Summer time in the world

There are two different types of time: summer time and winter time (or standard time). The time change that some countries or their subdivisions apply once a year causes standard (or winter) time to switch to summer time. The first time this time change was applied was during World War I. Since then, there has never been a time change^{[citation needed]} until the oil crisis of 1973, after which some countries changed their official time with the stated objective of to make better use of sunlight, so that less electricity was consumed.^{[citation needed]}

Origin

The origin of this idea dates back to 1784, when Benjamin Franklin —then United States ambassador to France— sent a letter to the newspaper Le Journal of Paris where he proposed some measures for energy saving.

Franklin proposed three measures:

1. Impose a gravel to the people whose counterparts prevent the entrance of light to their rooms.
2. Regular wax and candle consumption.
3. Spread the church bells at dawn so everyone gets up at the same time.

These proposals were not taken seriously, but soon after the first experiments with gas lighting began, the danger of which made the issue of energy saving seriously considered.

Thus, little by little, Franklin's ideas were taken up again and evolved until he reached the conclusion that the best thing to do was to change the time, a measure that was not fully implemented until 1974.

Map of countries using the summer schedule during the periods below are mentioned: During the summer boreal (north hemisphere) During the southern summer (south hemisphere) They've never used the summer schedule. Have you ever used the summer schedule

Daylight Saving Time (DST) in each country, and its current regulations

Details of summer time in American countries

Argentina

Since 2010, Argentina uses UTC -3 as the official time throughout the year throughout the territory. The same as Uruguay and eastern Brazil.

Geographically, the country spans the longitudes corresponding to the UTC −4 or UTC −5 time zones.

Argentina adhered to the International Time Zone Convention in 1920 and at that time the UTC-4 time zone was adopted as the official time, the zone where Buenos Aires is located. This would continue until the beginning of the 40s, when a transition began that lasted until 1969. During this transition, the official (or winter) time is UTC-4 in some years and UTC -3 in others. Since 1970 the official (or winter) time has been UTC-3, a situation that continues to this day.

Argentina has used daylight saving time in just under 30% of the years from 1920 to 2020. Sometimes for 10 years, sometimes just one summer. At all times, summer time implies adopting as the time zone, the one located furthest to the east. Until 1969 the summer time was UTC-3. Since 1974, it is UTC-2. The first time that daylight saving time is used is during the 1930s, it is used for the entire decade during which time was changed for 4 months. In the 1960s, a 9-year long return of daylight saving time stands out. This time the changed time period is extended by 5 or 6 months. In January 1974, UTC - 2 was applied for the first time as summer time, but only for the 3 months of that summer. Between the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, and initiated within the framework of an electrical crisis, summer time returns with the 1974 scheme. The last time that summer time is resumed is in 2008 and 2009, this time, even with time differences between provinces. But by March 2010, the entire territory reverts to UTC-3 all year.

Belize

In Belize, daylight saving time was adopted for the first time in its history in 1918, going from UTC −6 to UTC −5:30, and this is how daylight saving time was formed until 1973, when it was decided to apply it from UTC − 6 to UTC −5, and this was the case until 1983, the year in which summer time was no longer used as an energy saving measure. Currently, Belize is in UTC −6 throughout the year.

Bolivia

In Bolivia, summer time was adopted for the first time in October 1931, going from UTC −4:30 (the official time zone at that time) to UTC −3:30. This was maintained until March 20, 1932, when at 0:00 it was delayed only half an hour, changing its official time zone, from UTC −4:30 to UTC −4 (the latter in force until today). Since then daylight saving time has never been used again.

On September 1, 2011, Bolivia was going to implement daylight saving time for the second time in its history, going from UTC −4 to UTC −3, but its inhabitants opposed the measure, since it touched "get up early". Even so, Roberto Peredo (Vice Minister of Hydrocarbons and Energy of Bolivia) said that the summer time in September was a failed attempt, but that a decree would probably come out where the summer time would be implemented (from September to March of each year). José Luis Gutiérrez (Minister of Hydrocarbons and Energy) stated with contradictory messages that 80% of the population agreed with daylight saving time in Bolivia. Currently, the use of summer time is cancelled, since it was said that it would start on September 1, 2011, and then on October 1, 2011; however, the Minister of Hydrocarbons and Energy declared that in 2011 summer time will not be applied. In addition, he reported on September 30, 2011 that the change in time zone, one hour in advance, will only be applied in 2012, because "there is a lack of awareness" to the Bolivian population, since this measure will be implemented for the first time in the history of Bolivia for the current generation, and for the second time in the history of Bolivia for those who lived through the measure in 1931. Thus, on December 1, 2011 it is stated that the proposal to use the summer time in Bolivia is postponed, and that in 2012 said measure could possibly be applied. However, the Bolivian government established to continue with its official time zone (UTC −4) without summer time for every year.

Brazil

Brazil adopted daylight saving time in 1931, but today, only the central-west, south, and southeast regions use it.

The application of summer time was decided by annual presidential decree. In the 2008/2009 period, summer time began on Sunday, October 19 at 00:00, and ended on Saturday, February 14 at 11:00 p.m. The states that applied it were: Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Espiritu Santo, Minas Generales, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso and the Federal District.

As of 2018, the Brazilian government established the fixed date for the start and end of summer time: from the first Sunday of November, at 00:00, until the third or second Saturday of February of the following year, at 00:00 hours. This order was created with one exception: if the third or second Saturday of the month of February occurs close to the feast of carnival, daylight saving time will be postponed until the following Saturday.

Daylight saving time in the central-western, southern and southeastern states of Brazil, in 2018-2019, runs from November 4 to February 16, taking into account the aforementioned exception. In 2019, after studies indicated the decrease in the effectiveness of summer time in reducing electricity consumption, in 2019 the federal government decided to stop using the schedule.

Chile

Geographically, Chile corresponds as standard time that belonging to the zone (time zone) UTC −5; however, for the convenience of the country, that of the UTC −4 zone was adopted as the standard time.

On March 1, 1894, the first official time signal began to operate in Valparaíso, 4 hours 46 minutes and 36 seconds behind Greenwich Mean Time. In 1903 another official time signal began to operate in Coquimbo, which was synchronized at 4 hours 45 minutes and 20.7 seconds behind Greenwich. On January 10, 1910, Chile adopted UTC −5 as its official time. Later, on July 1, 1916, the time The official time was set according to the meridian time of the Quinta Normal de Santiago Astronomical Observatory —that is, 4 hours, 42 minutes and 46.3 seconds behind Greenwich. Later, on September 10, 1918, UTC −4 was adopted as standard time.

Through law 8522, of 1946, it was established that the official time for the entire Republic, from September 1 to March 31 of each year would be GMT -4, and would be called "summer time", and from April 1 to August 31 would be GMT -5, and would be called "winter time". Subsequently, by law 8777, of 1947, it was established that the official time would be GMT -4, repealing law 8522.

During the great drought of 1968, the government of Eduardo Frei Montalva decided to implement the time zone from UTC −4 to UTC −3 (summer time).

Since 1970, the change was carried out as follows:

• The Summer schedule began on the second Sunday of October of each year, when the clocks were ahead for an hour. The change was made at 00:00.
• The Winter schedule began on the second Sunday of March of each year, when the clocks were delayed an hour. The change was made at 00:00.

Daylight saving time was brought forward by up to 3 weeks in 1988, due to the plebiscite on October 5 of that year, and during the droughts of 1989 and 1998. That last year, the participants of the Continental Youth Meeting held in Chile, took advantage of the benefits of advancing said schedule.

In 2008, due to droughts, daylight saving time was pushed back to the last Sunday in March; The same had happened in the droughts of 1989, 1997 and 1999, but in the case of 1989, the schedule was changed in April 1990, because the date coincided with the presidential change of command between Augusto Pinochet and Patricio Aylwin Azócar. Only in 1987, the time change was postponed until the second Sunday of April, due to the visit of Pope John Paul II, made between April 1 and 5 of that year. In 2010, due to the great earthquake that struck the country at the end of February, it was decided to postpone the time change by three weeks, that is, to the first Sunday of April.

In recent years, various sectors of the Chilean press, especially the daily El Mercurio, have published editorials against the time change.^{[citation required ]}

In 2009-2010, summer time in insular Chile and continental Chile began on October 10, 2009 and ended on April 3, 2010, due to the earthquake that occurred at the end of February 2010.

For 2011, summer time should have ended on Sunday, March 13 at 00:00, but due to a severe drought and energy shortages, the Ministry of Mining and Energy said that summer time would end on March 3 April 2011 at 00:00, going from UTC −3 to UTC −4. winter, assigning social, energy and citizen security reasons. Therefore, summer time, which ended on May 7, 2011, began again on August 20 of the same year and will end on Saturday, March 10, 2012, returning thus to UTC −4. However, daylight saving time did not end in March 2012, but on April 28 of that year.

On Saturday, September 1, 2012, at 11:59 p.m. 59 s, the clocks went back 60 minutes. However, by new resolution, winter time began at midnight on April 27, 2013, when clocks were moved back 60 minutes. Daylight saving time 2013-2014 began at 23:59:59 on September 7, moving clocks forward one hour (00:00 will become 01:00 on September 8, 2013). This measure was maintained until 23:59:59 on Saturday, March 8, 2014.

On January 28, 2015, during the second government of Michelle Bachelet, the extension of summer time (UTC-3) was established until March 2017. However, on March 13, 2016 the government decided to back down with said measure, and restore winter time (UTC-4) for three months, from the second Saturday in May to the second Saturday in August.

In 2018, a plan was presented that would set the time zone at 5 months for winter and 7 for summer; This began to apply from the first Saturday of April to the first Saturday of September of each year-

Therefore, summer time in Chile runs from 00:00 on the second Sunday in August (advance one hour) to 00:00 on the second Sunday in May (backward by one hour). For the 2018-2019 period, it runs from Sunday, August 12, to Sunday, May 12.

Colombia

Historically, Colombia has used daylight saving time only once in its territory. Between 1992 and 1993 during the government of then President César Gaviria Trujillo, the reduction in water reserves in the reservoirs, aggravated by the El Niño phenomenon, led to a national energy crisis that forced the authorities to implement a series of blackouts. programmed electrics that lasted more than a year. To counteract the negative effects of power outages, the government made the decision to advance the clocks in the country by one hour, going from UTC −5 to UTC −4 at midnight on May 2, 1992. The measure, informally known as "Hora Gaviria", it lasted nine months. Since then, Colombia has not returned to adopt daylight saving time and maintains its official time: UTC −5. The legal time of Colombia is maintained and coordinated by the National Institute of Metrology.

Costa Rica

In Costa Rica, summer time was adopted for the first time in 1979, going from UTC −6 to UTC −5. Since then it was applied in 1980 (from February to May), in 1991 (from January to June) and in 1992 (from January to March) to save energy. From then on, summer time was never used in Costa Rica again, and it is currently in its official time: UTC −6.

Cuba

Cuba has adopted daylight saving time several times. The first was in 1928, but from there it began to be used commonly, going from UTC −5 to UTC −4. According to the authorities, "the application of summer time constitutes a measure with a high impact on energy savings". This was stated by the (state) Electric Union.

Daylight saving time starts on the second Sunday in March, and ends on the first Sunday in November.

Cuba generates 98% of its electricity in thermoelectric plants, which burn an important part of the 158,000 barrels per day that the island consumes, 100,000 of them imported from Venezuela with payment facilities, and the rest from national production. He has never paid that debt or advances.

In 2011, many Cubans were questioned by local television about the application of summer time, and many of those surveyed regretted having to get up when it is still dark, but others celebrated that the days are longer for sports and activities outdoors.

El Salvador

In El Salvador, the Lempa River Hydroelectric Executive Commission (CEL) applied summer time during the period from May to September 1987, going from UTC −6 to UTC −5. This measure was applied to solve a moment of energy crisis.

The time change produced a 3.15% reduction in gross generation; that is, 25,106,728 kWh, and the maximum demand was reduced by 6.62% on average; 7% on business days, 3.3% on Saturdays, and almost 9% on Sundays. Fuel savings were notable in the May-June period, in which 9,566 kWh were saved, equivalent to 1,471,715 gallons of diesel, at a cost of 5.4 million colones.

Since then, summer time was never applied again in that country, and its official and current time is UTC −6.

Guatemala

Guatemala began using daylight saving time for the first time in November 1973, going from UTC −6 to UTC −5. This was maintained until 1974, when it returned to its official time. From then on, summer time was no longer used until May 1983, when it was decided to apply summer time until September of that same year, when it returned to its official time. It again observed daylight saving time in March 1991 until September of that same year. Lastly, it was used again from April to September 2006. Since then it was never applied again, since the president at that time (Óscar Berger) decided to cancel it, since it did not incur security measures, but rather the change of time was a threat to the country, because it made citizens get up earlier.

Currently, Guatemala is on its official time: UTC −6.

Honduras

In Honduras, daylight saving time was used several times to save energy. It began to be used in 1987 and 1988, from May to September of those years. Later it was stopped using it, but it was observed again in 2006, from May to August.

The time is rarely changed, but at the moment Honduras is in its official time zone (UTC −6) and in case of using it again, it will go from UTC −6 to UTC −5.

Mexico

In Mexico, daylight saving time began to be applied since 1996, with the idea that this would avoid the economic gap that existed with the United States twice a year (since this bordering country with Mexico already applied daylight saving time since before). This would avoid some disorders such as financial operations and international flights.

At first, the entire Mexican territory adopted daylight saving time, but the state of Sonora stopped using it in 1998, due to how little beneficial it was due to the high temperatures recorded in that region, and to keep on par with the time of the state of Arizona, United States, where daylight saving time is not used. This causes the states of Baja California and Sonora to tie their times at UTC −7 during the northern summer.

In Mexico, each year daylight saving time starts on the first Sunday of April (advancing clocks one hour from 2:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. to 3:00 am) and ends on the last Sunday in October (moving back one hour the clocks from 2:00 am to 1:00 am span>). Only in the year 2001, it began on the first Sunday of May and ended on the last Sunday of September, returning in 2002 to the original dates, which had been adopted in 1996 because at that time they coincided with the application of summer time in the USA.

Starting in 2007, the United States modified its DST application starting on the second Sunday in March and ending on the first Sunday in November, followed by Canada and other countries in the region. However, Mexico has since refused to make such a modification despite the lag that is caused by not doing so. Initially, daylight saving time was kept unchanged. In 2009, the cities bordering the United States once again petitioned Congress to change the dates so that daylight saving time in Mexico would once again be on par with that of the United States. Thus, the original decree promulgated in 2002 by the Honorable Congress of the Union was changed (the new version was published in the Official Gazette of the Federation on January 6, 2010 by the Executive Branch), adding a paragraph with the summer time application rule modified only for the northern border strip of the country according to the following text:

"In the border municipalities of Tecate and Mexicali in Baja California; Ciudad Juárez and Ojinaga in Chihuahua; Acuña and Piedras Negras in Coahuila; Anahuac in Nuevo León; and Nuevo Laredo, Reynosa and Matamoros in Tamaulipas, the application of this seasonal schedule will take effect from two hours on the second Sunday in March, and will end at two hours on the first Sunday in November (adopting US daylight saving time).&# 34;

And to this day, that exceptional rule remains in force, putting border cities out of step with the rest of the country for four or five weeks each year. In September 2015, the initiative to modify daylight saving time in the rest of the country to make it coincide with the United States, and thereby eliminate the need for an exception paragraph for the border, was presented to Congress again. The proposal was rejected on June 29, 2016, this being the third refusal by the Mexican Congress to modify daylight saving time on a national scale in a period of almost ten years.

As of February 1, 2015, the state of Quintana Roo changed its standard time zone to UTC −5, and daylight saving time no longer applies. Daylight saving time was eliminated in 2022, after the Senate ratify the modification to the Law of Time Zones in force in most of the national territory, leaving its application as seasonal time only for Baja California and the border municipalities with the United States of the states of Coahuila, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas.

Nicaragua

Nicaragua adopted daylight saving time for the first time in 1973, after the sinister earthquake in the city of Managua, on Christmas of the previous year, as a measure to save energy and money; thus it went from UTC −6 to UTC −5. This measure remained until 1975, when it returned to solar time, prolonging summer time for 2 years. It remained like this until 1979, when the Somocista government again advanced the time for a period of only 4 months. The following year the time change was applied with the same duration. For several years, the time change proposal was discarded until 1980. It was also used in 1992, when due to a strong economic crisis in the country, the government was once again forced to use this resource. For the second time, the official time was advanced by 2 years from January 1, 1992 to February 20, 1994. Currently, summer time has been applied in the years 2005 (from Sunday, April 10 to Sunday, October 2). and 2006 (from Sunday April 30 to Sunday October 1), but it was never used again.

Paraguayan

Paraguay has used summer time since 1975, going from UTC −4 to UTC −3. Actually, it was used since 1972, when the time change had not yet been declared official.

The current legislation in this regard, throughout the country, is Decree 1264 of February 24, 2014, making summer time in Paraguay begin on the first Sunday in October, and end on the fourth Sunday in March. With the previous regulations, it began on the first Sunday in October and ended on the second Sunday in April.

For the 2018-2019 period, summer time in Paraguay runs from October 7 to March 24.

Peru

Peru has used daylight saving time on several occasions (1938, 1939, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1990, and 1994). Due to the droughts and floods caused by El Niño between 1982 and 1983, the second government of Fernando Belaúnde Terry decided to adopt summer time at the end of that last year. The last time that time was used was in 1994, going from UTC −5 to UTC −4. That provision was used throughout the country. From then on, daylight saving time was never applied again.

Puerto Rico

From 1942 to 1945 Puerto Rico used summer time, changing from UTC-4 to UTC-3. At 00:00 they had to advance one hour to save energy. Beginning on the second Sunday in March and ending on the first Sunday in November. Seeing that this method was not successful in the country, they decided to remove daylight saving time and it has never been used again. The current time zone for Puerto Rico is UTC-4.

Uruguay

In Uruguay, summer time began to be observed since 1923, when its official time, since 1920, was UTC −4. In 1942 summer time was decreed in UTC −2, and the official time in UTC −3.

The reason for advancing one hour to 2:00 on the first Sunday of October was due to a project presented by the Uruguayan government, in order to save electricity due to the summer drought, and the consequent shortage of water in the dams that support this service. It is understood that, when it gets dark an hour later, consumption will subtly decrease, saving thousands of dollars to the country's economy. A similar idea was held in some Argentine provinces, but it did not achieve major benefits.

However, as of October 2015 the time change is no longer observed, due to the claim by tourist organizations in Uruguay, in which they stated that the change in the time zone affected to the tourism sector (mainly the gastronomy). As a result of the approach made by the president of the Uruguayan Chamber of Tourism, to the president of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, it was resolved to put an end to summer time after 11 consecutive years in which the country's legal time was modified.

Details of summer time in European countries

This section is an extract from European Summer Timetable.[chuckles]edit]

Time zones in Europe:

Clear blue	Western European Time/Medium Greenwich Hour (UTC±00:00)
Blue	Western European Time/Medium Greenwich Hour (UTC±00:00)
	Western European Summer/British Summer/Irish Standard Time (UTC+01:00)
Red	European Central Time (UTC+01:00)
	European Central Time (UTC+02:00)
Yellow	Eastern European Time/Kalinning Hour (UTC+02:00)
Caqui	Eastern European Time (UTC+02:00)
	Eastern European Summer Time (UTC+03:00)
Green	Eastern European Time/ Moscow Time/Turkey Time (UTC+03:00)

The light colors indicate the regions where the standard time is used throughout the year; the dark ones point to the summer time zones.

The European or European Summer Time (EST) summer schedule is the solar light saving time used in Europe, during which time the clocks are ahead for an hour in relation to the official time observed during the rest of the year.

It takes place in all Western European countries, with the exception of Iceland, which uses the UTC throughout the year. Also the Russian oblast of Kaliningrad uses the UTC +2 throughout the year. Belarus and most European Russia (including the Crimean Peninsula) use the UTC +3 throughout the year.

Change occurs in all countries at the same time: in each time, at a different time. This period extends from 01:00 UTC last Sunday of March, until 01:00 UTC last Sunday of October of each year, for those of the UTC time zone.