Telencephalon

Telecommunications in red.

In embryology, the telencephalon is the brain structure located in front of and above the diencephalon. It represents the highest level of somatic and vegetative integration.

The telencephalon presents a different degree of development in the different groups of vertebrates:

• In fish, amphibians and reptiles, it is composed of a couple of very developed olfactory bulbs and a later brain, with two small cerebral hemispheres, formed by widening the side walls of the telecephale.
• In birds and mammals, the telecephalus acquires its maximum development and appears formed by two brain hemispheres, incompletely separated by an interhemispheric swell or storm.
  • The interior of these hemispheres is occupied by the first and second ventricles.
  • The external part of the cerebral hemispheres, constituted by gray substance neuronal bodies is called cerebral cortex. Primitive birds and mammals (protories and metateries) are smooth, while in the euterian mammals (placentals) it is very thick and has a lot of folds or cerebral circumvolutions.

The Neocortex, the most developed sector of the cerebral cortex, centralizes and interprets sensations, elaborates conscious responses, controls voluntary movements, and is the seat of consciousness, memory, and intelligence.

• • The internal part of the cerebral hemispheres, formed by white substance (myelinic neuronaxons), connects between themselves the two hemispheres in an area called a silent body.

Human brain, Brain and brain stem.

In humans, the telencephalon includes: 1) the cerebral hemispheres with their cavities, the lateral ventricles; and 2) the pars optica of the hypothalamus and the anterior portion of the third ventricle.

From an embryological and ontogenetic point of view, the following are distinguished within the cerebral cortex: the neocortex, the paleocortex and the archicortex.

The basal ganglia also belong to the telencephalon. Morphologically, they are divided into:

• Striated body
  • Nucleus enclosed
  • Lenticular core
    • Fuck!
    • Pale balloon
• Amígdala

and, embryogenically:

• Neoestrite
  • Nucleus enclosed
  • Fuck!
• Paleoestrite
  • Pale balloon
• Arquiestrite
  • Amigdalino Complex