 2009 the parish experienced a moment of grace: the restoration of the patronage of the former patron saint of the town of El Toboso: the Virgen de los Remedios. On the night of August 14, the new image was consecrated and blessed and was installed in one of the chapels of the parish church.
The plan of this church is square with three equal naves, and the vaults are Elizabethan late-Gothic. It is supported by large cylindrical columns. In the columns of the central nave you can see different medallions with the symbols of the Order of Santiago. In the XVI century, two other vaults and a dome were added to the head, with the intention of expanding the plan of the temple. On the sides there are several chapels; in the de los Hierros there is an image of Saint Augustine whose head, made of polychrome wood, belongs to the Castilian school of the XVI century. The covers are Renaissance from the end of the 16th century. The tower is from the same century; It consists of three bodies: the first is in the Plateresque style, inside which the baptistery is located, and the two upper bodies are in the Herrerian style.
- Monastery of the Immaculate and San José. Contemplative Trinitarians - Recoletas
In the year 1660 Alejo Martínez Nieva y Morales founded this monastery, pawning all his property and wealth so that the Clarisas Religious could come to inhabit it. After his death, in 1662, Juan de Morales Martínez, a Santiago gentleman and nephew of the founder, remains as patron of the monastery with the obligation to finish the works begun by his uncle and obtains, on February 10, 1663, an ecclesiastical license for this foundation. of the convent of Santa Clara by the Prior of Uclés. The work was supposed to be finished with all perfection on the day of San Miguel in the year 1664, but D. Juan did not get to know it, since he died before the deadline expired, so his son, José, was named heir to this company. Gregorio Ramírez de Arellano who, being a minor, was placed under the guardianship of his uncle Carlos de Villamayor, Knight of the Order of Calatrava and advisor to the King. From this moment the construction and the foundation process would begin to weaken due to economic difficulties and the little interest that the new patrons would have, extending the works with the Trinitarian religious community already installed in the convent. In addition, the complaint filed by the prosecutor of the Council of Orders is added, pointing out how said convent was not necessary in the Villa because there were no more than six hundred neighbors and there was another convent of nuns of the same order. Added to this objection was the formal resignation made by the Order of Santa Clara, which, finding itself without funds, ended up ceding the foundation. In 1670 the work was practically abandoned until 1679 when the process was reactivated again.
Sister Ángela María de la Concepción was born in Cantalapiedra (Salamanca) on March 1, 1649 and died on April 13, 1690 in this convent of El Toboso. After feeling attracted and called by the Lord to the contemplative religious life, she spent about a year in the Carmelites of "San José" in Valladolid, a monastery founded by Saint Teresa of Jesus, with whom she has an exceptional carbon copy in her life, work and mystical production; but the vocational call imprinted by God on her heart led her to arrive at the Trinitarias of Medina del Campo (Valladolid), where she lived for ten years with a profound ascetic-mystical dynamism, wrapped in numerous revelations until in 1680, as if carried away from a life of greater perfection and holiness, God gave her the idea, at only thirty-one years of age, of venturing into the promotion of a new Monastery, where the first foundation of the Reformation would be housed, which she would undertake, following the path started years before by the holy Trinitarian Reformer San Juan Bautista de la Concepción. Sister Ángela, she launched the roots of the Trinitarian Recollects who, being more faithful to the primitive Rule of Saint John of Mata, founder of the Order of the Holy Trinity, would live the call of God with greater zeal and fullness.
During the last months of 1678, interest centered on a half-finished convent that existed in El Toboso and that for the moment was without a destination. At the beginning of the following year, 1679, the request of Sor Ángela and Antonio Olivera, a Trinidadian, to settle in this building was granted, for which Carlos de Villamayor committed to completing the works. In this same year 79 the Trinitarians sued with the Council of Orders to obtain new royal foundation licences, which were granted on December 20 of that year and which allowed them to set off towards El Toboso where, in 1680, the Trinitarian community was installed. and Sister Angela as prioress and founder of the new monastery.
This monumental building is a true artistic jewel, with solemn lines, all of it made of masonry in the purest Herrerian style. It occupies an area of 9,000 square meters with a 100-meter façade. Its towers, its appreciated nakedness in the decoration and the style that surrounds it remind us of the Escorial monastery, which is why this monastery is known as "el Escorial de La Mancha". It has a convent with a two-story cloister and a Baroque church. Inside it houses a museum with a valuable collection of paintings and imagery from the Spanish school of the XVII century, goldsmithing, embroidery in gold etc
- Monastery of Conception - Clarified Sisters
The origins of the current convent date back to around 1515, a time in which there existed in El Toboso, next to the hermitage of San Benito, a house for devout women as a hermitage, which later, in 1546, would be converted and founded as a Franciscan monastery by Antón Martínez, a clergyman from the town. In the Relaciones de Felipe II, from the year 1575, this place is already mentioned as a pious monastery, subject to the Order of San Francisco, called La Sentencia and dedicated to the Conception of Our Lady. The church of the convent was built around 1670; It was small, with no special features, except for the main porch, which was made entirely of ashlars, with two large Doric columns. Currently, all the dependencies of the convent are reconstruction of the old ones, including the church, since of the primitive Church of the convent only the first section of the vault, in a simple baroque style, has been preserved; the rest of the main factory is modernist, the result of extensive reconstruction carried out between 1973 and 1976. The nuns who inhabit it live in a closed regime and are dedicated to the artisanal production of sweets.
It is a work from the XVI century, restored in the XX, in the Renaissance style, of which only It preserves the old front of the church.
- Covers of the early parish - Church of the Third Order
The old parish church dedicated to the Virgen de las Angustias, of which only its old façade remains, was a small stonework church made of solid stones and lime as befits the defensive time of the century XIII, as described in the visitor's book to El Toboso, in the year 1511. Later, this small church was dismantled to raise the current temple parochial.
In what is now the Cervantino Center, another church was built, called the Third Order, and which was attached to interior patios or corralas. Only the cover, from the 17th century, is preserved.
- Priority houses of the orders of Santiago and San Juan de Malta
Both correspond to the last third of the 16th century. The second, also known as "House of Dogs" in reference to the two dogs that appear on the coat of arms of the door, belonged to the Order of San Juan that tried to establish its bases in El Toboso. And the one in Santiago was the old Casa de Tercia or del Pósito in the first years of the founding of the town.
- Set of particular hermitage and oratory
In El Toboso there were up to fourteen small churches or hermitages around which the popular neighborhoods were articulated and irregular squares emerged, true scenes for celebrations. Some were inside the fence or wall that protected the urban space. Currently, the one in San Sebastián, San Blas, is still standing, the old hospital for the poor, today the hermitage of the Santísimo Cristo de la Humildad.
It is also worth noting the existence of oratories or private chapels hidden in old manor houses and which in the XVII century gave rise to to the Chaplaincies as a means of supporting the regular and secular clergy of the town of El Toboso.
Another construction of a popular religious type was the House of Memories, formerly owned by a charitable-religious Foundation called “of Memories” that assisted the poor and needy by renting houses and land. Sister Ángela María de la Concepción stayed in this house when she founded the Trinitarian convent in 1680.
- Former Convent of Augustinian Recollects and Orchard of the friars
In the year 1600 the town of El Toboso offered the hermitage of the Virgen de los Remedios, ancient and exalted patron saint of this town, for the founding of a convent of Augustinian Recollects that existed until the year 1835. It was this a notable convent in the whole of La Mancha for the many offices that this house of religion had and because several general and provincial chapters were held in it. Among its cells outstanding religious leaders who gave fame to the convent and the town.
To this day, only the arcade that gives access to the municipal cemetery is preserved, also known as Huerta de los Frailes, since in its vicinity there is still the Pozo de la Virgen where tradition locates the miracle that the Virgen de los Remedios he made some little women who fell for him and how by remedying them this fact deserved that the Virgin was proclaimed patron saint of the Villa.
Museums and permanent exhibitions
- Dulcinea House Museum
The house of Mrs. Ana Martínez Zarco de Morales, the Dulcinea de Cervantes, existed in the place. It was rebuilt during the 1960s, achieving a good reproduction of the Manchego mansion from the XVI century that it must have been. It has work quarters, a dovecote (which can be visited from the inside and is active) and a back garden, plus the usual dwelling quarters. It has been furnished with period items.
- Cervantino Museum
Here you can see a valuable collection of editions of Don Quixote in several languages, all of them gifts from different intellectuals or the world of politics, which are dedicated in their own handwriting to the people of El Toboso. As a curiosity you can see an edition given and dedicated by Hitler and another by the Argentine president Juan Domingo Perón. Other curious editions are the first to be published in Basque, in Celtic characters (from Ireland) and a manuscript adorned with illustrations.
- Humor-Graphic Museum Dulcinea
This is a private collection housed in a recently built house in the style of the XVI century, both owned by Mr. Jose L. Martin Mena. They are humorous illustrations on the theme of Don Quixote whose authors are almost all famous and recognized humorists.
Wells of El Toboso
The construction of wells, cisterns and drinking troughs in the XVI century was of vital importance, since this geographical area has little rainfall during the year. These were built both inside and outside the town, and served for both human and animal supplies.
The curbs of the wells are of great beauty and quality of carving; they can have different shapes, from one to four eyes pierced in stone and supported by semicircular arches; They may have one or two steps before reaching the curb. The wells used to have a name, depending on where they were located.
Literary-quixotic route
Miguel de Cervantes must be highlighted, since due to his work the town of El Toboso has been endowed with international popularity and renown. In the mid-1970s, the authorities, in an effort to disseminate the work and popularize the municipality, carried out various projects, including the literary route. This route consists of the diffusion of signs on the facades of the town with phrases literally quoted, placed in such a way that, circulating on foot, a route can be followed following "the steps" of Don Quixote and Sancho inside the town. It is worth mentioning the phrase "We have found the church, Sancho", used by Don Quixote when in an attempt to locate Dulcinea's Palace they come across ("we have given Sancho") with the Toboseño parish church in the chapter IX of the 2nd part.
Festivities and traditions of a religious and popular nature
- San Antonio Abad or San Antón.
In the middle of January, the Holy Holder of the parish temple is celebrated. In said celebration, a mass is offered in honor of the saint and, later, domestic animals are blessed. In ancient times, the animals used for farming, mules and horses, were decorated and they went around the parish church three times with them.
- San Sebastian and Carnivals (20 January or weekend closer to date)
On the occasion of the celebration of San Sebastián, it is common to make a bonfire at the door of the hermitage in honor of the Saint, asking him that no epidemics enter the town.
Together with the religious festival, the profane is celebrated. Toboseño carnivals are picturesque due to the date of the celebration and the ingenuity of the costumes that parade. It is said that they are the first of the year in Spain.
- San Blas (3 February)
In the immediate vicinity of the town is the hermitage of Santo. This festival, at the beginning and middle of the XX century, was linked to those of San Antón and San Blas. On the nights of those two weeks, popular festivals were held, concluding "the dances" with the festival of San Blas. Currently, on the eve, a bonfire is lit in honor of the saint and porridge is tasted. On February 3, a function and procession with the image of the Saint is offered.
- Thursday Lardero or snack day
On the Thursday afternoon before Ash Wednesday, the young people go out to the field where they have a snack. It is typical to taste "hornazo", a typical dish similar to a round bread with a boiled egg in the center and a cross made with the same mass of the sweet trapping the egg. On this day, it was customary to plant the "monument", it consisted of making a sowing on a plate with wheat, barley and five chickpeas that represent the wounds of Jesus Christ; During Lent, the stems grew to a considerable height. On the eve of Holy Thursday, it was taken to the parish temple and served as an ornament of the Eucharistic reserve or monument.
- Friday of Dolores
On the Friday before Palm Sunday, the 7 Sorrows of the Virgin Mary are celebrated, with a procession of the image of the Virgen de los Dolores.
- Holy Week
The Paschal Triduum is celebrated on the first full moon of spring. During these days, images corresponding to the Passion of Jesus Christ are processed. The austerity, seclusion and silence of the penitents call attention. On the afternoon of Resurrection Sunday, it is common to cover the "pelele" or representation of the apostle Judas Iscariot committing suicide singing this couplet:
"Ole and ola, in the blanket is, take the wimp kid Catch him as he leaves."
After putting on the "wimp" games are played singing popular children's songs.
- San Marcos (25 April)
Festivity similar to Lardero Thursday, where young people and adults go to have a picnic in the countryside. On this occasion, hornazos are not made, but cakes are baked and consumed accompanied by chocolate bars.
- Cervantine Days. Week of 23 April
The Cervantes Days of El Toboso are celebrated every year around the last week of April, around the 23rd, Book Day. This town in Toledo recalls with this celebration its leading role in the universal work of Cervantes, El Quijote, because El Toboso is the hometown of Dulcinea, the beloved of the Ingenious Hidalgo. In fact, this municipality boasts the nickname of the “homeland of Dulcinea”.
Among the main acts held these days, the festival of classical street theater, an appointment in which visitors can enjoy the staging of some of the main plays of the Spanish Golden Age. The chosen scenarios, the squares, alleys or patios of the beautiful town that counts among its tourist attractions with stately farmhouses and buildings of important architectural value. Some of the performances take place at night, adding charm to the event. Another of the important values of this celebration is its popular character, as it has the participation of a good number of residents who do not hesitate to wear the typical Manchegan costume to set the streets and the numerous visitors who take advantage of this date to go there. The program is completed with musical performances, exhibitions or conferences on Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote and the influence of this work on universal literature.
In 2016, El Toboso would have celebrated the silver anniversary of its Jornadas Cervantinas with the XXV edition. Throughout these years, taking advantage of this celebration, a special appointment has been made, that of Dulcinea de Honor, which has fallen on personalities from the world of culture or communication. In this year 2015, the City Council posthumously named the Duchess of Alba Dulcinea de Honor. Other Dulcineas have been the journalists Esther Esteban and Lorena García Díez or the soprano, composer and conductor Pilar Jurado.
- Cantic of the Mays (30 April and 3 May):
It is common, in the towns of La Mancha, to greet the flowery month on the eve of the 1st. In El Toboso, the Manchego May chant is performed on the nights of April 30 to begin May, and on April 3 May, the day that corresponded to the ancient festival of the flowery cross or May cross. May begins with singing in the church square and decorating the cross with a bouquet of flowers. Subsequently, the singers went to visit the civil and religious authorities of the Villa, convents, and relatives. Formerly it was common to sing the mayos to the girls, having two varieties: the common mayos and the portrait mayos, where the lady was described from head to toe with beautiful verses.
Anecdotally, on the night of April 30, as a mischief by the townsmen, they dyed red, with red earth and water, the facades that had been whitewashed on the occasion of Holy Week and the beginning of spring.
- San Isidro Labrador (15 May)
Pilgrimage in honor of the patron saint of the Villa de Madrid and of farmers. This takes place on the weekend closest to the date of the Saint, in the hermitage located in "el Morrión", next to the Venta de Don Quixote.
- Easter May or holidays in honor of the Stmo. Christ of Humility:
The Holy Image is previously transferred to the parish temple, on Ascension Day, where the children who have participated in the sacrament of communion that morning accompany courting the image. Later, as preparation for the festival, a quinary plus mass is celebrated, where a preacher instructs the faithful that they are going to celebrate the Patron Saint.
The patron saint festivities take place on the Pentecost weekend and are commonly known by all Toboseños as "May Easter". After the main function on Saturday and Sunday, the offerors (people who have made a vow or personal promise to the patron) invite all those attending the religious functions to the "Ranra", where they taste typical sweets, nuts and zurra. This event is enlivened with music and pasodobles performed by the Santa Cecilia municipal band.
Its nightly procession on Saturday and Sunday is noteworthy, due to the devotion of all the Toboseños and visitors who come to the town. During the Processional Race, the offerers who have made a vow or personal promise, looking at the image and walking backwards, wave flags.
After the return of the image to the hermitage on the night of Pentecost, the children of El Toboso visit it daily, offering their prayers and prayers, until Corpus Christi, when the festivities are definitively concluded.
- The Most Holy Trinity (Sunday after Pentecost)
The Trinitarian Order, so deeply rooted in El Toboso (see the convent of La Inmaculada and San José), celebrates, together with the Lay Trinitarians, a Triduum and Trisagion, the days prior to the Holy Trinity. On the afternoon of the Solemnity, after the main function presided over by a preacher from abroad (Trinitarian friar or other clergyman), there is a procession with the Blessed Sacrament, with a different route from that of the Solemnity of Corpus Christi, through the surrounding areas. of the convent.
- Corpus Christi (Sunday after the Most Holy Trinity)
Eucharistic procession through the main streets of the center of the town. In the processional race, the streets are decorated and altars are erected where the Blessed Sacrament is worshiped and the blessing is imparted. These altars are decorated with flowers corresponding to that time of year, and the streets are perfumed with thyme, rosemary, peppermint and paradise. Until the mid-60s, the Octave of Corpus Christi was celebrated, with a smaller procession around the parish church with the Blessed Sacrament.
- Sweet Name of Jesus (11 August)
The oldest brotherhood of El Toboso celebrates its main festival with a triduum to Jesus Nazareno preached by an invited priest. On the main day, bids are made and the image is processed. At night, a popular festival is held. This festival is deeply rooted among the people, and it is striking that the number of brothers exceeds the brotherhood of the patron saint, despite having more devotion to the "Cristo de la Humildad".
- Solemnity of Our Lady of Remedies (15 August)
This Solemnity corresponds to the Assumption of Our Lady. This Marian invocation was venerated until the XIX century; after the confiscation of Mendizábal, it was extinguished. At present, an image of the old patron saint of the town has been carved, with the intention of restoring her memory again.
- Solemnity of the Virgin of the Head (domestic prior to the fair of Saint Augustine)
The image is venerated in the convent of the Trinitarian mothers. This Marian devotion comes from Andújar (Jaén), and is deeply rooted in El Toboso, since for decades pilgrims have traveled to Andújar to venerate the image guarded by the Trinidadian fathers of Andújar. The current image, of El Toboso, was brought to celebrate the small festival in the town, after having celebrated the festival of the apparition of Andújar (August 11).
- Fair in honor of Saint Augustine (28 August)
At the end of August the City Council, together with the Parish, organizes the Fairs and Festivities of San Agustín, Bishop of Hipona, with the main function and procession of the Holy Bishop, festivals and an extensive daily program of recreational and cultural activities.
- Virgin Morenita
On the occasion of the Feast of the Birth of Santa María, on September 8, the Morenita Virgin is celebrated. Party of a neighborhood where the little chapel is located, but which has great roots among all the residents of the town.
Nothing is known for sure about the provenance of the image. A coplilla makes us this reference:
"Virgin of the Morenita, Who brought you to Toboso? A carpenter brought me and has set me before a well."
Before the civil war of 1936, she was pictorially represented on a canvas that was destroyed. After the contest, she acquired the current image. With this festival, the end of summer and the beginning of the harvest or grape harvest are marked.
Gastronomy
There are numerous typical dishes and sweets, which are made in the town, and many of them are also common in this region of La Mancha. The following should be noted:
- Catch manchegas: made from lunch flour, paprika and garlic, previously fried the ingredients with the fat of the pig and then cooked with water, to the point of reaching a similar to the pot or cream rather dense.
- Arrival garlic
- Tiznao
- Pisto manchego
- Pastoral harvest: wet bread on the eve and fried with garlic on slow fire, it is customary in this village to taste with grapes.
- Duel and break: fried bacon and scrambled with eggs.
- Lamb saucer: lamb lean previously with garlic, onion, and cooked with wine and water.
- Potato sandwich: Peased potatoes in skillet, typical of the men in the field.
- Tomato tasting: made with the edge of the round bread, the crumb is extracted and in the bowl of bread is introduced tomatoes, garlic and olive oil. Wet the tomato with the previously extracted bread crumb. He used to eat at the snack-dinner.
- Fights: sweet typical of El Toboso, or kind of pasta made with flour and egg yolk and adorned with a spiral of light and sugar. It is famous for those made by the Clarisas Monjas of that town.
- Mostillo: Made from rice, toasted flour, orange bark and water. It is customary to take it in October and the Saints.
- Sweets or tarbin gachas: similar to salads, with toasted wheat flour and milk. Typical on the night of the dead.
- Friar's ears.
- Flowers: egg, milk and sugar.
- Upstairs: fried dough based on flour, oil, wine and sugar.
- Butterflies: Christmas sweet, covered with sugar.
Image gallery
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