Sinaloa

Sinaloa ( listen)officially Free and Sovereign State of Sinaloa, is one of the thirty-one states that, together with Mexico City, make up Mexico. It is located in the northwest of the country, bordering to the north with Sonora and Chihuahua, to the east with Durango, to the south with Nayarit and to the west with the Gulf of California (Ocean Pacific). It was founded on October 14, 1830.

It is the most important agricultural state in the federation, which has earned it the nickname "Mexico's granary". It has the second largest fishing fleet in the country. Culturally, it is known for its typical music, the Sinaloan band or tambora. Ulama, a type of Mesoamerican ball game, is played in the state. It is divided into 18 municipalities. Its capital and most populated city is Culiacán Rosales. Other important towns are Mazatlán, Los Mochis, Guasave, Guamúchil, Escuinapa, El Fuerte, Sinaloa de Leyva, El Rosario, San Ignacio de Piaxtla and Choix.

Toponymy

There are several versions about the meaning of his name. The most accepted etymology establishes that the word Sinaloa comes from the Cahita language, and is made up of the words sina, which means pitahaya, and lobola, which means rounded. Thus, sinalobola means: "round pitahaya".

History

Pre-Hispanic period

Map showing the distribution of territories of the indigenous tribes that inhabited Sinaloa.

Sinaloa belonged to the northern limit of Mesoamerica. The highest degree of urbanization in the region was registered in the central and southern part of the state, around valleys and coasts. From the Fuerte River to the north is the region known as Aridoamérica, which includes the desert and arid places in the north of the Mexican Republic. Before contact with the Europeans, the territory of Sinaloa was populated by a considerable number of peoples who had linguistic differentiation but with certain common dialectal units. The main groups that inhabited the Sinaloa region were the Cahitas, the Tahues, the Acaxees, the Xiximes, the Totorames, the Achires and the Guasaves.

The indigenous division of the territory, based rather on a certain respect for nature and the way of living it, persisted at the time of the invasion and the conquest and thus gave rise to three provinces called Chiametlán, Culiacán and Sinaloa. Daily and economic life developed on the banks of the rivers, which were their main settlement. The pre-Hispanic inhabitants of Sinaloa were subject to the ecological conditions of their territory; Adapted to their environment, they did not build cities like in the highlands of the central zone of what is now Mexico. Their dwellings were flimsy because they knew the great avenues of the rivers, so they could change places according to natural conditions.

The inhabitants of the three zones made pottery for ceremonial use, buried their dead in pots as if they were returning to the womb, practiced the pre-Hispanic games of ulama, collected honey and wild fruits, woven blankets, made clay pipes, seals to decorate walls and fabrics, they hunted deer, left their message in petroglyphs; abstract signs engraved in stone and participated in the defense of their territory.

Spanish conquest

Spanish map of 1817 showing the province of Sonora and Sinaloa, in the virreinate of New Spain.

The discovery and conquest of Sinaloa by the Spanish was not carried out in a single expedition, like the one in Anahuac, but several. The first expedition, which was made by land, was commanded by Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán, president of the Royal Court of Mexico. Beltrán de Guzmán, at the head of 400 Spaniards, more than 8,000 indigenous auxiliaries and many cargo, left Mexico City at the end of the year 1529, and after having led the conquest of Nueva Galicia, today the state of Jalisco, he headed further north until he found the rich gold and silver mines and the great cities that were said to be in these regions.

At the beginning of 1531 Beltrán de Guzmán entered Chametla, having defeated the indigenous people who resisted him in the Llano de las Vacas. From Chametla he marched to the valley of Culiacán, passing through Piaxtla, through the town of La Sal —probably the Salinas de Ceuta— and the town of Baila.

Throughout the transit there were fights and skirmishes that ended in the defeat of the natives. In some towns, especially on the banks of the Ciguatán River, today San Lorenzo, the Spanish only found women, which gave way to the belief that they were inhabited by Amazons; but such a circumstance was due to the fact that the men were outside, thinking of giving war to the invaders.

Fray Antonio Tello wrote that upon reaching Oso, the expedition was received in peace by the lord of the town and ten thousand indigenous people, who accompanied them to Navito. Guzmán determined to found a town there with the title of San Miguel de Navito, but that in the same year it was transferred to Culiacán. From Navito, continuing to Culiacán, the Spaniards passed through the town of Quilá, which they set on fire after the combat.

Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán immediately expeditioned along the coast, the towns of Las Vegas and El Vizcaíno, and later through the Sierra de Capirato; and upon his return, with one hundred Spaniards, he founded the town of San Miguel de Culiacán, on the left bank of the Orabá River (today the Tamazula River) and facing the point of it with the Humaya River, about three leagues above the ancient and mysterious city, of which no vestige remains except the diminutive name of the town where it could have been located.

Almíndez Chirinos, another Spanish captain, expeditioned to the north, defeated the natives who resisted him on the Mocorito and Sinaloa rivers, and went down to Tamazula, where he heard that on that coast he had been killed, with all his colleagues, Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, head of the expedition that Hernán Cortés had sent by sea in search of new discoveries.

Independence

In Sinaloa, the War of Independence was led by José María González Hermosillo, an insurgent who was commissioned by Miguel Hidalgo to insurrection the provinces of Sinaloa and Sonora, accompanied by Lieutenant José Antonio López and advised by the Dominican Fray Francisco de la Parra headed north at the head of some two thousand soldiers. Supported by six hundred soldiers and six pieces of artillery, Villaescusa became strong in El Rosario, which was attacked by José María González Hermosillo on December 21 and 24, 1810 in Rosario.

The Sinaloan soldiers, after the battle in Rosario, continued towards Concordia, and there they took the plaza in support of the local inhabitants. José María González Hermosillo continued his campaign northward and on February 7, 1811, in San Ignacio de Piaxtla, he faced the royalist troops led by the governor of Sonora and Sinaloa: Alejo García Conde, who defeated the troops of González Hermosillo..

Independently of González Hermosillo's expedition, an outbreak of rebellion was hatched in the Badiraguato region whose leader was the ópata Antonio or Apolonio García. The rebellion was planned for March 6, 1811, but when the conspirators denounced the Badiraguato parish priest, they advanced the movement. They crossed the Badiraguato party and entered the Sinaloa party; They passed through Bacubirito and on the 13th of the same month they arrived at Charay where they found a detachment of ópatas under the command of Captain Juan José Padilla, engaging in a shootout in which the royalists defeated the insurgents, leaving fifty dead and a number of prisoners.

Separation of Sonora and Sinaloa

Map showing the province of Sonora and Sinaloa.

Before the War of Independence broke out in 1810, Sonora and Sinaloa were part of the State of the West. After discussions between the local deputies, in 1830, a decree issued by the First Mexican Constituent Congress, the Internal State of the West was separated; As of that date, Sinaloa and Sonora are free and sovereign states. The men who fought the most for Sinaloa to separate from Sonora were Francisco Iriarte and Pablo de Villavicencio.

Once the State of the West was dissolved, the Free and Sovereign States of Sonora and Sinaloa proceeded to designate and install their respective legislatures, whose fundamental mission was to provide each entity with the necessary laws to conduct their activities along the path of law and social peace. However, in this dissolution Sinaloa lost part of its territory located in the north, lands of the Mayos mainly, which became part of the territory of Sonora.

On December 12, 1831, the first Political Constitution of the State of Sinaloa was promulgated, whose article 31 provided for the territorial division comprised of the districts of El Rosario, Concordia, Villa de la Unión, San Ignacio, Cosalá, Culiacán, Badiraguato, Mocorito, Sinaloa, El Fuerte and Choix.

Mexican Revolution

In Sinaloa, the Mexican revolution began after the death of Francisco Cañedo, in 1909. Government elections were called in which Diego Redo and José Ferrel participated. Rafael Buelna Tenorio, known as the "Granito de Oro", began his political participation by joining José Ferrel's candidacy and became one of his main speakers.

After these events^{[which one?]}, many disappointed Sinaloans did not want to fight against then-President Porfirio Díaz who wanted them re-elected. But others were ready for a new fight and began to take part in the anti-reelection campaign headed by Francisco I. Madero. On January 2, 1910, Madero landed in Mazatlán. Madero was also in Culiacán and Angostura and met Professor Gabriel Leyva Solano, who was his supporter and enemy of the Díaz dictatorship. When Díaz had Madero imprisoned and was re-elected President of Mexico for the sixth time, Leyva Solano rose up in arms on June 2, 1910. He was betrayed and fell into the hands of the authorities, who assassinated him in Cabrera de Inzunza on June 13. June of the same year. Leyva Solano is considered a forerunner of the Mexican Revolution.

In Sinaloa, Juan M. Banderas, Ramón F. Iturbe and Herculano de la Rocha rose up in the north, and Justo Tirado and Pomposo Acosta in the south. Although at first these uprisings did not constitute a danger to the Díaz regime, by involving other pronouncements that were carried out in various parts of the country, they made the Madero revolution advance. In Sinaloa, Banderas and Iturbe defeated the federales led by General Higinio Aguilar and Colonel Luis Morales, and took Culiacán in May 1911. After six months of fighting, Porfirio Díaz resigned from the presidency and left the country.

On February 22, 1913, Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez were assassinated on the orders of Victoriano Huerta, who appointed General José Legorreta governor of Sinaloa in place of Felipe Riveros. Venustiano Carranza rose up in arms against Huerta to restore constitutional order, which is why his army was called Constitutionalist. The revolutionary groups from Sinaloa that rose up in arms were led by Juan Carrasco. In the mountains, Rafael Buelna attacked the towns of San Ignacio and Rosario and entered what was then the territory of Tepic. Carranza and his troops arrived at El Fuerte on September 15, 1913. Benjamin Hill took Los Mochis and soon after the Sinaloa plaza. The Northwest Army commanded by Álvaro Obregón took Culiacán; he laid siege to Mazatlán and continued his march towards the south.

However, once Huerta was defeated, the situation became more tense. But the differences ran deep; On the one hand, there were the Carrancistas, representing the group that wanted control of the economy and politics, and on the other, the Obregonistas, representatives of small and medium-sized landowners and merchants, who also yearned for the economic and political control that they had enjoyed for so long. was denied. At another extreme were the Villistas and Zapatistas, who represented the peasant population that fought for the distribution of land. The different groups did not reach an agreement and the convention moved to Aguascalientes, where it ignored Carranza as president; he left for Veracruz and after bloody combats the constitutionalists prevailed and Carranza proposed the elaboration of a constitution that was promulgated on February 5, 1917.

Historical Timeline

• 1529: Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán founded the Villa of the Holy Spirit of Chametla.
• 1531: Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán founded the Villa de San Miguel de Culiacán.
• 1563: Amador López founded El Real de Minas de las Vírgenes de Cosalá.
• 1565: Francisco de Ibarra founded the Villa de San Sebastián (Concordia).
• 1595: Hernando de Villafañe founded the Villa de Guasave.
• 1606: Hernando de Santarén founded San Juan Badiraguato.
• 1610: Diego Martínez de Hurraine founded El Fuerte de Montesclaros.
• 1665: Bonifacio Rojas founded El Real de Minas de Nuestra Señora del Rosario.
• 1699: Manuel Gámez de Maldonado founded San Pedro de Guamúchil.
• 1826: The free navigation port of Mazatlan is founded.
• 1830: The Federal Congress issues the law that approves the division of the state of Sonora and Sinaloa.
• 1831: From this year, Sinaloa exists as a member Federal Entity of the United Mexican States.
• 1831: The First Sinaloa Legislature is the first Sinaloa Political Constitution.
• 1858: In the midst of the War of Reform, the Sinaloan youth rise in arms in the North of the entity, proclaiming the Plan of El Fuerte in support of the Liberal Government. In Culiacan the Lic also does. Eustaquio Buelna and Lieutenant Colonel Ignacio Martínez Valenzuela. Mr.Plácido Vega is recognized as head of the movement in El Fuerte.
• 1864: The French army arrives in Mazatlan.
• 1864: On December 22, General Antonio Rosales defeats the French army in the village of San Pedro.
• 1903: The city of Los Mochis was founded by Benjamin F. Johnston.
• 1911: On September 3, the first elections of the revolutionary stage were held in Sinaloa.
• 1913: In November Culiacan remains in the hands of the Constitutionalist Forces, an action personally led by General Alvaro Obregón, head of the Northwest Constitutionalist Army.
• 1916: Venustiano Carranza appoints General Angel Flores governor of Sinaloa, starting the first works of irrigation in the Valley of Culiacán, at the beginning of the works of the Rosales channel.
• 1917: On 5 February, the constitution was promulgated. In Sinaloa it is signed and promulgated by General Ramón F. Iturbe as Governor.
• 1917: General Ramón F. Iturbe creates the Directorate of Education in order to promote the teaching of the educational service among the children of our entity.
• 1945: General Pablo Macías Valenzuela, who gives a great boost to education and the irrigation of land, is occupying the government this year. For the first it is remembered as the sower of schools and for the second, it is remembered because in his government President Miguel Alemán inaugurated the Sinaloa dam.

Government

Form of government

The state of Sinaloa is governed under a republican model and is free and sovereign, it has its own constitution and congress. The state government is divided into three branches. The Executive Power is exercised by the Governor of the State, elected every six years, without re-election. The Legislative Power is deposited in the Congress of the State of Sinaloa, made up of deputies elected for periods of three years. The Judicial Power is incarnated by the Superior Court of Justice of Sinaloa.

The state is divided into municipalities. Each municipality has a council, made up of aldermen and trustees, and headed by the municipal president. The aforementioned positions have a duration of three years.

Territorial organization

Municipalities

Political Division of Sinaloa State

Key INEGI	Municipality	Municipal head	Population (2015)	Position	Date of creation
001	Ahome	The Mochis	459,310	3	1917
002	Angosture	Angosture	44,093	12	1916
003	Badiraguato	Badiraguato	26,542	15	1915
004	Concordia	Concordia	24.899	16	1915
005	Cosalá	Cosalá	17,012	18	1915
006	Culiacán	Culiacán Rosales	1,003,530	1	1915
007	Choix	Choix	29.334	14	1916
008	Elota	The Cross	55.339	10	1917
009	Escuinapa	Hidalgo Escuinapa	59.988	9	1915
010	The Fort	The Fort	96.593	6	1915
011	Guasave	Guasave	289,009	4	1916
012	Mazatlan	Mazatlan	501,441	2	1915
013	Mocorito	Mocorito	40,358	13	1915
014	Rosario	The Rosary	52,345	11	1915
015	Salvador Alvarado	Guamúchil	79,492	7	1962
016	San Ignacio	San Ignacio	19.505	17	1915
017	Sinaloa	Sinaloa de Leyva	78.670	8	1915
018	Navolato	Navolato	149.122	5	1982

Municipalities by Human Development Index in 2010

Municipalities of Sinaloa by IDH (2010)
Post		Municipality			IDH			comparable country
Report 2010	Change in 2005 report	Key INEGI	Name	Municipal head	Report 2010	Report 2005	Change in 2005 report
1	(3)	015	Salvador Alvarado	Guamúchil	0.8811 Very high.	0.8775	0.0036	South Korea
2	(1)	006	Culiacán	Culiacán Rosales	0.8791 Very high.	0.8790	0.0001	Finland
3	(1)	012	Mazatlan	Mazatlan	0.8785 Very high.	0.8881	0.0096	Switzerland
4	(3)	001	Ahome	The Mochis	0.8776 Very high.	0.8935	0.0159	France
5		002	Angosture	Angosture	0.8735 Very high.	0.8630	0.0105	Israel
6	(1)	011	Guasave	Guasave	0.8632 Very high.	0.8353	0.0279	Spain
7	(2)	009	Escuinapa	Hidalgo Escuinapa	0.8528 Very high.	0.8214	0.0299	Luxembourg
8		018	Navolato	Navolato	0.8513 Very high.	0.8281	0.0232	Qatar
9	(3)	010	The Fort	The Fort	0.8457 Very high.	0.8383	0.0074	Singapore
10	(4)	016	San Ignacio	San Ignacio	0.8452 Very high.	0.7755	0.0697	Cyprus
11		004	Concordia	Concordia	0.8406 Very high.	0.7857	0.0549	Estonia
12	(2)	014	Rosario	The Rosary	0.8319 Very high.	0.7900	0.0419	Andorra
13		008	Elota	The Cross	0.8298 Very high.	0.7827	0.0471	Slovenia
14	(2)	013	Mocorito	Mocorito	0.8217 Very high.	0.7845	0.0365	Slovakia
15		017	Sinaloa	Sinaloa de Leyva	0.8199 Very high.	0.7634	0.0565	Slovakia
16		005	Cosalá	Cosalá	0.8067 Very high.	0.7536	0.0531	Hungary
17		007	Choix	Choix	0.7957 High	0.7350	0.0607	Poland
18		003	Badiraguato	Badiraguato	0.7926 High	0.7234	0.0692	Barbados

Geography

Coordinates

Sinaloa is located in the Northwest of the country, between the coordinates 22° 31' and 26° 56' north latitude and 105° 24' and 109° 27' west longitude. The state has a total area of 58,200 square km, of which correspond to its continental surface and its insular surface. The state of Sinaloa represents 2.9% of the country's surface.

Sinaloa is located in a naturally fertile region, it has 12 rivers and 12 dams. It has 656 kilometers of coastline belonging mostly to the Gulf of California and the rest to the Pacific Ocean, which represents 5.6% of the national total. In addition to having 12 bays and 15 estuaries, it has a continental platform and 221,600 hectares of coastal lagoons.

Relief

Sinaloa Relieve

The relief of the state of Sinaloa is divided into two large areas: the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Pacific Coastal Plain.

Its climate is varied and presents a very rugged relief in the east, by the Sierra Madre Occidental, a mountain range that goes from the north of the entity to the south, and the southeast, where there are canyons and hills. The mountain range is inclined with falls that drop to 1000 meters, and has mountains higher than 2500 m s. no. m.

In the relief there is a wide plain of coastal plain that is found throughout the state, sometimes intercepted by very dry hills, in the northern region it is wide and reduced to the south, there is the Altamura Island and Isla San Ignacio, as well as bodies of water, one of them is El Caimanero. Within this coastal plain are agricultural valleys.

10% of the strip that goes from El Fuerte to Mazatlán is very dry and is located in the Los Mochis area, the remaining 2% is a temperate sub-humid climate located in the upper parts of the Sierra Madre Occidental.

The average minimum temperatures are around 10.5 °C in the month of January and the average maximum temperatures can be higher than 36 °C during the months of May to July. The rains occur in the summer during the months of July to September, the average rainfall in the state is annual.

Sinaloa is an important national agricultural producer, the main cultivation areas are found in dry and semi-dry climates, which requires irrigation, the main crops being: corn, beans, potatoes, safflower, soybeans, cotton, sorghum, chickpeas and safflower among others. In the region that has a warm sub-humid climate, tomato, watermelon, melon and vegetables are grown.

• Seco and Semiseco 40%
• Subhumid Ward 48 %
• Very dry 10%
• Subhumid temperature 2 %

Hydrography

The thirteen rivers of Sinaloa are listed below

Biodiversity

In the state of Sinaloa there is a great diversity of plant species, such as pine-oak and pine-ocotero forests, coconut oil, jute, huizache, palo blanco, oak, madroño and grasslands, mangrove, tule and guamúchil.

The species of animals that inhabit the entity are wild boar, white-tailed deer, tigrillo, quail; while in the sea there are shrimp, grouper, turtle, sea bass, snapper and sea bass.

Flora

• In the mountains Pino-encino and pine-ocotero forests.
• In the plains Coco of oil, yute, huisache, white stick, oak, hammock and grasslands.
• On the Mangle coasts, tule and guamuchil.

Fauna

• In plains and saws Onza, wild boar, white-tailed veneer, blemish, jaguar, cardinal, chara painted, codorniz and spring.
• In the shrimp, mero, turtle, steal it, pargo and corvina.

Protected natural areas

• Protection of flora and fauna Meseta de Cacaxtla
• Sanctuary Playa El Verde Camacho and Playa Ceuta

Infrastructure

Dams

Roads

The state of Sinaloa has one of the largest highway networks in the country. It is in the 7th position with a total length of land roads of 16,965 km, distributed in 5 categories: four-lane highways, two-lane highways, paved roads, dirt roads, and gaps. Of the total land roads (16,965 km) that run through the state, 4.68% are 4-lane roads, 25.74% are two-lane roads, 17.71% are paved roads, 19.10% It includes dirt roads and 32.77% are gaps. The state of Sinaloa has 793 km of 4-lane highways, which ranks 7th in the country, and its 4,367 km of 2-lane highways ranks 16th.

The federal highways that cross the state are: Federal Highway 15, Federal Highway 15D, Federal Highway 24, Federal Highway 40, and Federal Highway 40D.

Railroads

The state of Sinaloa has one of the largest railway networks in the country, it is in 8th place, with a total length of railways of 1,194.5 km, distributed in 3 categories, which are: trunks and branches, secondary and private.

Of the total number of railways (1,194.5 km), 75.79% are trunk and branch lines, 19.02% are secondary, and 5.19% are private. Most of the railway network is currently used for the transport of goods.

The state has the Chihuahua al Pacífico Railroad, it transports passengers, it is an important railway line in northwestern Mexico; connects the cities of Chihuahua in the state of Chihuahua and Los Mochis, in the state of Sinaloa, on the Pacific Ocean coast. It covers 673 km, crossing the Copper Canyon.

Airports

The state of Sinaloa has 3 international airports, located in the 3 main cities of the state, Culiacán, Mazatlán and Los Mochis.

Culiacán International Airport is an airport that handles national and international traffic for the city of Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico. This airport is part of the Centro Norte Airport Group and is the airport with the largest number of passengers and operations in the state of Sinaloa. It has a capacity for 22 operations per hour. It is the 9th busiest airport in Mexico.

The Mazatlán International Airport is an airport that handles national and international traffic for the city of Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico. This airport is the second most important in Sinaloa, after the Federal International Airport of Culiacán. It is located in the southeast area of the city and is one of four airports in Mexico that has a Control Area Center (Centro Mazatlán), the others being at the Mexico City International Airport, Monterrey International Airport and the International Airport from Merida. Centro Mazatlán controls air traffic over the northwestern part of the country.

Los Mochis International Airport is an airport that handles national and international traffic for the city of Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico. This airport is managed by Grupo Aeroportuario del Pacífico and is the third airport with the largest number of passengers and operations in the state of Sinaloa.

Ports

The state of Sinaloa has two seaports: the port of Mazatlán and the port of Topolobampo.

Topolobampo is a seaport and cabotage port with sea, land and air connections. It communicates the regions of the Sea of Cortez with the West of Mexico. The port of Topolobampo links the region with other states in northern Mexico thanks to the Chihuahua-Pacific Railroad, whose passenger terminal is located in the city of Los Mochis. The port is also the terminal for the ferry lines that connect the north of Sinaloa with La Paz, Baja California Sur.

Mazatlán is today a tourist, commercial and fishing port, located a few kilometers south of the Tropic of Cancer, at the confluence point of the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Cortez, facing the southern end of the peninsula of Baja California with which it connects via ferry; being the most important connection port on the western coast of Mexico with Los Angeles, Panama and the Mediterranean. It is located on a small peninsula that juts out into a natural bay, thus separating the fishing fleet and boat traffic from the shoreline, which stretches 26 km to the north.

Demographics

The INEGI released the results of the 2020 Population and Housing Census corresponding to the basic questionnaire. The total population in Sinaloa is 3,026,943 inhabitants. Of these, 1,532,128 are women (50.6%) and 1,494,815 are men (49.4%). Sinaloa ranks 17th nationally by number of inhabitants and fell 2 places compared to 2010. The median age in the state is 30 years. The population is mostly mestizo.

Population

According to the data provided by the Population and Housing Census carried out by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) with a census date of March 2 to 27, 2020, the state of Sinaloa had until that year with a total of 3,026,943 inhabitants, of that amount, 1,494,815 were men and 1,532,128 were women. The annual growth rate for the entity during the period 2005-2010 was 1.2%.

The Sinaloan population in recent years has experienced a rapid and continuous urbanization process, which has a percentage of 76%, mainly concentrated in its capital, Culiacán Rosales, which has a population of 808,416 inhabitants, second place is Mazatlán, with 441,975 inhabitants, third is Los Mochis, with 298,009 inhabitants, fourth is Guasave, with 77,849 inhabitants and fifth is Guamúchil, with 65,215 inhabitants. The rest of the important cities are Escuinapa, Villa Juárez, Navolato, Costa Rica and Leyva Solano, which do not exceed 50,000 inhabitants.

The population born in the entity exceeds 85%, the rest corresponds to the bordering states of Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango and Nayarit, another percentage corresponds to the rest of the country and finally to foreigners, which in 2010 amounted to 17,973.

Main cities

Culture

Plastic arts

Sinaloa is the cradle of great exponents in different expressions of the arts. In the area of painting, painters such as Ernesto Ríos Rocha, Elva García, Roberto Gandarilla, Baltazar Rivera, Carlos Maciel, Ricardo Corral, Antonio López Sáenz, Gabriela Campos, among others, stand out.

Music

Sinaloan banda music is the type of music recognized as original and typical of the State of Sinaloa, its instrumental composition sets it apart from other musical styles in the country.

Architecture

Some architectural monuments of the state are:

• church of our lady of guadalupe in Guamúchil
• San Sebastian Church in Concordia; dates from 1700
• Temple of Saint Ignatius of Loyola of the CenturyXVIIreconstructed in the centuryXIXon the ruins of the Jesuit Church in the municipality of Choix
• Church of San Pedro, in Alhuey, municipality of Angostura, dates from 1872
• Basilica Cathedral of Our Lady of the Rosary, dates from 1842; Imala temple, dates from the centuryXVI; ruins of the Temple of Tabalá, in the municipality of Culiacán
• Temple of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, built in the centuryXVIIin the municipality of El Fuerte
• Temple of Our Lady of the Rosary: ruins of the Church of Guadalupe in the community of Nío built in the centuryXVIIin the municipality of Guasave
• Church of the Pure Conception, in the municipality of Mocorito, dates from the centuryXVIII
• Temple of San Francisco de Assisi, in the municipality of Navolato
• Temple of Our Lady of the Rosary, with golden altarpieces, built in the centuryXVIIIin the municipality of Rosario

History of historical monuments

"Benjamin Francis Johnston" Botanical Garden, in Los Mochis, Sinaloa. Designed by Florence Yoch and Lucille Council, in 1930.

The most representative monuments of the towns of mining origin are three: the church of San Sebastián, in Concordia; that of Nuestra Señora del Rosario, in the town of the same name, and that of San Juan Bautista, in Copala, these constructions from the last third of the century XVIII, with Baroque façades of finely carved quarry. In all three, a similar distribution of the bodies can be seen, with semicircular arches framed by columns with plant decoration.

To the north, the missionary system had a special government and organization, where the military chief acted in agreement with the Jesuits. The religious architecture corresponds to the Jesuit missions, although several of its constructions suffered damage after their expulsion. Examples of these are the temples of San Ignacio de Choix, with a simple doorway and a belfry with a double bell tower; that of San Juan, in El Fuerte, whose baroque façade shows an interesting curtain carved in stone over the access arch; and Nío, an unfinished construction whose walls are still standing and present a beautiful semicircular arch decorated with grooves.

The cities of Culiacán and Mazatlán have magnificent monuments from the XIX century. In the state capital, the Cathedral attracts attention, due to the slenderness of its towers and the interpretation of its neoclassical style, typical of that time, and the Municipal Palace, originally intended for a seminar, a sober building whose attraction is the play of volumes..

For its part, Mazatlán has one of the most beautiful theaters, an example of the French influence in the architecture of the second half of the 19th century. In the Cathedral of Mazatlán, the eclecticism typical of the beginning of the XX century is appreciable, in the interesting mix of styles that gives it its quirky charm.

Monuments, sculptures and busts in honor of national and local heroes

• Monument to Gabriel Leyva Solano, prototyr of the Mexican Revolution.
• Monument to the Cahita race, erected on the occasion of the fourth centenary of the Spanish foundation of Guasave.
• Monuments in honor of Benito Juárez, José María Morelos, Miguel Hidalgo, Agustina Ramírez, Rafael Buelna Tenorio, Soldado Desconocido, Emiliano Zapata and Mother Earth in Culiacán.
• Sculpture to Don Miguel Hidalgo in the municipality of Cosalá.
• Buses of General Macario Gaxiola and Don Benito Juárez in the municipality of Angostura.
• The whole first painting in the city of El Fuerte. Officially declared a colonial area.
• Colonial houses of the Baymena community in Choix.
• Historical center of colonial style of the old Villa de San Sebastián, Concordia.
• Mazatlan City Center.

Gastronomy

Although fish and shellfish are an important part of the gastronomic specialties of Sinaloa, a dish that has stood out inside and outside the state is chilorio, finely shredded pork seasoned with ancho chile sauce and other spices. Sinaloa-style grilled chicken is another specialty that has spread to other places. The mochomo, beef jerky type, is another typical Sinaloan specialty, as are the papelones squabs, the cut for roast beef called cabrería, and the Sinaloan shrimp in "aguachile", marinated in lemon juice, stuffed with grated cheese, wrapped with bacon or cooked on the grill, as well as zarandeado fish.

Sports

The ulama, a regional version of the pre-Hispanic ball game, is still practiced in the state, especially in the municipalities of Guasave, Mocorito and Angostura. Currently the state hosts professional league teams in baseball, soccer and basketball, in the state of Sinaloa the most popular sport and with the longest tradition is baseball.

Baseball

Sinaloa has 4 professional baseball teams that participate in the Mexican Pacific League, which have been participating for more than 50 years.

• Tomateros de Culiacán
• Venados de Mazatlan
• Cañeros de Los Mochis
• Algodoneros de Guasave

Basketball

Sinaloa has 3 professional basketball teams that participate in the Pacific Coast Basketball Circuit, said circuit began its second stage in 2001.

• Knights of Culiacán
• Venados de Mazatlan
• Pioneros de Los Mochis

Football

Sinaloa has 4 professional soccer teams, 3 of which participate in different promotion leagues and 1 in the First Division of the Mexican Soccer Federation.

• Mazatlan Soccer Club (Liga BBVA MX)
• Dorados de Sinaloa (Liga de Ascenso de México)
• Los Mochis bats (Second Division of Mexico)
• UAS Eagles (Mexican Third Division)

Local festivals and festivals

Sinaloa has several festivals that are celebrated throughout the year, these festivals are part of the cultural heritage of the Sinaloans

Sister States

State	Country	Year
DF (Mexico, D. F.)	Mexico Mexico	2009

Northwest: Sonora	North: Sonora	Northeast: Chihuahua
West: Pacific Ocean		This: Durango
Southwest: Pacific Ocean	South: Nayarit	Sureste: Durango