Social Security

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The social security, also called social security, is a health insurance system that guarantees the national population against the costs of health care. It can be managed by the public sector, the private sector, or a combination of both. Funding mechanisms vary by program and country. National or statutory health insurance does not equate to government-funded or managed health care, but is often established by national legislation. In some countries, such as the Austrian Medicare system, the United Kingdom's National Health Service and the South Korean National Health Insurance Service, contributions to the system are made through general taxes and therefore not they are optional, although the use of the health system that finances it is. In practice, most people who pay for the NHI will join it.

It mainly refers to a field of social welfare related to social protection or coverage of socially recognized needs, such as health, old age and disabilities. The International Labor Organization, in a document published in 1991 called Social Security Administration, defined social security as follows:

The protection that society provides to its members, through a series of public measures, against the economic and social deprivations that, if not, would cause the disappearance or a sharp reduction in income due to illness, maternity, accident of work, or occupational disease, unemployment, disability, old age and death; also protection in the form of medical assistance and assistance to families with children.

Objectives

The objective of social security is to take into account:

Social insurance, that is, the entity that administers the funds and grants the different benefits that social security contemplates based on the recognition of contributions made for a insurance scheme. These services or benefits generally include the provision of retirement pensions, disability insurance, widowhood and orphanage pensions, medical care and unemployment insurance.
Income maintenance, mainly cash distribution in the event of loss of employment, including retirement, disability and unemployment.
The services provided by the administrations responsible for social security. According to the country, this may include medical care, social work aspects and even industrial relations.
The term is also used to refer to basic security, a term approximately equal to access to basic needs, such as food, education, health care or medical care.

History

Germany

Social security was born in Germany, at the time of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, with the Health Insurance Law in 1883.

United States

The expression social security became popular after its first use in a law in the United States; specifically, in the Social Security Act (Social Security Law) of 1935.

Great Britain

William Beveridge expanded the concept used in the United States in the so-called Beveridge Report, of 1942, to Great Britain, with health benefits and the constitution of the National Health Service. British in 1948.

Japan

Japan, since before World War II, was one of the world's main promoters of social security, having created the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare and its own pension and disability system. The system incorporated, after the Second World War, the main features of the welfare state. In the late 1950s, the promulgation of two laws—the National Health Insurance Law and the National Pension Law—allowed self-employed workers, those engaged in agriculture, and others not incorporated into the social security system. social security could benefit from the national pension system and national health insurance. In April 1961, a system of health insurance and pensions for all Japanese citizens came into force, which was paid for by the State at a time of rapid economic growth.

European Union

The European Union established the principles of European social security coordination:

On May 1, 2010, two regulations modernizing coordination entered into force: Regulations 883/2004 and Regulations 987/2009.

The Administrative Commission for the Coordination of Social Security Systems (CACSSS) is made up of a representative of each country of the European Union and a representative of the European Commission. Its mission is to resolve administrative issues, rule on the interpretation of the regulations on the coordination of social security and promote collaboration between the member countries of the EU.^{[citation needed]}

Mutual Information System on Social Protection (MISSOC), provides access to detailed, comparable and regularly updated information on national social protection systems.^{[ citation required]}

The Electronic Exchange of Social Security Information (EESSI) is a computerized system hosted by the European Commission that allows social security agencies across the EU to exchange information more quickly and securely, as required by European Regulations on coordination of social security.^{[citation needed]}

Ibero-America

Ibero-American Multilateral Agreement on Social Security

The Ibero-American Multilateral Agreement on Social Security, in accordance with the provisions of its article 31.1, entered into force on May 1, 2011, after the ratification of seven states: Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, El Salvador, Spain and Portugal; subsequently, it was also ratified by Paraguay. However, in accordance with that same article, the effectiveness of the agreement was conditioned to the signing by said States of the Application Agreement that develops it. To date, the Application Agreement has only been signed by Spain (on October 13, 2010) and by Bolivia (on April 18, 2011).

By countries

Argentina

National Social Security Administration

Chile

The country has one of the most liberalized social security systems in the whole of OECD nations. The system was privatized in the 1980s and allows people to choose one of the 6 pension fund associations.
Pensions: a system of individual capitalization savings was implemented, in which only about 12.5 per cent of the perceived salary should be made compulsory and the worker is free to contribute more.
Social security in Chile

Columbia

Pendants
Comprehensive Social Security System (SSSI)

Costa Rica

Costa Rican Social Security Fund

Ecuador

Ecuadorian Social Security Institute (IESS)
Instituto de Seguro Campesino (part of the IESS, but in rural areas)
Instituto de Seguridad Social de Fuerzas Armadas (ISSFA)
National Police Social Security Institute (ISSPOL)

Spain

Social security in Spain
Spanish Social Security Accounting Information System

France

Social protection in France
Social security in France

Guatemala

National Civil Service Office for State Workers
Guatemalan Social Security Institute, for private workers and some public employees of the country, except the militia.
Institute of Military Provision for the Guatemalan militia.

Mexico

In 1943, the Social Security Law was promulgated, which protects workers in case of accident, illness, retirement and death, and which laid the foundations of the IMSS Mexican Social Security Institute.

In Mexico, one in two children and young people live in poverty, while 20% of them live in extreme poverty. The main lack of this sector is social security. Social security in Mexico is defined as the protection that society provides to its members, through public measures against economic and social deprivation, protecting in cases of maternity, work accidents, illnesses, unemployment, invalids, old age, and death, all of this. in search of improvement in the levels of well-being.

One of the main problems facing social security in this country is informal employment. In Mexico, the number of informal workers amounts to 6 out of 10 economically active people. This means that more than half of the country's population does not have any type of protection or social assistance, and although the programs exist, the lack of labor regulation generates a lack of compliance and affiliation with these aforementioned programs, on the part of the economically active population.

Panama

Social Security Fund of Panama

Paraguay

Social Security Institute
Social Security Institute (I.P.S.)

Peru

Social Security of Peru
Previsional Standardization Office

Puerto Rico

Academias de idiomas en Puerto Rico

United Kingdom

National Health Service

Uruguay

Social Security Bank
Ministry of Labour and Social Security

Venezuelan

Treasury for Social Security Venezuela
Ministry of Popular Power for Labour and Social Security
Instituto Venezolano de los Seguros Sociales

Dominican Republic

Dominican Social Security System (SDSS)

Additional bibliography

Richard Monvoisin, Nicolas Pinsault, La Sécu, les vautours et moi: Les enjeux de la protection sociale, Éditions du Détour, 2017 (in French)
Blank, R.M (2001), "Welfare Programs, Economics of", International Encyclopedia of the Social " Behavioral Sciences (in English), pp. 16426-16432, ISBN 9780080430768.
Sheldon Danziger, Robert Haveman, and Robert Plotnick (1981). "How Income Transfer Programs Affect Work, Savings, and the Income Distribution: A Critical Review", Journal of Economic Literature 19(3), pp. 975–1028. (in English)
Haveman, R.H (2001), «Poverty: Measurement and Analysis», International Encyclopedia of the Social " Behavioral Sciences (in English), pp. 11917-11924, ISBN 9780080430768, doi:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/02276-2.
Steven N. Durlauf et al., ed. (2008) The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition:

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