Swabian
Swabia (German: Schwaben or Schwabenland) is a historical, cultural and linguistic region in southwestern Germany, currently divided between Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria in Germany. Swabia is also an administrative region of the Free State of Bavaria, with its capital in Augsburg.
The name ultimately derives from the medieval duchy of Swabia, one of the root German duchies, representing the territory of Alemannia, whose inhabitants were variously called Alemanni or Suebi.
This territory would include the entire Alemannic area, but the modern concept of Swabia is more restricted, due to the fall of the Swabian duchy in the 18th century XIII. Swabia, as understood in modern ethnography, roughly coincides with the Swabian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire as it was in the early modern period.
Swabians (Schwaben, singular Schwabe) are the native Swabians and speakers of the Swabian language. Their number was estimated at 800,000 people by SIL Ethnologue in the year 2006, compared to a total population of 7.5 million in the Tübingen, Stuttgart and Bavarian Swabian regions.
Geography
Like many cultural regions of Europe, Swabia's borders are not clearly defined. However, today it is normally considered to comprise the old Swabian Circle, or, equivalently, the old state of Württemberg (with the Prussian province of Hohenzollern), or the modern districts of Tübingen (excluding the old Baden regions of the Bodensee district), Stuttgart and the administrative region of Bavarian Swabia.
In the Middle Ages, the term Swabia indicated a larger area, covering all lands associated with the Frankish root duchy of Alamannia stretching from the Vosges mountain range in the west to the broad Lech river in the this. This also included the region of Alsace and the later Margraviate of Baden on both sides of the Upper Rhine valley, as well as modern German-speaking Switzerland, the Austrian state of Vorarlberg, and the principality of Liechtenstein in the south.[citation required]
History
Antiquity
Like all of southern Germany, Swabia was part of the La Tène culture, and as such, of Celtic substratum. In Roman times, it was part of the province of Recia. The 3rd century century gradually saw the settlement of the Suebi Elbe Germans and other components that came to form the Alemanni. The region's name derives from the Suevi tribe, which merged with the Alemanni. The Alemanni were ruled by independent kings during the 4th and 5th centuries.
By the end of the V century, the area where the Alemanni settled stretched as far as Alsace and the Swiss plateau bordering the bavarii to the east, the Franks to the north, the remnants of Roman Gaul to the west, and the Lombards and Goths, united in the kingdom of Odoacer, to the south.
Duchy of Swabia
In the Middle Ages, Swabia became a duchy under the Frankish Empire in 496, after the Battle of Tolbiac. Swabia was one of the root duchies of East Francia, later the Holy Roman Empire, as it developed in the 9th and 10th centuries.
Due to the founding of the important abbeys of St. Gall and Reichenau, Swabia became an important center of Old High German literary culture during this period.
The Hohenstaufen dynasty (the family of Frederick Barbarossa), which ruled the Holy Roman Empire in the 12th and 13th centuries, left wealthy Swabia, but after the execution of Conradin, the last Hohenstaufen, on October 29 After 1268, the duchy was not awarded again during the Great Interregnum. In the following years, the original duchy gradually divided into many smaller units.
Rudolf I of Habsburg, elected emperor in 1273, attempted to restore the duchy, but was opposed by the high nobility who sought to limit the emperor's power. Instead, he confiscated the former Hohenstaufen estates as imperial property of the Holy Roman Empire, and declared most of the former Hohenstaufen cities to be "free imperial cities," and the more powerful abbeys within the old duchy became "Imperial Abbeys".
The rural regions were merged into the Swabian Reichslandvogtei, which was given as an imperial pledge to Duke Leopold III of Austria in 1379 and again to Archduke Sigismund of Austria in 1473/1486. He assumed the title of a "Prince of Swabia" and integrated the Landvogtei of Swabia into the kingdom of Former Austria.
Late Medieval Period
Charlemagne's family is known to have come from Swabia. The main dynasties that arose in the region were the Habsburgs and the Hohenzollerns, who rose to prominence in northern Germany. The local dynasties of the dukes of Württemberg and the margraves of Baden also arose from Swabia. The Guelphs would rule Bavaria and Hanover, and are ancestors of the British Royal Family which has ruled since 1714. Lesser feudal dynasties eventually died out, however; for example, branches of the Montforts and the Hohenems lived into modern times, and Fürstenberg still remain. The region was one of the most divided in the empire, containing, in addition to these principalities, numerous free imperial cities, ecclesiastical territories, and fiefdoms of lesser counts and knights.
Modern Age
The territory of Swabia as it is understood today emerged at the beginning of the Modern Age. It corresponds to the Swabian Circle established in 1512. The Old Swiss Confederation was de facto independent of Swabia since 1499 as a result of the Swabian War, while the Margraviate of Baden had been separated from Swabia since the 15th century. X.
Fearing the power of the great princes, the cities and lesser secular rulers of Swabia united to form the Swabian League in the 18th century XV. The League was quite successful, notably in ousting the Duke of Württemberg in 1519 and installing a Habsburg governor in his place, but the league broke up a few years later over religious differences inspired by the Reformation, and was soon restored to power. Duke of Württemberg.
The region was divided by the Reformation. While secular princes such as the Duke of Württemberg and the Margrave of Baden-Durlach, as well as most of the Free Cities, became Protestant, the ecclesiastical territories (including the bishoprics of Augsburg, Constance, and the numerous imperial abbeys) remained Catholic, as are the territories belonging to the Habsburgs (Anterior Austria), the Sigmaringen branch of the House of Hohenzollern, and the Margrave of Baden-Baden.
The demise of the duchy was established by the Peace of Westphalia (1648).
19th century and later
With the reorganization of the empire in 1803 by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, the shape of Swabia changed entirely. All the ecclesiastical states were secularized, and most of the lesser secular states, and almost all the free cities, were "mediatized," leaving only Württemberg, Baden, and Hohenzollern as sovereign states. Much of East Swabia became part of Bavaria, forming what is today the administrative region "Swabia" in Bavaria.
The Nazi propaganda film The Jew Süß was set in the kingdom of Württemberg, with the Swabians being terrorized by the Jews.
Germany explored a territory in Antarctica which it called New Swabia.
Swabia within Germany
On the map to the right, the area shaded in red corresponds to the districts of Tübingen, Stuttgart and Bavarian Swabia, excluding the district of Main-Tauber (Stuttgart), and including Calw and Freudenstadt (Forest Northern Black), Rottweil and Tuttlingen (Freiburg). Shown in yellow is the Black Forest-Baar district, located in the transition zone between the Swabian, Upper Rhenish and Lake Constance dialects within Alemannic. Historic Swabia also included Baden, Alsace, German-speaking Switzerland, and Vorarlberg.
Swabia marked on this map has a total population of about 8 million (as of 2012), or about 10% of the total German population.
Like many cultural regions of Europe, Swabia's borders are not clearly defined. However, today it is commonly believed to comprise the former Swabian Circle, or equivalently the former state of Württemberg (with the Prussian province of Hohenzollern), or the modern districts of Tübingen, Stuttgart, and the administrative region of Bavarian Swabia.
In the Middle Ages, the term Swabia indicated a larger area, encompassing all the lands associated with the Frankish root duchy of Alamannia that stretched from the Vosges mountain range in the west to the broad river Lech in the east.
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