Sucre

Sucre (Quechua: Chuqichaka; Aymara: Sukri; Guarani: Sucre), officially The Illustrious and Heroic Sucre or also The Illustrious and Heroic City of Sucre, whose first name was Charcas since 1538, La Plata from 1540 to 1825, Chuquisaca from 1825 to 1839, and Sucre from 1839 to the present day, is the capital of Bolivia. It is also the seat of the country's Judiciary and It is also the capital of the department of Chuquisaca. The city has been designated a World Heritage Site by Unesco in 1991.

According to data from the 2012 census, the municipality of Sucre has a population of 261,201 inhabitants.
The current city of Sucre (La Plata) was the seat of the Royal Court of Charcas until 1825, when it was replaced by the Superior Court of Chuquisaca. Sucre was known as Chuquisaca since the Republic and served as the provisional capital, until the third Government of Velasco when it was chosen as the constitutional capital and the name of Sucre was ratified. It maintained the power of the three branches of the State (executive, legislative and judicial) until the so-called Federal War, when a group of liberal politicians from La Paz, after a civil war in 1899, took de facto the Executive Branches. and Legislative to La Paz, where they have remained until today. Currently, Sucre is officially the constitutional capital and seat of the Bolivian Judiciary, as well as the capital of the department of Chuquisaca.

Identity elements

Toponymy

Chuquisaca

Chuquisaca comes from “Chuquiochata” which means “son of the hill”, originally from the Puquina language of the Yamparas, "chu = his", "quio = son", &# 34;chata = hill", giving place: “[his] son of the hill”; It was named after its imposing two hills in front of it. The Quechuas or Incas changed it —due to the pronunciation— to “Choquechaca” or “Chokechaka”, finally the Hispanics decided to name it “Chuquisaca”.

The names of the hills of the city of Sucre, Sica Sica and Churuquella, are also derived from the Puquina language, "sicsa" means "to know", repeated twice “Sicsa-Sicsa” becomes “great knowledge”; "churu" means "lightning" and, "keel" means means "to think", together with both words "Churu-Quilla", it means "memory of lightning", because lightning represented a great puquina deity.

Ponds

1. The conqueror Gonzalo Pizarro entered the towns or villages of different Indians by requests of the cacique yampara Kuysara, much of the districts were filled with "charcos" or "charcas" and, in particular, the village or area of "Chuquiochata" where there was a section of the Indians belonging to a very particular nation.
2. The word charcas refers to an Aymara-puquina ethnic group called charcas or charka; charca in aimara means “earth surrounded by rocks” or, also, could be a derivative of the Quechua, “chakra” which means stay to cultivate the land (granja) or sow.

The Silver

In its foundation it would bear the name of "La Plata", silver was the special interest of the Pizarros after the Incario conquest with the help of thousands of allied Indians, since they saw the splendid ornaments of said material in Coricancha in Cuzco, where they were told that it had been brought from the mountains of these parts and, also of the information from his brother Gonzalo Pizarro, that thanks to the indigenous Yamparas, they taught him the proximity to the mines of Cerro Porco. Later it would be founded by Peranzúrez with the name of "Villa de La Plata" or with the extensive "Villa de La Plata de la Nueva Toledo" this due to its location in the Governorate of Nueva Toledo.

Sucre

On July 12, 1839, the city of Chuquisaca was declared by José Miguel de Velasco the constitutional capital of the Republic of Bolívar and from that date it was called Sucre in honor of the Venezuelan hero Antonio José de Sucre, «Great Mariscal de Ayacucho »:

Bolivia: Act of 12 July 1839
“...hereinafter referred to as the City of Sucre...”

Article 1.- The city of Chuquisaca is the capital of the Republic, and according to the lei of August 11, 1826 the Sucre City will be called (...).

It also has nicknames or nicknames such as "the White City", "the Illustrious City", "the Cult Ponds" or "the City of the Four Names", etc.^{[citation required]}

Institutions

Four institutions have characterized the city:

1. The Catholic Church since 1552 when the city was elevated to the rank of episcopal headquarters, in 1609 to the archbishop's headquarters and until 1983 at the cardinal's headquarters, with Cardinal José Clemente Maurer (1900-1990), buried in the Cathedral.
2. The Royal Court of Charcas, whose political, judicial and regulatory administration, establishes its headquarters and capital in 1559, with extensive jurisdiction with coasts in the Pacific and the Atlantic. It should be stressed that the jurisdiction of the Court of Charcas will be transformed into the new Republic of Bolivia in 1825.
3. The Universidad Mayor, Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, created by the Society of Jesus in 1623 – one of the first in America – a famous intellectual center for the dissemination of neotism and the Jesuit doctrines against tyranny, whose importance in South America became very strong at the end of the centuryXVIIIThere were many of the future creators of States (Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, etc.). In the field of education, also in Sucre was established the first National School of Teachers, founded in 1909 by the Belgian pedagogue Georges Rouma, currently known as the Higher School of Teacher Training Mariscal Sucre. Also in Sucre was later established the Andean University Simon Bolivar.
4. Currently, the Judiciary, composed of the Supreme Court of Justice, the Constitutional Court, the Council of the Judiciary and the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic. Sucre is also the seat of the National Agrarian Court. For historical and symbolic reasons, it is the seat of the Constituent Assemblies of Bolivia.

Flag and shield

Both the flag and the shield date back to the Hispanic era, the shield symbolizes the hills where silver was extracted and the flag the banner of the Hispanic monarchy.

History

Pre-Colonial Period

The Sucre area was inhabited by peoples whose languages are now extinct in the area (Puquina, Yampara, Chui, Aymara, etc.) that were replaced by the Quechua language during the Inca occupation.

Viceregal period

Between 1536 and 1537, the Siege or the Great Siege of Cuzco occurred, where the massive Inca army surrounded a small number of Spaniards and the first indigenous allies. These endured the siege for more than a year in the Inca capital; In the interim of this event, most of the Inca army began to disappear, due to the demoralization of not having been able to defeat so few men, many returned to their homes leaving King Manco Inca with few forces, the forces retreated in Vilcabamba (Peruvian jungle). Finally, the Spanish and indigenous people survived and managed to break the siege, giving the decisive battle by the Spanish and their indigenous allies, who were increasing in number.

In Collasuyo, Tisoc Yupanqui continued his resistance with the aimara peoples, in this event the northern aimaras (pacajes and lupacas) separated from the authority of Tisoc Yupanqui, thus forming their own nation and decided to attack the collas or puquinas (north of Lake Titicaca). When the collas were attacked they decided to call the Spanish for help, they defeated the aimaras (in the north of the Desaguadero) with the help of the indigenous people of Paullu Inca. The Incas and the aimaras —from the south— faithful to Yupanqui, decided to take refuge and fortify themselves in the lands of present-day Cochabamba.

The Spanish and their indigenous allies led by Gonzalo Pizarro Alonso, headed to the region of present-day Cochabamba and faced various battles against the Incas and Aymaras of Yupanqui, being the decisive one in Pocona, by then the Incas had with more than ten thousand warriors from the Yampara people (a warrior people with bow and arrow who also obeyed the Incas, but they had managed to maintain their original language, which was the puquina), once the Spanish and their natives had won the Yupanqui faithful, the chief of the Yamparas, Kuysara, offers an alliance between the Yamparas, Indians from "ponds", cara-caras and Spaniards, he also offers that they enter and settle in their territories and found a city or town and that face together against the ava or chiriguanaes, this due to the threats of the chiriguanaes who were expanding through the high or northern valleys (Tomina and south of Cochabamba), these threats occurred since time immemorial of the inca

Gonzalo Pizarro Alonso

In 1538 the Spanish expedition of 80 men, led by Gonzalo Pizarro, entered the territory of the yamparas, the so-called “charcas” and cara-caras Indians. Pizarro arrived at the town of Guayapaccha —current area of El Palacete Guereo—, near the town or region of "Chuquiochata", and establishes a camp for its course to the border with the Chiriguanaes, although said camp would be maintained permanently to the point of building the first Chapel of San Lázaro on December 17 of the corresponding year, it was determined that the regions of said territory would be called "Province of the Charcas" and that they would be within the Spanish Empire.

Gonzalo Pizarro, after erecting the chapel and having been shown the silver mines of Porco by the yamparas, returned to Peru, with the knowledge that the place was suitable for a foundation and in this way he asked his father for a foundation permit. brother Francisco Pizarro, for his return to Peru Gonzalo leaves Diego de Rojas as lieutenant governor or in charge of the regions of the Charcas Province. Approximately 100 Spaniards together with thousands of indigenous Yampara allies, in their expedition they faced the Chiriguanaes, even being on the verge of losing, they achieved a considerable victory against the Chiriguanaes and it was considered that they would no longer be a threat in the area. Later Rojas left Francisco de Aguirre as lieutenant governor, he ventured towards the Chunchos, Rojas made his entrance to the Chunchos through the valleys of the Chiriguanaes to meet Pedro de Candia.

At the beginning of 1540 the Marquis Francisco Pizarro, already informed of the expeditions of Rojas and Kuysara —possibly he was informed by this cacique—, is convinced to determine a foundation of a city or town in Los Charcas, Pizarro decides to send his brother Gonzalo back to Charcas this time with the intention of founding and later taking possession of his parcels with interests in the Porco mines; but circumstantially instead of sending Gonzalo, Pedro Anzúrez Enríquez de Camporredondo —Peranzúrez, Peranzules or Pero de Anzúres— was sent with the express order to found a town. Due to the successful campaign in Guayapaccha against the Chiriguanaes, Peranzúrez decided to focus on the Charcas regions and especially on the town or region of "Chuquiochata", due to its semi-flat hills and the Sica Sica and Churuquella hills. In this way, Pedro Anzúrez de Camporredondo, on April 16, 1540, founded the city of "Villa de La Plata" or with the extension of "Villa de La Plata de la Nueva Toledo".

Pedro Anzúrez Enríquez de Camporredondo, founder of Villa de La Plata de la Nueva Toledo (a monument in the current city of Sucre, on route 6, near the Green Park and the Wallparrimachi Plazuela).

In the first years of Spanish presence, the city survived the fratricidal fights between the hosts of Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro. Shortly after, the town was the starting point for new explorations into the interior of the continent. During the viceregal era, its strategic geographical location (valley head located at 2,750 meters above sea level), its sub-warm and dry climate, and the proximity of the silver mines of Cerro de Porco and the hills of the Potosí mines discovered in 1545 (4,060 m s. n. m.), played a decisive role in its development as an administrative city. Between 1544 and 1548 there was a confrontation between two groups of Spaniards, both with their indigenous allies, this was known as the rebellion of the encomenderos that came to the case of independence mentions from the Crown of Spain and creating their own kingdom; The population of the city of La Plata (made up of indigenous people and Spaniards) decided to stay on the side loyal to the King and took out the royal banner and later paraded with the banner on September 29, this act endured in the memories of Spanish authorities.

The creation of the episcopal see began in 1552 and the Church was built. In 1555, Villa de La Plata was promoted to the rank of city by royal decree of Emperor Carlos I of Spain and was awarded the Cross of San Andrés as a standard, recognizing the legitimacy of its local government and granting administration over the exploitation of the silver from the mines of Porco, Potosí, the banner consists of a scarlet cross on a white background.

Cruz de San Andrés.

King Philip II of Spain authorized the establishment of the Universidad Mayor, Real y Pontificia de San Francisco de Xavier de Chuquisaca, under Jesuit administration. The archiepiscopal seat of Charcas acquired a very important power in South America. In 1559 the city became the seat of the Royal Audience of Charcas by order of Felipe II, with jurisdiction over the southern part of South America, the area that is currently Paraguay, southeastern Peru, and the north of what is now Chile and Argentina.. The administrative court was created, with the creation of the Royal Audience and Chancellery of La Plata, Province of Los Charcas —Royal Audience of Charcas— in 1559, associated with the Viceroyalty of Peru based in Lima.

By order of the Viceroy, dated March 3, 1559, as a favor and privilege, the city of La Plata was granted the right to use a coat of arms and due to the events during the encomenderos rebellion, where La Plata showed his loyalty to the King, he was granted the titles of "Ciudad Insigne, Muy Noble y Muy Leal", painted on the coat of arms as: «Ynsygne e Mvi Noble e Mvi Leal Civdad de La Plata ».

In 1609, it became the seat of the Archbishopric of La Plata, and in 1624 it hosted the fourth Jesuit university in the New World, the Universidad Mayor, Real y Pontificia de San Francisco de Xavier de Chuquisaca.

The CIVDAD of CHVQVIZACA, AUDIENCIA rreal y obispado de su juridici[ó]n, cviudad (New Corónica y buena gobierno de Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, 1615)

In 1639, a period of maximum colonial splendor, the city had 14,000 inhabitants on an area of 0.9 km. In 1776, the Portuguese landings in the delta of the Río de la Plata and the incursions of bandeirantes through Mato Grosso revealed the inability of the Viceroyalty of Peru to defend the wealth of Charcas from the Atlantic and led to the creation of the Viceroyalty of La Plata. Based in Buenos Aires, where Charcas acquired special self-government powers for being then a fully constituted city, with a densely populated territory, while Buenos Aires was according to a fishing village, but strategically located in the delta of the Río de La Plata. The proportion of the population in the new viceroyalty is 80% in the Audiencia de Charcas and 20% in the provinces of Río de La Plata. This strategic fact, accompanied by the decline of the exploitation of silver in Potosí at the beginning of the 19th century, led to a period of decline in the city.

Controversies over the date of foundation

The date of the founding of the city of Sucre as La Plata, is April 16, 1540, a date that is fully documented.

Due to the late investigation of the La Plata Foundation, the date of September 29 was presumed since the 19th century as the day of foundation, but this date was a reminder of the support that the people of Chuquisaqueños gave to the King in the conflict of the Great Rebellion of Encomenderos, where the Chuquisaceños on that date paraded next to the King's royal banner showing their loyalty to the King and the Empire.

From the XX century to the present, it has been agreed to fix the date of the foundation on September 29, 1538 with Gonzalo Pizarro or with Pedro Anzúrez de Camporredondo as founder. The first because there are no data or documents that show a foundation by Gonzalo Pizarro when he settled in Guayapaccha in 1538, nor is there a date on this settlement of the year. The second does it chronologically, it makes it impossible for said character to be there according to different documents, since Pedro Anzúrez between 1537 and 1539 concentrated different events, such as the battle of Las Salinas and the entrance to the Chunchos through Cuzco and Carabaya.

Chuquisaca Revolution

The Universidad Mayor, Real y Pontificia de San Francisco de Xavier de Chuquisaca and the Carolina Academy of legal practitioners created in 1776 became two centers for the elaboration and dissemination of political theories that proclaimed the sovereignty of the people. When Napoleon Bonaparte occupied Spain and Portugal from France between 1808 and 1814, the oidores of the Royal Audience of Charcas deposed the president of the Audiencia and opposed the Carlotte attitude of Archbishop Moxó. Thus they formed a true autonomous government and sent messengers to other cities. The Chuquisaceños concluded that "neither the Empire is as strong as believed, nor the colonies as dependent as was claimed" and decided to take the path of political autonomy under the strategy of ignoring all authority that is not that of the captive and incommunicado monarch in Bayonne (France): it is what is known as the first libertarian cry of America (the Chuquisaca revolution) on May 25, 1809. On August 6, 1825, after 15 years of bloody struggle, delegates from all the provinces of Charcas signed in the main hall of the old Universidad Mayor, Real y Pontificia de San Francisco de Xavier de Chuquisaca, the Constitution of the new Republic, Sovereign and Independent.

Historic courtyard of the Universidad Mayor Real and Pontificia San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca

On May 25, 1809, the popular revolution in alliance with the oidores of the Audiencia de Charcas, crystallized a long process of political autonomy that thus took advantage of the situation of the vacatio regis. Students, artisans, jurists, and magistrates from Chuquisaca, inspired by the enlightened current that pervaded their university, San Francisco Xavier University and the Carolina Academy, rebelled, demanding the release of Jaime de Zudáñez―accused and taken prisoner for conspiracy the same day―and the resignation of the president of the Royal Court of Charcas, Ramón García de León y Pizarro. this one said

With a Pizarro started the Colony and with another one finishes the same.^{[chuckles]required]}.

That same day Jaime de Zudáñez was released. The Chuquisaca Revolution is known as the "First Libertarian Cry of America" and "the spark that ignited the libertarian struggle of America".

As soon as the governor of Chuquisaca was overthrown, emissaries of the Republican movement were sent to all corners of the viceroyalty of La Plata. In Potosí and La Paz, small royalist groups fear the rapid loss of control of the situation and choose to request the support of the Viceroyalty of Peru to appease the insurrection. The Viceroyalty of Peru, a well-known stronghold of royalists, favorably considers the opportunity to invade the Viceroyalty of La Plata since it is weakened by the Portuguese siege and chooses to send an army against the Audiencia de Charcas and another against the General Captaincy of Chile.

On February 27, 1812 (battle of El Rosario), the lawyer Manuel Belgrano, together with numerous people from the River Plate trained at the Universidad Mayor, Real y Pontificia de San Francisco de Xavier de Chuquisaca and at the Carolina Academy of Chuquisaca, endowed to the republican forces of the first republican banner (current flag of Argentina) to encourage and differentiate their few forces from the fearsome royalist-Peruvian army, far superior in number and artillery. On February 20, 1813 (battle of Salta), after a complete triumph of the Republicans over the royalist-Peruvian troops, he recovered all of the occupied territories up to the Desaguadero river, the border between the two viceroyalties. This flag, emblem of the republican armies of the north, is currently in the Casa de la Libertad in Sucre.

On July 9, 1816, in the Congress of Tucumán, the Court of Charcas signed the Independence as a province of Río de La Plata (today Argentina). The deputies sent by Charcas were Dr. Mariano Sánchez de Loria and Dr. José Severo Malabia. However, the Audiencia de Charcas still had to endure 15 years of fierce struggle against the Peruvian-realist armies, which repeatedly occupied their territories, imposing a period of terror and looting that forced the Chuquisaceños to continue the fight with the strategy of the guerrillas. One figure will be particularly important in this period: Juana Azurduy de Padilla ―also known as Juana de Chuquisaca― educated in the prestigious convent of Santa Teresa de Chuquisaca, wife and widow of Manuel Asencio Padilla, takes the head of the resistance to the death of her husband. He will be one of the few great figures from Chuquisaca who will see his dreams come true and whose remains rest in the "Casa Grande" or House of Liberty, the former main hall of the Jesuit University (Universidad Mayor, Real y Pontificia de San Francisco de Xavier de Chuquisaca)..

After the Congress of Buenos Aires, one was sent to Simón Bolívar, mentioning:

“... to make the four provinces of Alto Peru (La Paz, Potosí, Cochabamba and Charcas) to the Desaguadero, as soon as possible, to adjust the conventions that are necessary with the chief or heads of the Spanish forces (...) on the basis that they (four provinces) must remain in the most complete freedom to agree on what is most relevant to their interests and government”

The Independence Hall of the House of Liberty during the Constituent Congress of the Nation in Chuquisaca.

La Casa de la Libertad, where the Bolivian Independence Act was signed.

Marshal Sucre issued the Decree of February 9, 1825, summoning the representatives of the provinces of Upper Peru to the so-called "General Assembly of Deputies of the Provinces of Upper Peru" that was to be held first in Oruro, to decide the fate of such provinces, but it was only carried out on June 24, 1825 in Chuquisaca.

In 1825, the founding act of the Republic of Bolivia was signed in the historic "Casa de la Libertad" in the city of Chuquisaca, an act drafted by the president of Congress, José Mariano Serrano, and by the vice president from Jujuy, José María Mendizábal, it was declared by 46 representatives of the four provinces of Upper Peru, of which 7 were the representatives of Chuquisaca; on July 23, 1825, drafting the "Act of Independence", bearing the date of August 6, 1825, in commemoration of the Battle of Junín, which took place on August 6, 1824.

Republican Era

Palacio del Gobierno Autónomo Departamental de Chuquisaca y el ex-Palacio del Gobierno Nacional de Bolivia

On August 6, 1825, Bolivia declared itself an Independent State and a year later, Chuquisaca was officially designated as state capital, due to the transition from the Royal Court of Charcas to the new republic it relied on existing institutions in Chuquisaca. The city then had a population of 12,000 inhabitants and an area of 17 km².

On July 12, 1839, the city of Chuquisaca was ratified again as the constitutional capital of the Republic of Bolivia by José Miguel de Velasco and "from that date it was called Sucre" in honor of the Mariscal de Ayacucho.

Bolivia: Act of 12 July 1839

JOSÉ MIGUEL DE VELASCO PROVISORY PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC The city of Chuquisaca declared the Capital of the Republic... City of Sucre. Relative to that of 18 June of 43. The Constituent General Congress has sanctioned the following. LEY. Article 1.- The city of Chuquisaca is the capital of the Republic, and according to the lei of August 11, 1826 it will be called henceforth the Sucre City.

Article 2°- The Government will provide for the construction in the city of Sucre, the buildings necessary for its office, the high powers of the Nacion, mainly the Legislative, destined for the effect the suppressed temple of San Agustin. Contact the Executive for publication and compliance. Given in the meeting room in Chuquisaca on July 10, 1839--Gregorio Reinolds. President--Fernando Balverde, Representative Secretary--

Government Palace in Chuquisaca on July 12, 1839--Execute --

JOSÉ MIGUEL DE VELASCO--Manuel Maria Urcullu.

Acta de la Independencia Boliviana.

At the end of the 19th century, with the drive of European capitalism and the needs of Western industry, the exploitation of tin acquired enormous importance in the Bolivian economy. Tin production in Bolivia is centered in Oruro (1606, 3708 masl) and the ruling class that benefited from this income was mostly settled in La Paz. The cities of Chuquisaca and Potosí, whose economy is more linked to the production of silver, lost the economic preeminence they had in previous centuries. In 1892, mining was modernized with the introduction of the first railway between Oruro and the port of Antofagasta, which after the Chilean invasion and the War of the Pacific became a Chilean port. The headquarters of the Potosí mining companies and the main national banking entities were established in Sucre. In 1909, the Mariscal Sucre National School of Teachers (today, Mariscal Sucre Higher School for Teacher Training) was created.

Civil War of 1898-1899

La Paz, which was founded in 1548, is located near Oruro, which had the most important tin mines, which made it grow in economic importance at the end of the century XIX. In addition, in La Paz the commerce of 80% of the population of Bolivia was concentrated at that time. In this context, the La Paz ruling class, allied with the liberal politicians, unleashed the so-called Federal War whose pretext was the "need" to establish a federal regime in Bolivia. The paceños attacked the administration that governed in Sucre, which sent a small group of young people to defend the constitution (the constitutionalists) who fought at a disadvantage and lost against the liberal army of La Paz that had received new weapons sent from Peru. This conflict developed between the years 1898-1899 as the La Paz ruling class of the time sought to concentrate the executive, legislative and judicial powers in La Paz. The Chuquisaqueños were massacred in the Ayo Ayo church by certain Aymara indigenous groups led by Pablo Zárate Willca who were used as allies by the La Paz, although these same indigenous allies were later captured and assassinated by the La Paz leaders. The federal State was not established, but La Paz celebrated the transfer of executive and legislative powers and President José Manuel Pando himself decided to keep the judicial power in Sucre, in order to avoid further offenses and conflicts.

Map of the Bolivian Civil War (1898-1899)

From that moment on, the city of Sucre plunged into a process of prolonged economic stagnation. Progressively, a large part of the Sucre ruling class was forced to emigrate to other cities or other countries in search of opportunities that the Bolivian state did not create.

The arrival of the railway to Sucre did not become effective until 1936, accompanied by the construction of the railway district, the first urban settlement outside the old town. By 1900, according to the official census of that year, Sucre had a population of 20,907 inhabitants and an area of 2.15 km².

Urban and regional planning

On March 27, 1948, a violent earthquake shook the city of Sucre, as a result of which the Reconstruction and Relief Committee was formed, which designed the "regulatory plan" of 1950, based on two guidelines: the reconstruction of the city, introducing criteria of modern urbanism as the relationship between the old town and the expansion area; the need to provide Sucre with other functions than the administrative ones, promoting industry and agriculture. Although this plan is not put into practice, it constitutes the first attempt at urban planning and fosters the creation of two large Bolivian industries: the Carlos Montenegro Oil Refinery and the National Cement Factory (1959).

Castle of La Glorieta

The national policy of economic diversification and the creation of a new development pole started in 1940, with the construction of basic transport infrastructure, led to the formation of a new economic axis in Bolivia called the «central axis» La Paz-Cochabamba -Santa Cruz, which exacerbated the stagnation, and even the degradation, of the economy in the Potosí-Sucre axis.

Teatro Gran Mariscal near Simón Bolívar Park.

Revolution of 1952

As a consequence of the national Revolution of 1952, four structural reforms took place in Bolivia that marked the transition from an oligarchic State to a liberal State, although they consolidated the centralism of La Paz:

The universal vote of 1952, extending the right to vote to women and peasants (indigenous); the nationalization of the mines in 1952, recovering 80% of the income from tin exports to the State; the agrarian reform of 1953, granting land to peasants and eliminating easements and the educational reform of 1955, transforming exclusive education into universal and compulsory.

These state reforms are the product of great social convulsions that shake the country as a whole and Chuquisaca society in particular, considered conservative and strongly rooted in rural properties. The agrarian reform caused the withdrawal of the upper social strata to the city and the fall in agricultural production. The peasants, without technical advice or economic resources, have no possibility of continuing agricultural production, quickly finding themselves in a subsistence economy. Sucre then has 40,128 inhabitants and an area of 2.53 km².

Sanity from Chuquisaca

In the 1980s

The arrival of new technical cadres from Chuquisaca, trained in universities in Europe and the United States, but also in the interior of the Republic (the Technical University of Oruro, where German-Jewish professors who emigrated during World War II teach) give the necessary technical support to start up the oil refinery and the cement factory (FANCESA), companies that soon became the engine of regional development. In the 1980s, FANCESA became the first national cement company,^{[citation required]} displacing SOBOCE from La Paz and COBOCE from Cochabamba. The Universidad Mayor, Real y Pontificia de San Francisco de Xavier de Chuquisaca, formerly specialized in political science and medicine, diversifies its academic programs with technical branches. Sucre begins to stand out again as a center of academic excellence.

Sucre Regulatory Plan

In 1974, the Sucre Regulatory Plan was formulated, the first attempt at local inter-institutional coordination to fill the existing gap in urban planning, responding to the integration needs of the new peripheral neighborhoods to the central nucleus. In 1976 Sucre had 63,259 inhabitants, on an area of 6.05 km².

Time of military coups and development

The Bolivian development strategy

In the seventies, military coups took place in Bolivia (1969-1980). In this period, the so-called Bolivian Development Strategy was developed, with guidelines not very distant from the Bohan Plan of 1940, dividing the country into 3 types of regions (homogeneous, polarized, plan) and creating the so-called Regional Development Corporations, technical agencies in charge of to develop impact projects. In Chuquisaca, the Chuquisaca Regional Development Corporation (CORDECH) is created, directed by the military, which develops a number of projects, most of which are not executed due to lack of budget. Three large projects materialize in Sucre: the airport, the bus terminal and the central market.

At the end of the 1970s and beginning of the 1980s, the highly impoverished rural population began to emigrate to the city and eastern Bolivia (Santa Cruz, seasonal agricultural crops), the upper strata of the city also emigrated to the central axis, for the most part, definitively. Between 1971 and 1976 Chuquisaca supports a migration rate of -4.7% while Santa Cruz gains 18.9%; between 1987 and 1992 Chuquisaca continued to lose -3.8% while Santa Cruz gained 7.4% and between 1996 and 2001 Chuquisaca literally emptied, with a negative rate of -6.4% while Santa Cruz gained 10.6%

Decay of the mining axis

In the eighties the tin crisis took place, causing unprecedented inflation in Bolivia that in 1985 reached 8767%. The Government, with the dramatic phrase "Bolivia is dying on us", applies decree 21060, closing most of the mines and putting more than 23,000 miners on the streets. This initiates the decline of the La Paz–Oruro–Potosí-Sucre mining axis and the consolidation of the La Paz–Cochabamba–Santa Cruz de la Sierra central axis.

Geography

Geographically, Sucre is located at the head of valleys with a hot and dry climate, at an altitude of 2,798 [[m s. no. m.|m s. no. m.]]. Specifically, it is located in the geographical region of the inter-Andean valleys of Bolivia, between the highlands of the Andean plateau and the lowlands of the Gran Chaco plains. Likewise, the area is located on the border between the hydrographic systems of the Amazon (Chico and Grande rivers) and those of the La Plata river (Cachimayu and Pilcomayu),^{[citation required]}.

Sucre in the Bolivian geography.

The city is located in the Oropeza province of the Chuquisaca department, at the foot of the Sica Sica and Churuquella hills (two ancient extinct volcanoes), in the eastern Andes, near where the mountain ranges lose height and They provide a warm and dry climate at the head of the valley.

Climate

Sucre's climate is temperate subhumid mountain (Cwb), according to the Köppen climate classification, with rain during most of the year except winter, averaging 679 millimeters of annual precipitation. The maximum ranges between 21 °C and 25 °C throughout the year, with an average maximum of 24.3 °C in November, being common for every month to record at least one day above 30 °C, and having an absolute maximum of 34°C recorded numerous times. While the minimum decreases considerably in winter, reaching an average minimum of 4.6 °C in July and an absolute minimum of -9 °C.

Average Sucre climate parameters, Bolivia
Month	Ene.	Feb.	Mar.	Open up.	May.	Jun.	Jul.	Ago.	Sep.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Annual
Temp. max. abs. (°C)	34	34	34	32	33	33	28	33	33	32	32	34	34
Average temperature (°C)	22.4	21.7	22.2	22.4	22.2	21.8	21.8	22.9	24	24.2	24.3	23.1	22.8
Average temperature (°C)	16.6	16.1	16.1	15.7	14.6	13.3	13.2	14.4	16	17	17.4	16.9	15.6
Temp. medium (°C)	10.9	10.6	10.1	9	7.1	4.9	4.6	5.9	8.1	9.9	10.6	10.8	8.5
Temp. min. abs. (°C)	-6	-9	0	1	-4	-5	-5	-3	-1	-2	-2	-1	-9
Total precipitation (mm)	154	117	103	30	6	2	2	12	24	48	63	118	679
Days of rain (≥ 1 mm)	16	13	11	6	2	1	1	2	4	8	10	14	88
Relative humidity (%)	71.1	73.9	73.7	68.6	55.4	46.9	49.1	49.1	51.2	57.3	59.2	66.7	60.2
Source No. 1: Climate-Data.org (altitude: 2796m)
Source No. 2: Weather2Travel for rainy days and sunshine, Voodoo Skies for record temperatures

Government entities

Plurinational Constitutional Court

Legally, the city of Sucre is the Historical and Constitutional Capital of Bolivia (the current official name is the Plurinational State of Bolivia), capital of the department of Chuquisaca and seat of the Judiciary. It is the headquarters of national institutions, such as:

• the Plurinational Constitutional Court,
• the Supreme Court of Justice,
• the Agroental Tribunal,
• the Council of the Magistracy,
• the School of State Judges,
• the Attorney General's Office.

Tourism and Architecture

Tourism

World Heritage Site

Panoramic view of the city of Sucre

View of the Basilica Cathedral of Our Lady of Guadalupe

The colonial urbanism and the republican architecture that characterize Sucre are worth the title of "Cultural Heritage of Humanity", granted in 1991 by UNESCO. It is the second city in Bolivia to receive this distinction after the city of Potosí (1987).

Panorama de La Recoleta

This fact led to the creation of the Plan for the Rehabilitation of the Historic Areas of Sucre (PRAHS, 1995), a local institution in charge of managing the historic center, in collaboration with the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID). The productive segment of historical cultural tourism is promoted and the idea of a new tourist axis between Sucre, La Paz and Potosí is outlined as a joint initiative for regional development, since they are the oldest cities in Bolivia.

Paleontological remains

Cal Orcko in Sucre.

Other attractions include paleontological footprints from the Cretaceous period found on the outskirts of the city and Cal Orko is the largest fossil footprint site in the world to date, which fascinates paleontologists and dinosaur admirers. Just a few kilometers from the city of Sucre, at more than 3,000 meters high in the central Andes, it is located in the quarry of the largest cement factory in Bolivia.

Today it is a steep 70 degree cliff, with a height of up to 80 meters and more than a kilometer long testifies to this past the early history of the earth. This shows that the variety of creatures was much larger than previously assumed. One of the most important discoveries is that herbivorous ankylosaurs-quadrupeds with a bony shell spread to South America. Its fossilized legacy on the subcontinent was previously unknown.

Titanosaur footprints are the most important to researcher Meyer. With a size of up to 25 meters they were true giants among the immense lizards. They walked relatively slowly, at 3 km per hour -current human beings walk at 4 km/h-, while other species reached a speed of 30 km/h. In the case of a predatory lizard, the researchers were even able to determine that it was limping. Cal'Orko is a place of paleontological superlatives. Here is the footprint of a "walking walk" more than 350 m long left by a predatory lizard. The number is also overwhelming, around 5,000 footprints, most of them well preserved.

On February 2, 2010, a large part of the wall that showed the traces of the walk of the 2 titanosaurs collapsed, product of intense rains that hit the department. With the fall, other traces were revealed in the deepest plates of this cliff.

Cretaceous Park

300 meters from the Farallón de Huellas is the Cretaceous park that offers the possibility of meeting the protagonists. A recreation in one of the best natural settings. It also gives the possibility of taking a trip to the beginning of time through an unusual route that shows visitors a 36-meter-long titanosaur, the last of the giant dinosaurs.

Visitors can also enjoy a session of interesting documentaries related to the time when dinosaurs ruled the Earth.

Gastronomy

Sucre has a great variety of traditional dishes, many of which vary according to the season (mondongo for All Saints Day, picana for Christmas, etc.). Among the most popular and typical dishes are the chuquisaqueños chorizos, the chicken c'kocko, the spicy chicken, the chuquisaqueño mondongo, the peanut casserole and many others. The typical drink is the “chicha criolla”.

Sucre is also famous for its numerous companies dedicated to the manufacture of chocolates and pralines whose products are highly appreciated by tourists.

Architecture

In its urban layout you can read the history of Bolivia, from the old neighborhood of Recoleta, with the original winding layout of Choquechaca, the city of ponds (where the old Franciscan chapel rises over the old temple of the god Tanga Tanga), the Renaissance city of the colonial period (current checkerboard of the historic center), the republican expansion in the ring road of the old railway line of the forties, the working-class neighborhoods of the industrial period of the eighties and the peripheral neighborhoods in around the main interregional axes. Its architecture boasts the old peninsular or colonial style, the neoclassical or Frenchified facades of the Republican period, the garden city of the Anglo-Saxon model in the working-class neighborhoods, some eclectic exponents (Palacio de La Glorieta), art nouveau, art deco and modern architecture. who try to find a delicate balance between the old and the modern.

Chuquisaca Departmental Justice Palace

Colonial City

Sucre follows the checkerboard plan, common in colonial cities, with a network of small squares, gardens and parks that provide great harmony to the urban complex. It is one of the cities with the best preserved Hispanic architecture in America, with cobbled streets, fountains, old churches, houses roofed with clay tiles and white walls, characteristic of colonial design. Its main square is Plaza 25 de Mayo, which was declared a Cultural and Historical Heritage of Bolivia in 2014 by Law No. 531.

At the end of the 18th century and at the beginning of the XIX the city of Sucre undergoes a transformation in its architecture due to the mining boom. These elements are kept up to date and represent the characteristic image of the city.

Religious architecture

Religious architecture is abundant, standing out the church of San Lázaro, the oldest, built in 1544; La Merced church, which has a beautiful chapel; The convent of San Felipe de Neri; the Basilica of San Francisco de Charcas, and the Cathedral, whose construction began in 1571 and ended a century later, where its beautiful baroque façade stands out. In the main tower of the Basilica of San Francisco is the Liberty Bell, which was rung at the beginning of the Chuquisaca Revolution in 1809. The Convent of La Recoleta is another of the most notable buildings in the city.

Civil architecture

In civil architecture, the hospital (1554), the Archbishopric of La Plata (now Sucre), the Universidad Mayor, Real y Pontificia de San Francisco de Xavier de Chuquisaca (1624), and the Supreme Court of Justice stand out. In addition, during the colony, Sucre was the seat of the Audiencia de Charcas, the Government House (until the end of the XIX century) ] and the Casa de la Libertad (where the first Constituent Congress of the Nation met and the Act of Independence was signed). You can also visit the National Library, which preserves more than 100,000 printed pieces since 1493, as well as many other buildings, the various archives and historical testimonies. In the Casa de la Libertad, a small palace adjacent to the Government, the first Argentine flag is preserved.

Modern architecture

Currently the city sees a very important change in architecture, the appearance of new modern constructions, very tall buildings, most of all you can see the real estate growth and the boom in investments from potosino miners, which have given it to the capital of the plurinational State an advance in its development which had been postponed for several years, a growth on a par with the cities of the central axis. But most of all you can see a city that is continually changing.

Economy

The economy of the capital is based mainly on:

• Chocolate Production: Chocolates For You, Chocolates Taboada
• Manufacture of Cemento: FANCESA National Sucre Cement Factory
• Fabricación de Fustes y Campanas, para hats, de Lana de oveja y Pelo de Conejo: "Fábrica de Sombreros Chuquisaca"
• Beer production: Sureña
• Manufacture of Natural edible products: Natural products About La Roca
• Tourism: Autonomous Government of Sucre
• Production of Gaseosas: Salvietti S. A. «The taste of ours»
• Milk production: PIL Chuquisaca
• Production of Embutidos: Cobolde.

Departments of Bolivia according to the size of their economy GDP (gross domestic product) in 2016
Position	Department	Gross Domestic Product
1.o	Santa Cruz	US$ 9,851 million
2.	La Paz	US$ 9,484 million
3.o	Cochabamba	US$ 5,265 million
4.o	Tarija	US$ 2,735 million
5.o	Potosí	US$ 2.096 million
6.o	Chuquisaca	US$ 1,707 million
7.	Oruro	US$ 1.663 million
8.	Beni	US$ 939 million
9.	Pando	US$ 309 million
Total	BoliviaBolivia	US$ 34.053 million
Source: National Statistical Institute of Bolivia INE(2017)
Departments of Bolivia for average inhabitant wealth (gross domestic product per cup) in 2016
Position	Department	GDP per Capita
1.o	Tarija	US$ 5.033
2.	La Paz	US$ 3,337 dollars
3.o	Santa Cruz	US$ 3,200 dollars
4.o	Oruro	US$ 3.165
5.o	Chuquisaca	US$ 2.772
6.o	Cochabamba	US$ 2,749
7.	Potosí	US$ 2,399
8.	Pando	US$ 2,307 dollars
9.	Beni	US$ 2,060 dollars
Total	BoliviaBolivia	US$ 3.125
Source: National Statistical Institute of Bolivia INE(2017)

Media

Sucre narrow street.

In Sucre there are television channels such as Televisión Universitaria TVU, Cotes 16 (by cable), Católica TV, Televisión Colosal or ATESUR.

The main radio stations in Sucre are: Radio Libertad (Informative) Radio-Antena 2000 (complete), Milenium (Tropical Music), La Bruja (Various Music), Solar FM (complete), Activa (complete), Gente (complete) and Global (complete).

Communications

• The postal service is managed by ECOBOL (Country of Bolivian Posts). There are also other companies that offer courier messaging service and transportation of national and international logistics. The international private company TIGO provides efficient Internet services, as well as the mobile phone company and VIVA Internet and the National Telecommunication Company ENTEL.

Written press

Bolivia's first newspaper, El Cóndor de Bolivia, circulated in the city of Sucre for the first time in 1825, during the government of Antonio José de Sucre. Currently, the main newspaper in the city is El Correo del Sur, of national circulation, although other newspapers such as Página 7, El Diario or Los Tiempos also stand out. The main digital media outlet is the Agencia de Noticias Violeta

Transportation

30 km southeast of the city is the Alcantarí International Airport, with regular services to the cities of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, La Paz, Cochabamba and other connections. This is the third airport in the city, built after the Lajastambo airports (an old aerodrome built at the time of the Chaco War in the late 1930s, currently demolished and urbanized) and the previous Juana Azurduy de Padilla Airport.

The bus terminal was inaugurated in 1975 and is located on Ostria Gutiérrez avenue, with regular national and departmental services.

By land it is linked to the city of Potosí through Route 5 to the southwest that then leads to Uyuni, while the same route to the north leads to the city of Cochabamba and Santa Cruz.

Culture

Dances

The cueca

This city was one of the promoters for its diffusion, since the oldest and most beautiful pieces of this genre are from Chuquisaqueño authors, such as Miguel Ángel Valda Paredes and Simeón Roncal. Between the two, two types of cuecas stand out, one of a popular style and the other of a hall call, the second with a slower rhythm, similar to the compás of the Argentine zamba.

The Little Dance

This dance arose in the bars and chicherías of the white city, and was interpreted by the students, this rhythm became very widespread, becoming part of other identities such as Cochabamba, which today adopted that rhythm as characteristic of that region.

The Brown Thantas

DANZA THANTA MORENOS IN SUCRE - BOLIVIA

This is a quite particular dance, since several characters take part in it, among them: the devils, the imillas, the lions, the awelos, the little monkeys, the rooster, the couples and as a musical part the sicuris. The couples are the ones who give the voice of command, with their rattles when the sicuris begin to play, and they are in the middle of all the characters dancing with their rattles and jumping steps. The other characters, headed by the devils; they dance around the couples in rows of one and in two columns. The imillas are behind the couples, they also form a separate block and dance with their own advanced step. As soon as the music ends, all the characters (except the imillas and the couples) play with each other, with improvised scripts on the spur of the moment, and a kind of theater is installed, which has the function of distracting the townspeople, generally the devils and the lions play on the same side against the other characters except the rooster, who generally annoys the women who are within his reach, pretending to step on them. This dance is seen in the patron saint festivities of the towns, not only in the city of Sucre; but also from the surrounding provinces, such as Yamparáez, Tomina, and part of Belizario Boeto. Until now there is no sociological and semiological study about its meaning and origin, and although there is a somewhat similar dance in the department of Potosí, the thanta morenos have unique characteristics in terms of their development as such. Finally, and by way of conclusion; This dance mixes music, dance and theater throughout its development, making it unique in Bolivia.

Featured Characters

Jaime Mendoza González

• Jaime Mendoza Gonzales (Sucre, 1874-1939) Bolivian geographer, novelist and doctor. He was a professor, Dean and rector of the Universidad Mayor, Real and Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, he worked intensely in the field of Psychiatry and Puerculture. He was also a senator.
• Juana Azurduy of Padilla mother and marshal of army in the war of independence.

Juana Azurduy de Padilla

Writers and lawyers

• Guillermo Francovich Salazar (Sucre, 1901 - Rio de Janeiro, 1990) Bolivian philosopher and playwright who deployed a wide political and humanistic activity. He was rector of the Universidad Mayor, Real y Pontificia de San Francisco de Xavier de Chuquisaca, director of the UNESCO Regional Centre in Havana and member of the Bolivian Academy of Language.
• Tristan Marof, writer, essayist.
• Adolfo Costa Du Rels, a Bolivian writer.
• Luis Carranza Siles (1918-1993) playwright, educator and philosopher.

Artists

• Matilde Casazola, poet and composer
• Huáscar Aparicio, cantautor
• William Centellas, outstanding charanguist and composer
• Simeon Rocal, outstanding musician and composer
• Fidel Torricos Cors, pianist (1916-2002)
• Don Román Romero, master armon interpreter

Sports

In Sucre all kinds of sports are practiced, including soccer. The most representative team is Universitario de Sucre, today in the second division of Bolivian soccer where they have a good performance; He also represented Bolivia in the Copa Sudamericana, Copa Libertadores and in 2008 and 2014 he was national champion. Currently the team representing the city is Independiente Petrolero, which has a large fan base in the city and is a member of the Bolivian Professional Soccer League after returning to professional soccer thanks to the runner-up position obtained in the Simón Bolívar Cup 2020. It is worth noting teams like Fancesa and Stormers Sporting Club, with a certain football past and a recognized track record at the national level, today in the second division or regional football where they are prominent players and the Estudiantes club from the El Rollo area, which is the most beloved of the area but is not in the Chuquisaqueña Football Association for financial reasons. Others such as tennis, swimming, racquetball, volleyball, martial arts (such as judo and karate), boxing, futsal, motor racing and cycling, among others, are also practiced. Sucre is currently the high performance center for all sports that are practiced nationally and internationally. It houses the largest and most important sports complexes in the country, such as the Patria Olympic Stadium, one of the largest in Bolivia, the Sports Coliseum, the largest of its kind in Bolivia, and the Bolivarian Pool, the largest and best quality nationwide. Sucre is also known as an important motorsport center, especially since it is home to one of the most important and oldest circuits in the country, the Oscar Crespo circuit, as well as being a cradle of champions. In 2009 it hosted a date of the CODASUR Rally and this year it will apply again. Likewise, it hosted the XVI Bolivarian Games.

Equipment	Shield	Fund.	Nickname	Stadium	Chairman	Coach	sponsor	Indumentary	league	web site	uniform
Independent Petroleum		1932	The Killer	Olympic Country Capacity:30 000	Jenny Montaño	Marcelo Robledo	Universidad Tecnológica Boliviana	Olimpo Record S.A.	First Division 2022	ClubIndependentSucreOfficial
University of Sucre		1961	Capitalino	Olympic Country Capacity:30 000	Peter Campos	Jhonny Serrudo	Cemento Fancesa	Sismo Athletic	First Division 2022	ClubUniversitario deSucre

Predecessor: Armenia and Pereira

Bolivarian Republic 2009

Successor: Trujillo

Sister cities

Country	City/town	Administrative Branch
Argentina	San Salvador de Jujuy	Jujuy Province
Argentina	San Miguel de Tucumán	Tucumán Province
Argentina	The Silver	Province of Buenos Aires
Belgium	Brussels	Brussels-Capital Region
Bolivia	Cochabamba	Cochabamba Department
Bolivia	La Paz	Department of La Paz
Bolivia	Potosí	Department of Potosí
Canada	Montreal	Province of Quebec
Chile	Santiago de Chile	Metropolitan Region of Santiago
People ' s Republic of China	Nankín	Jiangsu Province
Colombia	Bogotá	District Capital - Department of Cundinamarca
Ecuador	Cuenca	Azuay Province
Ecuador	Quito	Province of Pichincha
Spain	Madrid	Autonomous Community of Madrid
Spain	Bust of Bureba	Autonomous Community of Castilla y León
France	Paris	Isle of France Region
Italy	Rome	Region of Lazio
Mexico	Mexico City	Mexico City
Peru	Lima	Province of Lima - Department of Lima
Portugal	Lisbon	Lisbon District
Puerto Rico United States	San Juan	Puerto Rico
United Kingdom	London	England - County of Great London
Dominican Republic	Santo Domingo	National District
Venezuela	Caracas	Capital District
Venezuela	Cumana	State of Sucre

Predecessor: Quito

Ibero-American Capital of Culture 2005

Successor: San José