Television Infrared Observation Satellite

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First television image of the Earth seen from space.

Television Infrared Observation Satellite or TIROS, (in Spanish, Satélite de Observación por Televisión e Infrared) is a series of the first meteorological satellites launched by the United States, beginning with the launch of TIROS-1 in 1960. TIROS was the first satellite that was capable of remote sensing the Earth, allowing scientists to see it in a new perspective from space.

The program, launched by Harry Wexler, demonstrated the utility of satellite weather observation, while military reconnaissance satellites were secretly developed. TIROS demonstrated at that time that the key to success is often simplicity

Features

The 270lb satellite was launched into a nearly circular low-Earth orbit by a Thor Able missile. Drum-shaped, with a diameter of 42 inches and a height of 19 inches, the TIROS satellite carried two six-inch television cameras. One of the cameras had a wide-angle lens with an f/1.6 (aperture), which could observe an 800-mile swath of Earth at a time. The second camera had a telephoto lens with an f/1.8, with a power increase of 10 to 12 over a wide-angle camera.

The satellite itself was stabilized in its orbit by spinning like a gyroscope. When it was separated from the rockets it was spinning at about 136 rpm. To avoid motion blur photography, a spin mechanism slowed the satellite down to 12 rpm and then brought it into orbit.

The camera shutters made possible a series of still images that were stored and transmitted to Earth via 2-watt FM transmitters as soon as the satellite approached one of its ground command points. After transmission, the tape was erased and prepared for further recording.

TIROS continued as the ESSA TIROS Operating System and was eventually succeeded by the NOAA ITOS (TIROS Enhancement Operating System), or TIROS-M, and later by the TIROS-N and TIROS-N Advanced series of satellites.

The names of the satellites can be confusing because the satellites share the same organization name in their content.

The participants in the satellite project are the following:

  • NASA logo.svg National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
  • US Army Signal-Corps-Coat-Of-Arms.png United States Army Signal Corps.
  • US-NationalWeatherService-Logo.svg National Meteorological Service.
  • US-NationalGeospatialIntelligenceAgency-2008Seal.svg National Intelligence-Geospatial Agency.
  • ↓ Radio Corporation of America.

Series

SHOTS

IT
NameT.LaunchImageEnd of activityActive timeCommentsImage
TIROS-1(A)1 April 1960 Launch of TIROS I Spac0046.jpg15 June 1960 76 days He suffered an electrical failure of the system TIROS.jpg
TIERS-2(B)23 November 1960 Launch of TIROS II Spac0047-repair.jpg22 January 1961 61 days General judgement TIROS II Spac0116-repair.jpg
TIROS-3(C)12 July 1961 Thor-Delta TIROS III launch.jpg28 February 1962 232 days Off. Tiros 3.jpg
TIROS-4(D)8 February 1962 Thor Delta with Tiros 4 (Feb. 8 1962)-repair.jpg30 June 1962 143 days Both cameras failed before. Tiros iv.jpg
TWO-5(E)19 June 1962 13 May 1963 329 days General judgement TIROS 5 inspection.jpg
TIROS-6(F)18 September 1963 21 October 1963 399 days General judgement TIROS VI satellite used in Parade of Progress Show.jpg
_(G)19 June 1963 3 June 1968 1812 days Off. TIROS-7.jpg
TIROS-8(H)21 December 1963 Thor Delta B with TIROS 8 (Dec. 21 1963).png1 July 1967 1289 days Off. Tiros viii.jpg
TIROS-9(I)22 January 1965 15 February 1967 755 days First satellite TIROS in polar orbit TIROS IX Spac0021-repair.jpg
TIROS-10(OT-1)2 July 1965 31 July 1966 395 days Off. Hurricane Betsy Spac0007.jpg

SHOOT Operational System

OPERATIONAL SYSTEM
NameT.ImageImage
ESSA-1(OT-3)Spac0015.jpgESSA 1.jpg
ESSA-2(OT-2)Delta 37 with ESSA II Spac0022.jpgESSA 2 TIROS.jpg
ESSA-3(TOS-A)ESSA 3 Spac0003.jpg
ESSA-4(TOS-B)ESSA 4 lifts off Spac0229.jpg
ESSA-5(TOS-C)ESSA-5 Spac0272.jpg
ESSA-6(TOS-D)ESSA 6 lifts off Spac0230.jpg
ESSA-7(TOS-E)Transparent square.svg
ESSA-8(TOS-F)Transparent square.svg
ESSA-9(TOS-G)Launch of ESSA 9 Spac0044.jpg

ITOS/SHOTS-M

ITOS/TIROS-M
NameT.LaunchImageImage
TIROS-M(ITOS-1)23 January 1970 ITOS (Tiros-M).jpg
NOAA-1(ITOS-A)11 December 1970 NOAA-N launch 2.jpgNOAA-N' satellite in Vandenberg AFB clean room.jpg
ITOS-B21 October 1971 Delta N6 rocket with ITOS satellite.jpg
NOAA-2(ITOS-D)15 October 1972 Graphic of ITOS Spac0077.jpg
ITOS-E16 July 1973 Transparent square.svg
NOAA-3(ITOS-F)6 November 1973 Transparent square.svg
NOAA-4(ITOS-G)15 November 1974 Thor Delta with Tiros 4 (Feb. 8 1962).jpgGOES 4-5-6-7 illustration.jpg
NOAA-5(ITOS-H)29 July 1976 Transparent square.svg

SHOTS-N

TIROS-N
NameT.LaunchImageImage
TIROS-N13 October 1978 Launch of NOAA-N on Delta II rocket (KSC-05PD-1264).jpg
NOAA-6(A)27 June 1979 Transparent square.svg
NOAA-B(ITOS-1)29 May 1980 Transparent square.svg
NOAA-7(C)23 June 1981 NOAA-7 launch.jpg

Advanced TIROS-N

Advanced TIROS-N
NameT.LaunchImageImage
NOAA-8(E)28 March 1983 Transparent square.svg
NOAA-9(F)12 December 1984 Transparent square.svg
NOAA-10(G)17 September 1986 Transparent square.svg
NOAA-11(H)24 September 1988 Transparent square.svg
NOAA-12(D)14 May 1991 Transparent square.svg
NOAA-13(I)9 August 1993 Transparent square.svg
NOAA-14(J)30 December 1994 Transparent square.svg
NOAA-15(K)13 May 1988 Transparent square.svg
NOAA-16(L)21 September 2000 T2 10 G13 NOAA-L.jpgTitan 23G second stage is lifted to vertical.jpg
NOAA-17(M)24 June 2002 Titan 23G launch with NOAA-M.jpgNOAA-M.jpg
NOAA-18(N)20 May 2005 NOAA-N launch.jpgDelta 312 first stage on pad.jpg
NOAA-19(N')6 February 2009 NOAA-N' satellite tilted in Vandenberg AFB clean room.jpg

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