Surabaya

Surabaya is a metropolis and important port in Indonesia, located on the northern coast of the island of Java, on the mouth of the Mas River and on one side of the Madura Strait. Surabaya is the capital of the province of East Java and has 3,520,874 inhabitants, making it the second most populated metropolis in the country.

Etymology

Surabaya, comes from the Javanese "sura ing baya", which means "bravely facing danger" #34;; which comes from two words in the Sanskrit language "sura", referring to "Asura" (from Hindu and Buddhist beliefs, and "bhaya", which refers to "fear" or "danger". This name of The city alludes to Jayabaya, a psychic king of the Kediri Kingdom, whose name means "conquering fear or dangers" derived from the Sanskrit words "Jaya& #34; or"Vijaya" (victory or conqueror) and "bhaya" (fear or danger). Jayabaya observed a fight between a giant white shark and a giant white crocodile in the area. The event is sometimes interpreted as a harbinger of the Mongol invasion of Java, a major conflict between the forces of Kublai Khan, Mongol ruler of China, and those of Raden Wijaya of the Mayapajit Empire on May 31, 1293, the date that is now considered the founding of the city. The two animals are now used as a symbol of the city, where they are shown facing each other and surrounding each other. each other.

History

Throughout the 15th century and XVI, Surabaya was a sultanate and an important political and military power east of Java. In 1625 Surabaya was captured by Sultan Agung, after having entered into conflict with the Mataram sultanate after a fierce campaign, in which Mataram had to conquer Surabaya's allies: Sukadana and Madura, and then besiege Surabaya before capturing it.. After this conquest, Mataram controlled Java in its entirety with the exception of the Banten sultanate and the Dutch settlement of Batavia.

In November 1743 the growing Dutch East India Company took the city from the weakened Mataram sultanate. Under Dutch colonial rule, Surabaya would become a large-scale trading center, also hosting the largest naval base in the Dutch East Indies.

In 1917, the Indonesian Communist Party led revolts among soldiers and sailors in Surabaya. After it was crushed, the insurgents received harsh sentences.

In 1942, during World War II, Surabaya was occupied by Imperial Japanese troops until the Allies bombed it in 1944, when Indonesian nationalists took the city. The young nation soon went to war with the Dutch, who tried to recover their former colony, and who had the support of the Allies.

The battle of Surabaya would be one of the most important in the Indonesian Revolution. It began after the murder of a British man, Brigadier General Mallaby, which occurred on October 30, 1945 near Jembatan Merah ("red bridge"). The Allies gave an ultimatum to the nationalist soldiers occupying the city. In it they demanded surrender, which was refused by the Indonesians. The battle would take place on November 10, resulting in a costly victory for the Dutch and British forces. So costly that it would attract international attention, whose pressure would finally achieve, in December 1949, the Dutch ceding sovereignty over Indonesia. Currently, on November 10, the date of this battle, Hari Pahlawan ("Day of Heroes") is celebrated. There is a famous song by Kurt Weill with lyrics by Bertolt Brecht about this city; His name is "Surabaya Johnny".

Currently it is widely visited by tourists who want to climb Mount Bromo, one of the active volcanoes in Indonesia.

Geography

Topography

Surabaya is located on the northern coast of the province of East Java. It is mostly lowland with a river estuary of Kalimas, one of the two branches of the Brantas River. The city of Surabaya is bordered by the Madura Strait in the north and east, Sidoarjo Regency in the south, and Gresik Regency in the west. The regencies surrounding Surabaya are:

• Lamongan Regency northwest
• Gresik Regency west
• Regency of Bangkalan to the northeast (on the island of Madura)
• Sidoarjo Regency South, and Mojokerto Regency
• Jombang Regency southwest

Like many other large metropolises in Indonesia, many residents reside outside the city limits in a metropolitan area called Gerbangkertosusila.

Climate

Under the Köppen climate system, Surabaya presents a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw ), with distinct wet and dry seasons. The metropolis's wet season runs from October to May, while the dry season covers the remaining five months. Unlike several metropolises and regions with a humid and dry tropical climate, the average high and low temperatures are very constant throughout the year, with an average high temperature of around 31 degrees Celsius and average low temperatures of around 26 degrees Celsius.

Average climatic parameters of Surabaya
Month	Ene.	Feb.	Mar.	Open up.	May.	Jun.	Jul.	Ago.	Sep.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Annual
Average temperature (°C)	31.8	31.5	31.6	31.4	31.6	31.2	31.3	30.1	32.7	33.4	33.1	31.9	31.8
Temp. medium (°C)	24.1	24.2	24.0	24.8	24.1	23.5	23.0	22.5	22.9	23.7	24.1	23.8	23.7
Rains (mm)	327	275	283	181	159	47	17	15	22	101	105	219	1751
Days of rain (≥ 1 mm)	17	18	19	15	13	7	5	3	4	11	12	23	147
Source: World Meteorological Organization

Transports

Road transport

Surabaya is located on the Great Postal Route that Governor General Herman Willem Daendels (1808-1811) ordered by Dutch King Louis Bonaparte. (1806 to 1810), connecting Anyer on the western coast of Java to Banyuwangi on the eastern end of the island, passing through Bandung, Cirebon and Semarang. The city is also connected to Madura Island by the Suramadu Bridge.

Railway

Surabaya has four stations of the Indonesian Railway Company:

• Gubeng, the most important, who serves the southern line passing through Surakarta and Yogyakarta among others;
• Surabaya Kota, the end of the southern line;
• Pass Turi, which serves the North Line, including Semarang and Jakarta, and
• Wonokromo, which serves Eastern Java, including Banyuwangi and Malang.

• 

  Surabaya Gubeng Station

• 

  Estación Pasa Turi de Surabaya

Marine transport

It has a large port.

Air transport

The Juanda International Airport of this city is the second in Indonesia in terms of traffic. It is connected to the following major cities in Indonesia and international destinations:

• Brunéi
• Hong Kong
• Johor, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)
• Singapore
• Taipei (Taiwan).

The Surabaya-Jakarta International Airport route is the fifth busiest air route in the world, with 780 weekly flights.

Twinning cities

Surabaya is twinned with:

• Kitakyushu, Japan (since 1992)
• Seattle, United States (since 1992)
• New Orleans, United States.
• Portland, United States
• Johor Bahru, Malaysia
• Kuala Belait, Brunéi Darussalam
• The Hague, Netherlands.
• Busan, South Korea (since 1994)
• İzmir, Turkey (since 1996)
• Western Australia, Australia
• Varna, Bulgaria
• Iskandariyah, Egypt
• Kaohsiung, Taiwan
• Mashhad, Iran
• Kōchi, Japan (since 1997)
• Monterrey, Mexico (since 2001)
• Guangzhou, China (since 2005)
• Xiamen, China (since 2008)
• Wuhan, China