September 1st
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Contenido September 1 is the 244th (two hundred and forty-fourth) day of the year—the 245th (two hundred and forty-fifth) in leap years—in the Gregorian calendar. There are 121 days left to end the year.
Events
- 5509 B.C.: date of the creation of the world in the Byzantine Empire, which begins its calendar.
- 672: In Spain begins the reign of the Visigoth king Wamba.
- 1054: Battle of Atapuerca between Fernando I de León and his brother García Sánchez III, king of Navarra.
- 1513: Vasco Núñez de Balboa takes part in his expedition to cross the isthmus of Panama, where he would discover the Pacific Ocean.
- 1532: In England, Ana Bolena becomes the Marquise of Pembroke by order of his fiancé, King Henry VIII.
- 1715: the king of France Louis XIV died, ending with 72 years of reign, the longest of all European monarchies.
- 1730: On the island of Lanzarote the Timanfaya volcano erupted.
- 1802: in Buenos Aires, Dr. Juan Hipólito Vieytes sells the first number of Weekly of Agriculture, Industry and Trade.
- 1804: Astronomer Karl Ludwig Harding discovers Juno, one of the greatest asteroids.
- 1823: Simon Bolivar arrives in Lima and assumes the supreme political and military authority of Peru.
- 1851: In Havana, Cuba, Narcissus López, leader of the insurrection, is shot.
- 1864: In Georgia (United States)—during the U.S. Civil War—the confederate army orders the evacuation of Atlanta after a four-month site by the unionist forces.
- 1870: Cirilo Antonio Rivarola is appointed interim president of Paraguay.
- 1870: the battle of Sedan begins, in which Napoleon III, the emperor of France, would surrender to the Prussians.
- 1882: General Ulysses Heureaux takes office in his first term as President of the Dominican Republic.
- 1886: in Zurich (Switzerland) the Grasshopper-Club is founded.
- 1891: In Argentina, Juan Vucetich founded the first fingerprint identification laboratory; in the future this date will be established as the World Day of Dactiloscopy.
- 1897: In Boston, USA, the Boston Metro is inaugurated.
- 1905: Alberta and Saskatchewan join the Canadian Confederation.
- 1910: In Brazil, Corinthians was founded, one of its most important football clubs.
- 1914: The Russian city of St.Petersburg changes its name to Petrograd.
- 1914: The last migratory dove dies at the Cincinnati Zoo.
- 1920: General Henri Gouraud proclaims the State of Great Lebanon, with Beirut as capital, which would form a federation with the rest of the states created by France (Damasco, Aleppo, Alauita State and Jabal al-Druze).
- 1923: The devastating Great Kantō earthquake hits much of Japan, killing 142 807 people.
- 1924: in Ecuador, Gonzalo Córdova assumes power in an environment of social and military agitation.
- 1925: start of operations of the Bank of Mexico, which was founded on August 25.
- 1928: In Albania, Ahmet Zogu establishes the monarchy and proclaims himself king.
- 1932: Peruvian troops enter Leticia, starting the Collombo-Peruvian War
- 1934: José María Velasco Ibarra assumes as president of Ecuador.
- 1939: Nazi Germany invades Poland, starting World War II.
- 1940: in Ecuador, Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río assumes the presidency.
- 1946: in Greece the restoration of the monarchy with 68.4% of votes is approved in referendum, allowing the return of King George II, exiled since the creation of the Second Hellenic Republic in 1924.
- 1948: The Parliamentary Council (chaired by Konrad Adenauer) is constituted in Bonn, Germany.
- 1951: Australia, New Zealand and the United States Sign ANZUS (Pacific Security Tripartite).
- 1958: The World Health Organization (WHO) begins its functions in New York.
- 1959: In Asunción (Paraguay) the radio and dancer Bernardo Aranda died in the context of a homophobic crime. Alfredo Stroessner's right-wing dictatorship produces a list of 108 known homosexuals and jails them as suspects. (To date, male homosexuals are called "108" in Paraguay.)
- 1961: The first conference of the Non-Aligned Movement is held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
- 1962: a violent earthquake asolates Iran, leaving about 20 000 dead.
- 1962: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 20 probe to Venus, but it will not be able to leave the Earth orbit.
- 1968: In Mexico City, Channel 13 begins regular operations.
- 1969: In Libya, King Idris is overthrown by a revolution and assumes the power Muammar al-Gaddafi.
- 1969: the reform of Paragraph 175 of the German Criminal Code begins to apply, allowing the practice of homosexuality among persons over the age of 21.
- 1972: in Reikiavik (Iceland) Bobby Fischer crowns world chess champion by defeating the Soviet Boris Spassky.
- 1974: In Nicaragua, Anastasio Somoza Debayle is re-elected president.
- 1974: In Tehran (Iran) the 7th Asian Games begin.
- 1978: Bangladesh Nationalist Party Foundation
- 1979: the Pioneer 11 space probe overflights Saturn at a minimum distance of 21 000 km.
- 1980: In Buenos Aires, during this month, the Military Board experienced an intense internal dispute over the succession of dictator Jorge Rafael Videla.
- 1981: In the Central African Republic, a coup d ' état defeats the government of David Dacko.
- 1982: Mexican banks are nationalized.
- 1983: in the middle of the Cold War, Korean Air's 007 flight erroneously enters Soviet airspace and is shot down by fighter planes; the 269 occupants die.
- 1985: a Franco-American expedition discovers the remains of the British ship Titanic, sunk in the Atlantic Ocean since 1912.
- 1989: The light train of Guadalajara (Mexico) opened
- 1991: Uzbekistan is independent of the Soviet Union.
- 1992: an earthquake and tsunami hit Nicaragua, leaving 116 dead and 153 disappeared.
- 1994: in Panama, Ernesto Pérez Balladares assumes the presidency.
- 1999: in Panama, Mireya Moscoso assumes the presidency. She's the first Panamanian woman to do it.
- 2004: in Beslan, North Ossetia, Chechen terrorists start taking hostages in a school (Masacre de Beslan).
- 2004: in Panama, Martín Torrijos Espino assumes the presidency.
- 2005: Sony Computer Entertainment launches PlayStation Portable (PSP).
- 2006: Luxembourg is the first country to complete the transition from analogue to digital television.
- 2010: Apple launches the sixth generation of its nano ipod.
- 2011: the social network Snapchat is created in the United States.
- In the European Union, incandescent bulbs are no longer produced.
- 2016: In Venezuela, the political opposition foresees a mobilization of the capital of the country called the "Toma de Caracas", with the aim of pressing the government of Nicolás Maduro, to carry out the revocatory referendum.
- 2017: The Hurricane "Harvey" causes, in its turn, the biggest floods in the history of the U.S. With more than 63 dead and more than 30,000 evacuees.
- 2018: in Mexico, the LXIV Legislature of the Congress of the Union enters sessions.
- 2019: The German President, Frank Walter Steinmeier, asks for forgiveness of Poland, on the 80th anniversary of the beginning of World War II, for the damage caused by Nazism.
- 2022: a Brazilian transeúnte tried to assassinate without success, the vice president of the Argentine Republic Cristina Fernández de Kirchner with a Bersa calibre 380 weapon, due to this the president of the Argentine country, Alberto Fernández declared a national fair for the Argentine people to express their dissent with this fact.
Births
- 1341: Frederick III of Sicily, Sicilian king (f. 1377).
- 1453: Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, "El Gran Capitán", militar castellano (f. 1515).
- 1526: Catherine Jagellón, Polish aristocrat, Queen of Sweden (f. 1583).
- 1529: Taddeo Zúccaro, Italian painter (f. 1566).
- 1566: Edward Alleyn, an English actor (f. 1626).
- 1588: Henry II de Borbón-Condé, aristocrat french (f. 1646).
- 1651: Natalia Naryshkina, Zarina Russian (f. 1694).
- 1653: Johann Pachelbel, German composer (f. 1706).
- 1689: Kilián Ignác Dientzenhofer, Czech-German architect (f. 1751).
- 1692: Egid Quirin Asam, German sculptor (f. 1750).
- 1709: Domingo de Basavilbaso, entrepreneur and Spanish politician, founder of the post at the Rio de la Plata (f. 1775).
- 1711: William IV, Dutch aristocrat (f. 1751).
- 1718: Antoine de Chézy, French engineer (f. 1798).
- 1756: Miguel José Sanz, lawyer, politician and Venezuelan journalist, procer de la independencia (f. 1814).
- 1758: George Spencer, British aristocrat (f. 1834).
- 1761: Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob Paulus, German theologian (f. 1852).
- 1778: James Thompson, Scottish Baptist teacher and pastor (f. 1884).
- 1795: James Gordon Bennett, American journalist, founder of New York Herald (f. 1872).
- 1804: Mariana Pineda, heroin and symbol of the Spanish contribution to the struggle for rights and freedoms in Europe (f. 1831).
- 1814: Ignacio Mejía, Mexican military and political (f. 1906).
- 1835: William Stanley Jevons, British economist (f. 1882).
- 1838: Dardo Rocha, Argentine lawyer and military, founder of the city of La Plata (f. 1921).
- 1839: Sarah Winchester, wife of magnate William Wirt Winchester and heir to 51% of the company's actions, becoming one of the richest women in the world.
- 1846: Carlo Cafiero, Italian anarchist (f. 1892).
- 1848: Auguste-Henri Forel, Swiss entomologist (f. 1931).
- 1854: Engelbert Humperdinck, German composer (f. 1921).
- 1855: Innokienti Ánnienski, Russian poet (f. 1901).
- 1862: Inazō Nitobe, a Japanese writer and diplomat (f. 1933).
- 1864: Roger Casement, British diplomat, Irish poet and revolutionary (f. 1916).
- 1865: Enrique Tornú, Argentinian surgeon and hygienist (f. 1901).
- 1875: Edgar Rice Burroughs, American writer, creator of Tarzan (f. 1950).
- 1877: Francis Aston, a British physicist and chemistry award in 1922 (f. 1945).
- 1878: Tullio Serafin, director of orchestra and Italian musician (f. 1968).
- 1886: Othmar Schoeck, Swiss orchestra director and composer (f. 1957).
- 1886: Tarsila do Amaral, Brazilian painter (f. 1973).
- 1887: Blaise Cendrars, Swiss-French writer (f. 1961).
- 1892: Harold Lamb, historian, novelist and writer of American cinema (f. 1962).
- 1893: Alfonso Grosso Sánchez, Spanish painter (f. 1983).
- 1893: Betty Blythe, American actress (f. 1972).
- 1896: Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, Indian religious, founder of the Hare Krishna movement (f. 1977).
- 1897: Johan de Haas, a Dutch writer and anarchist (f. 1945).
- 1898: Richard Arlen, American actor (f. 1976).
- 1900: José Pedro Cea, Uruguayan footballer (f. 1970).
- 1906: Joaquín Balaguer, a Dominican politician and president (f. 2002).
- 1906: Franz Biebl, German composer (f. 2001).
- 1906: Eleanor Hibbert, British writer (f. 1993).
- 1907: Gabriel Sánchez de la Cuesta, a Spanish doctor (f. 1982).
- 1910: Pierre Bézier, French mathematician (f. 1999).
- 1911: Francisco Bonilla Martí, obstetrician and Spanish gynecologist (f. 1994).
- 1911: Kōmei Abe, composer, conductor and Japanese musician (f. 2006)
- 1915: Émile Masson, Belgian cyclist (f. 2011).
- 1915: Xam, a Spanish painter (f. 2001).
- 1917: Rinus Meijer, Dutch sculptor (f. 1985).
- 1920: Leny Eversong, Brazilian singer (f. 1984).
- 1920: Richard Farnsworth, American actor (f. 2000).
- 1920: Joyce King, Australian athlete (f. 2001).
- 1920: Hubert Lampo, Belgian writer (f. 2006).
- 1920: Reynaldo Mompel, Argentine actor (f. 2005).
- 1922: Yvonne De Carlo, Canadian actress (f. 2007).
- 1922: Vittorio Gassman, an Italian actor (f. 2000).
- 1923: Rocky Marciano, American boxer (f. 1969).
- 1923: Kenneth Thomson, a collector and a Canadian businessman (f. 2006).
- 1924: Gustavo Bueno, Spanish philosopher (f. 2016).
- 1925: Roy J. Glauber, U.S. physicist, nobel physical award in 2005 (f. 2018).
- 1925: Art Pepper, saxophoneist and American jazz musician (f. 1982).
- 1929: Eduardo Colombo, doctor and Argentine anarchist (f. 2018).
- 1930: Roberto González Barrera, a Mexican entrepreneur and philanthropist (f. 2012).
- 1930: Michel Serrés, French philosopher (f. 2019).
- 1931: Javier Solís, singer of boleros and Mexican actor (f. 1966).
- 1931: Abdul Haq Ansari, Indian Islamic thinker (f. 2012)
- 1931: Arturo Pomar, Spanish chess player (f. 2016)
- 1933: Conway Twitty, American country musician (f. 1993).
- 1933: Ann Richards, US policy (f. 2006).
- 1934: Terepai Maoate, a Cookian politician (f. 2012).
- 1935: Raúl Araiza, Mexican producer and filmmaker (f. 2013).
- 1935: Seiji Ozawa, director of Japanese orchestra and musician.
- 1936: Valeri legásov, a Soviet scientist recognized for his research work in the explosion of the Chernobyl nuclear plant on 26 April 1986 (f. 1988).
- 1937: Allen Jones, British artist.
- 1938: Per Kirkeby, Danish painter.
- 1939: Xavier Rubert de Ventós, philosopher, writer, professor and Spanish politician.
- 1939: Lily Tomlin, American actress and comedian.
- 1940: Annie Ernaux, French writer and professor, Nobel Prize in Literature 2022.
- 1942: C. J. Cherryh, American writer.
- 1942: António Lobo Antunes, Portuguese writer.
- 1943: Raymundo Capetillo, Mexican actor (f. 2020).
- 1944: Leonard Slatkin director of American orchestra.
- 1945: Mustafa Balel, Turkish writer and translator.
- 1946: Barry Gibb, British musician, Bee Gees band.
- 1946: Roh Moo-hyun, South Korean President (f. 2009).
- 1947: Leonardo Simons, Argentine television presenter (f. 1996).
- 1948: Ramón Jáuregui, Spanish politician.
- 1950: Mikhail Fradkov, Russian politician.
- 1950: Phil McGraw, psychologist, TV presenter and American writer.
- 1951: Yoel Acosta Chirinos, Venezuelan military and political.
- 1951: Cristina Lemercier, actress and presenter of Argentine television (f. 1996).
- 1952: Benjamin Monterroso, footballer and Guatemalan coach.
- 1955: Jesús Bonilla, actor and Spanish filmmaker.
- 1957: Gloria Estefan (Gloria María Milagrosa Fajardo García), American singer.
- 1957: Duško Ivanović, Montenegrin player and basketball coach.
- 1957: Mohammad Ali Jafari, Iranian military, current commander of the revolutionary guard.
- 1958: Armi Aavikko, Finnish singer (f. 2002).
- 1960: Eric Adams, American politician.
- 1961: Scott Bigelow, American professional fighter (f. 2007).
- 1962: Ruud Gullit, Dutch footballer.
- 1965: Craig McLachlan, Australian actor and singer.
- 1966: Tim Hardaway, American basketball player.
- 1966: Ariel Rivera, Filipino actor and singer.
- 1968: Mohamed Atta, Egyptian terrorist leader of the 11S and participant of the attack (f. 2001).
- 1969: Armando Araiza, Mexican actor.
- 1969: Enric Masip, Spanish basketball player.
- 1969: Darius Scotto, Argentine footballer.
- 1970: Hwang Jung-min, South Korean actor.
- 1970: Padma Lakshmi, actress, model and Indian television presenter.
- 1971: Lâm, a French singer of Tunisian origin.
- 1971: Jimmy Snuka, Jr., American professional fighter.
- 1971: Hakan Şükür, Turkish footballer.
- 1972: José Luis García Pérez, Spanish actor.
- 1975: Cuttino Mobley, American basketball player.
- 1975: Omar Rodríguez-López, Puerto Rican musician, of the band The Mars Volta.
- 1975: Scott Speedman, an Anglo-Canadian actor.
- 1975: Maritza Rodríguez, actress, model, presenter and Colombian businessman.
- 1976: Érik Morales, Mexican boxer.
- 1976: Jada Fire, American pornographic actress.
- 1977: David Albelda, Spanish footballer.
- 1979: James O'Connor, Irish footballer.
- 1979: Fernando Varela, Spanish footballer.
- 1979: Cecilia Piñeiro, Mexican actress.
- 1980: Sammy Adjei, Ghanaian footballer.
- 1980: José Madero Vizcaíno, Mexican singer, of the Panda band.
- 1981: Luis Rojas Alou, Dominican coach.
- 1982: Ryan Gomes, American basketball player.
- 1982: Guillermo Dutra, Uruguayan footballer.
- 1983: Marcelo Carrusca, Argentine soccer player.
- 1983: José Antonio Reyes, Spanish footballer (f. 2019).
- 1984: Joseph Trohman, American guitarist, of the Fall Out Boy band.
- 1984: Yūta Hiraoka, Japanese actor.
- 1985: Camile Velasco, Filipino singer.
- 1986: Calais Campbell, American football player.
- 1986: Gaël Monfils, French tennis player.
- 1986: Stella Mwangi, Norwegian singer of Kenyan origin.
- 1987: Emma Kete, New Zealand footballer.
- 1988: Chanel West Coast, American rapper and model
- 1989: Bill and Tom Kaulitz, German musicians, from the Tokyo Hotel band.
- 1989: Jefferson Montero, Ecuadorian footballer.
- 1989: Daniel Sturridge, British footballer.
- 1989: Lea Sirk, Slovenian singer.
- 1990: Stanislav Tecl, Czech footballer.
- 1991: Haukur Heiðar Hauksson, Icelandic footballer.
- 1992: Kirani James, Grandadian athlete.
- 1994: Carlos Sainz Jr., Spanish Formula 1 pilot.
- 1994: Melvin De La Cruz, renowned Dominican entrepreneur.
- 1994: Bianca Ryan, American singer.
- 1995: Munir, Spanish footballer.
- 1996: Elsa Jean, American actress.
- 1996: Zendaya, American actress.
- 1997: Jungkook, South Korean singer, member of the BTS group.
- 1998: Juan Manuel Celaya, a Mexican bullfighter.
Deaths
- 870: Muhammad Ibn Ismail Al-Bujari, Islamic scholar (n. 810).
- 1054: García Sánchez III of Pamplona, king of Pamplona and Nájera (n. 1012).
- 1067: Balduino V, aristocrat flamenco (n. 1012).
- 1159: Adriano IV, English pope (n. 1100).
- 1256: Kujō Yoritsune, Japanese shogun (n. 1218).
- 1557: Jacques Cartier, French explorer (n. 1491).
- 1581: Guru Ram Das, Pakistani religious, fourth of the ten gurus of the Sikh religion (n. 1534).
- 1615: Étienne Pasquier, French historian (n. 1529).
- 1648: Marin Mersenne, French mathematician (n. 1588).
- 1687: Henry More, a British philosopher (n. 1614).
- 1715: François Girardon, French sculptor (n. 1628).
- 1715: Louis XIV, King Sol, king of France (n. 1638).
- 1729: Richard Steele, essayist, playwright and British statesman (n. 1672).
- 1838: William Clark, American explorer (n. 1770).
- 1850: Karl Friedrich von Gärtner, German botanist (n. 1772).
- 1856: William Yarrell, a British naturalist (n. 1784).
- 1871: Luis González Bravo, Spanish writer and politician (n. 1811).
- 1906: Giuseppe Giacosa, Italian poet (n. 1847).
- 1936: Isaac Puente, Basque physician, theorist of anarchism (n. 1896).
- 1942: Juan José Domínguez Muñoz, an anti-franist Spanish phalangist (n. 1916).
- 1947: Frederick Russell Burnham, American military, inspiring from sculptism (n. 1861).
- 1948: Feng Yuxiang, Chinese republican military and political leader (n. 1882)
- 1951: Wols (Alfred Schultze), German painter and photographer (n. 1913).
- 1961: Eero Saarinen, American architect (n. 1910).
- 1968: Giuseppe Enrici, Italian cyclist (n. 1898).
- 1969: Michael Lippert, German military commander of the Nazi SS (n. 1897).
- 1970: François Mauriac, French writer, nobel literature award in 1952 (n. 1885).
- 1972: He Xiangning, revolutionary, feminist, painter and Chinese poet (n. 1878)
- 1977: Ethel Waters, American actress and singer (n. 1896).
- 1981: Albert Speer, German Nazi architect (n. 1905).
- 1982: Haskell Curry, American mathematician and logical (n. 1900).
- 1982: Vladislav Gomulka, Polish politician (n. 1905).
- 1983: Joaquín Manuel Gutiérrez, soccer player and Costa Rican coach (n. 1893).
- 1985: Stefan Bellof, German Formula 1 pilot (n. 1957).
- 1986: Ramón Carande, Spanish historian and economist (n. 1887).
- 1988: Luis Walter Álvarez, American scientist, nobel prize of physics in 1968 (n. 1911).
- 1989: Kazimierz Deyna, Polish footballer (n. 1947).
- 1990: Afanasi Beloborodov, Soviet military (n. 1903)
- 1990: Arnoldo Gabaldón, doctor, researcher and Venezuelan politician (n. 1909)
- 1991: Otl Aicher, German designer (n. 1922).
- 1991: Don Pelele (Francisco Quiroga), humorist and Argentine actor (n. 1923).
- 1995: Juan José Míguez, Argentine actor (n. 1918).
- 1995: María de la Cruz Toledo, Chilean politician and activist (n. 1912).
- 1997: Zoltán Czibor, Hungarian footballer (n. 1929).
- 2003:
- Eulalio González, actor, film director, screenwriter and Mexican singer (n. 1921)
- Ramón Serrano Súñer, lawyer and Spanish politician (n. 1901).
- 2004: Ripsimé Djanpoladián, armenologa, epigrafist and Soviet archaeologist of Armenian origin (n. 1918)
- 2007: Rafael Ortega Porras, potter and Spanish ceramist (n. 1938).
- 2013:
- Jean Haritschelhar, French writer (n. 1923).
- Tommy Morrison, American boxer (n. 1969).
- Ignacio Eizaguirre, footballer and Spanish coach (n. 1920)
- 2016: Jon Polito, American actor(n. 1950).
- 2018: Randy Weston, American pianist (n. 1926).
- 2020:
- Erick Morillo, DJ and colombo-American music producer (n. 1971).
- Vladislav Krapivin, Russian writer (n. 1938).
- John Sarkis Najarian, American surgeon, pioneer of organ transplants (n. 1927).
- 2021:
- Norberto Oyarbide, federal judge and Argentine lawyer (n. 1951).
- Shannon Claire Spruill, professional fighter and American actress (n. 1975).
- Adalberto Álvarez, Cuban musician, «The Knight of the Son» (n. 1948)
- José Luis Navas-Migueloa Alonso, Spanish writer and journalist (n. 1937).
Celebrations
- International Day of Dactiloscopia
- International Day of Elements.
- First day of classes in many countries of Asia, Europe and America
- Knowledge Day (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Armenia)
Australia:
- Acacia Day
- Slovakia
Slovakia:
- Constitutional Day
- Honduras
Honduras:
- Flag Day
- Japan
Japan:
- Day of Disaster Prevention
- New Zealand
New Zealand:
- Day of Fairness at Azar
- Poland
Poland:
- Veterans Day
Republic of China:
- Journalist Day
- Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan:
- Independence Day
Catholic saints list
- Our Lady of Remedies
- San Arturo.
- Saint Joshua (s.IXa. C.)
- Saint Sixtus of Reims, bishop (s. III)
- San Prisco de Capua, martyr (s. IV)
- St. Terenciano of Todi, Bishop (s. IV)
- Saint Vincent de Dax, bishop and martyr (s. IV)
- Santa Verena de Zurzach (s. IV)
- St. Victorio de Le Mans, bishop (490)
- San Constancio de Aquino, Bishop (570)
- San Gil de Nimes (s. VI)
- Saint Lupo de Sens, bishop (623)
- San Gil de Casaio, monk and abbot (s. XII)
- Blessed Juliana de Collalto, Abbot (1262)
- Blessed Juana Soderini, virgin (1367)
- Blessed Cristino Roca Huguet and eleven companions, martyrs (1936)
- Blessed Alfonso Sebastiá Viñals, priest and martyr (1936)
- Blessed Pedro Rivera Rivera, María del Carmen Moreno Benítez and María del Refugio Carbonell Muñoz, martyrs (1936)
- Saint Vincent and Leto, martyrs
Anglican Saints
- David Pendleton Oakerhater
- San Egidio
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