Sao Paulo

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São Paulo (in Spanish Sao Paulo), officially called Municipio de São Paulo, is the most populous city in Brazil and of the entire American continent, capital of the state of São Paulo and the main city of the metropolitan region of São Paulo, in the southeast region of the country. With a population of 12,396,372 inhabitants (in 2021) in its own city and 22,048,504 inhabitants in its metropolitan area (in 2021), they make up the most populous city and metropolis in America and the Western Hemisphere, in addition to be among the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. It is also the most populous city in Lusophony (largest city/metropolis in the Portuguese-speaking world).

São Paulo is the most influential Brazilian city on the global stage, being, in 2016, the 11th most globalized city on the planet, receiving the classification of alpha global city, by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group & Network (GaWC). It is also the most populous and important Lusophone city in the world in demographic, cultural and economic terms.

It is an important financial center of Latin America, some sources place it as the best city to do business in Latin America. It is called by Brazilians as the city that cannot stop. and is classified as an Alpha-type global city. According to studies by the consultancies Brookings, AméricaEconomía and PriceWaterhouseCoopers, it is the richest city in Latin America, according to its GDP (PPP). In 2017, São Paulo was listed as the city with the most billionaires in Latin America and South America, and the 4th of the continent.

São Paulo is one of the great centers of culture, entertainment, fashion and business worldwide. The Bovespa is the 13th largest stock exchange (by market value) in the world and the largest in Latin America. According to the Bovespa website, more than 500 companies are listed on this market. Pizza is one of the city's favorite dishes, with a production of about 1 million units per day, accounting for 30% of national sales. second only to New York.

History

First peoples

The area where Greater São Paulo is located was inhabited mainly by the indigenous tribe of the Guaianás in the pre-Cabralino period, a people who also dominated the region of present-day Vale do Ribeira. The Guayana Indians were hunter-gatherers nomads. They did not live in holes and were in the habit of living in holes lined with animal skins and branches. At the beginning of the 19th century, this indigenous people became extinct.

Basic

Fundação de São Paulo, picture of Oscar Pereira da Silva (1909).

Pátio do Colégio, in the Historic Center, where the city was founded in 1554. The current building is a reconstruction from the Jesuit building created in 1653.

The town of São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga (indigenous place-name that means “dry fish” or “dry fish”, due to the flooding of the river), in turn, arose on January 25, 1554 with the construction of a Jesuit school house (now Pátio do Colégio) for twelve priests, including Manuel da Nóbrega and José de Anchieta, on top of a steep hill, between the Anhangabaú and Tamanduateí rivers. This school, which operated in a mud shed, had as its purpose the catechism of the Indians who lived in the region of the Planalto de Piratininga, separated from the coast by the Serra do Mar, called by the Indians "Serra de Paranapiacaba". São Paulo because the school was founded on January 25, the same day that the Catholic Church celebrates the conversion of the Apostle Paul of Tarso, as Father José de Anchieta said in a letter to the Company of Jesus: "The On January 25 of the year of our Lord 1554, we celebrated the first mass in a very poor house and close, the day of the conversion of the Apostle Saint Paul and, therefore, we dedicate our house to him!”

The settlement of the Pátio do Colégio region began in 1560, when, during the visit of Mem de Sá, Governor General of Brazil, to the Captaincy of São Vicente, he ordered the transfer of the population of the village of Santo André da Borda do Campo, founded in 1553 by João Ramalho and located on the road to the sea (current ABC region of São Paulo), on the outskirts of the school, called "Colégio de São Paulo de Piratininga", a higher and more suitable place (a hill cliff adjacent to a large alluvial plain, the Várzea do Carmo, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the lowland valley, the Anhangabaú Valley), to better protect oneself of the Indian attacks.

In 1562, however, uneasy about the alliance between the Tupiniquinos and the Portuguese, the Tupinambá Indians, united in the Confederation of Tamoios, launched a series of attacks against the town on July 9, in the episode known as the Piratininga site. The defense organized by Tibiriçá and João Ramalho forced the indigenous people to withdraw on July 10 of the same year. Still in 1590, faced with the imminence of a new attack, the city prepared itself again with defense works. At the turn of the XVII century, attacks by indigenous peoples decreased and settlement was consolidated, in the words of Alcântara Machado: & #34;After all, with the withdrawal, submission and extermination of the gentle neighbors, the condition of the people of São Paulo becomes more relaxed and the regular use of the floor".

Captainry Capital

São Paulo remained, for the next two centuries, as a poor town isolated from the center of gravity of the colony, the coast, and maintained itself through subsistence farming. São Paulo was, for a long time, the only town in the interior of Brazil. This isolation from São Paulo occurred mainly because it was extremely difficult to climb the Serra do Mar on foot from Vila de Santos or Vila de São Vicente to the Piratininga plateau. This ascent was made by the Caminho do Padre José de Anchieta Mem de Sá, during his visit to the Captaincy of São Vicente, had prohibited the use of the & # 34;Caminho do Piraiquê & # 34; (today Piaçaguera), because there were frequent attacks by the Indians.

Monument to the Bandeiras, in homage and the Bandeirantes

Monument to Independence in the homonymous park, where the independence of Brazil was proclaimed

In the XVII century, men who worked in the southeast region with the exploitation of minerals, enslaving indigenous people and capturing of runaway slaves, who in their time were known as "paulistas" or "sertanistas", were responsible for the beginning of the Bandeiras expeditions, which generally left the city of São Paulo following the course of the rivers, creating trails and support points that would later become in cities. These explorations, which ended up expanding the territory of the colony of the State of Brazil, had as their main objective the capture of indigenous people for slavery through attacks on Jesuit villages and missions. The main "bandeirantes," as these men were later known, were Fernão Dias Pais, Manuel de Borba Gato, Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva (Anhanguera), Domingos Jorge Velho, Antônio Raposo Tavares, Nicolau Barreto and Manuel Black.

On March 22, 1681, the Marquis of Cascais, grantee of the Captaincy of São Vicente, transferred the capital of the Captaincy of São Vicente to Vila de São Paulo, which became the "Cabeça da Captaincy". The new capital was installed on April 23, 1683, with great public celebrations.

Because it was the poorest region of the Portuguese colony in America, São Paulo began the activity of the pioneers, who dispersed throughout the interior of the country hunting Indians because, being extremely poor, the paulistas could not buy African slaves. They also went looking for gold and diamonds. The discovery of gold in the Minas Gerais region in the 1690s turned the kingdom's attention to São Paulo.

On November 3, 1709, the new Captaincy of São Paulo and Minas de Ouro was created, when the Captaincy of São Paulo and the Captaincy of Santo Amaro were purchased by the Portuguese crown from their former concessionaires. On July 11, 1711, Vila de São Paulo was elevated to the category of city. Shortly after, around 1720, the pioneers found gold in the regions where the city of Cuiabá and the City of Goiás are located today, a fact that led to the expansion of the Brazilian territory beyond the Tordesilhas Line.

When gold ran out, at the end of the XVIII, the economic cycle of sugarcane began, which spread throughout the interior of the Captaincy of São Paulo. Through the city of São Paulo, the sugar production was sent to the Port of Santos. At that time, the first modern highway between São Paulo and the coast was built: the Calçada do Lorena.

Imperial Period

Entry east of São Paulo in 1821 by Arnaud Julien Pallière (1784-1862)

Praça da Sé por Marc Ferrez

After the Independence of Brazil, which took place where the Monument to Ipiranga is located today, São Paulo received the title of Imperial City, conferred by Pedro I of Brazil in 1823. In 1827, law courses began to be taught in the São Francisco Convent (which would give rise to the future Faculdade de Direito do Largo de São Francisco), and this gave a new impetus to the growth of the city, with the flow of students and teachers, thanks to whom, the city passes to be called Imperial City and Burgo dos Estudantes de São Paulo de Piratininga.

Another factor in urban growth was the expansion of coffee production, initially in the Vale do Paraíba region of São Paulo, and later in the regions of Campinas, Río Claro, São Carlos and Ribeirão Preto. Starting in 1869, São Paulo began to benefit from a railway that connects the interior of the province of São Paulo with the port of Santos, the Estrada de Ferro Santos-Jundiaí, called A Inglesa.

At the end of the XIX, several other railways were created that linked the interior of the state with the capital, São Paulo. This then became the point of convergence of all the railways coming from the interior of the state. The production and export of coffee allows the city and province of São Paulo, later called the State of São Paulo, great economic and population growth.

From the middle of this century until its end, it was the period in which the province began to receive a large number of immigrants, mostly Italians, many of whom settled in the capital, and the first industries.

Velha Republic

Estação da Luz en 1900

Paulista Avenue in 1902

With the end of the Second Reign and the beginning of the Republic, the city of São Paulo, as well as the state of São Paulo, experienced great economic and demographic growth, also helped by the café com leite policy and by the great European politics and Asian immigration to São Paulo. Regarding the large number of immigrants in the São Paulo capital, Cornélio Pires collected, in his book "Sambas e Cateretês", a modinha, from 1911, by Dino Cipriano, which describes the impression that the man from the interior had From the capital. from São Paulo:"Only one thing here in S. Pole that I have already noticed: what you only see is foreign, Brazilian is very strange!&# 34;

During the República Velha, São Paulo went from being a regional center to a national metropolis, industrializing and reaching its first million inhabitants in 1928. Its greatest relative growth in this period occurred in the 1890s, when its population doubled. The height of the coffee period is represented by the construction of the second Estação da Luz (the current building) at the end of the XIX and along Paulista Avenue in 1900, where many mansions were built. The Anhangabaú river valley is landscaped and the region on its left bank is now known as Centro Novo. At the beginning of the XX, the seat of government of São Paulo was moved from the Pátio do Colégio to Campos Elísios.

São Paulo hosted, in 1922, the Week of Modern Art, which marked a milestone in the history of art in Brazil. In 1929, the city's first skyscraper, the Martinelli Building, was built. The changes made to the city by Antônio da Silva Prado, the Barão de Duprat and Washington Luís, who ruled from 1899 to 1919, contributed to the development climate of the city; some scholars consider that the entire city was demolished and rebuilt in this period.

Vale do Anhangabaú e os Palacetes Prates na 1920s

Cotonificio Crespi damaged by the bombings during the São Paulo Revolution of 1924

With the industrial growth of the city in the XX, which also contributed to difficulties in accessing imports during the World War I, the built-up area of the city began to increase, building some residential neighborhoods on farms. Starting in the 1920s, with the rectification of the course of the Pinheiros River and the inversion of its waters to feed the Henry Borden Hydroelectric Power Plant, the floods in the vicinity of this river stopped, which allowed the emergence of well-known subdivisions of high level in the west of São Paulo, today as the "Gardens Region".

In 1924, the São Paulo Revolution took place, an armed conflict that took place in working-class neighborhoods near the center of São Paulo and lasted 23 days, from July 5 to 28, leaving hundreds dead and thousands injured. The confrontation between the federal troops of President Artur Bernardes and part of the Brazilian Army, was classified by the federal government as a conspiracy, mutiny and "revolt against the Homeland, without foundation, led by disorderly members of the Brazilian Army."

Among the reasons that triggered the revolt were the Brazilian economic crisis, with the drop in exports after the First World War and the political crisis, with the discontent of some political groups with the concentration of power among representatives of the states from São Paulo and Minas Gerais. These groups formed the Reação Republicana movement, which called for protection for all Brazilian products, not just coffee, as was customary. The movement supported Nilo Peçanha from Rio de Janeiro in the 1922 elections, won by Arthur Bernardes, a native of Minas Gerais. Some members of the military opposed his assuming the presidency, which started disagreements between part of the Armed Forces and the Federal Government, which culminated in the 1924 uprising.

At the end of the decade, more precisely between 1928 and 1933, cadastral maps of the municipality were drawn up on scales of 1:5,000 and 1:1,000, this being the first executed in Brazil and one of the first in the world for the use of aerial photogrammetry. He was one of the pioneers in the world, with this the municipality of São Paulo obtained a great detail of its territory through the rapid execution of rapid aerial photogrammetry compared to topographic surveys, a method used previously.

From the 1932 Revolution to contemporary times

Manifestation in the Plaza del Patriarch shortly before the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932

Anhangabaú in the 1950s, with emphasis on the Palacetes Prates in the Martinelli and Altino Arantes buildings (at the bottom)

In 1932, São Paulo mobilized in its greatest civic movement: the constitutionalist revolution, when the entire population committed itself to the war against the "Provisional Government" by Getulio Vargas. In 1934, with the reunion of some faculties created in the XIX and the creation of others, the University of São Paulo (USP), today the largest in Brazil.

Another great industrial boom occurred during World War II, due to the coffee crisis in the 1930s and the restrictions on international trade during the war, which caused the city to have a very high rate of economic growth that it remained high in the postwar period.

In 1947, São Paulo gained its first paved highway: Via Anchieta (built on the old route of the Caminho do Padre José de Anchieta), connecting the capital with the São Paulo coast. In the 1950s, São Paulo was known as the city that cannot stop and as the fastest growing city in the world.

São Paulo held a great commemoration, in 1954, of the "Fourth Centennial" of the founding of the city. The Ibirapuera Park is inaugurated, many historical books are published and the source of the Tietê River in Salesópolis is discovered. With the transfer, starting in the 1950s, of part of the financial center of the city that is located in the historic center (in the region called "Historical Triangle"), to Avenida Paulista, its mansions they were mostly replaced by large buildings.

In the period from the 1930s to the 1960s, the great entrepreneurs of the development of São Paulo were the mayor Francisco Prestes Maia and the governor of the state of São Paulo Ademar de Barros, who was also mayor of São Paulo between 1957 and 1961. Prestes Maia designed and implemented, in the 1930s, the "Avenue Plan for the City of São Paulo", which revolutionized traffic in São Paulo.

Prestes Maia Avenue in 1974

These two governors are also responsible for the two major urban interventions, after the Avenues Plan, which changed São Paulo: the straightening of the Tietê river with the construction of its marginals and the São Paulo Metro: on February 13, In 1963, Governor Ademar de Barros and Mayor Prestes Maia created study commissions (state and municipal) for the preparation of the basic project of the São Paulo Metro, and allocated their first funds.

In the early 1960s, São Paulo already had four million inhabitants. Its construction began in 1968, under the administration of Mayor José Vicente de Faria Lima, the São Paulo metro began commercial operation on September 14, 1974 and in 2016 it had a network of 71.5 km in length and 64 stations distributed in five lines. That year, 1.1 billion passengers were transported by the system.

Late 20th century and early XXI, São Paulo became the main financial center of South America and one of the most populous cities in the world. As the most influential Brazilian city on the global stage, São Paulo is currently classified as an alpha global city. The metropolis has the 23rd largest GDP in the world, representing, alone, 11% of all Brazilian GDP and 34% of state GDP in 2018, also being responsible for 28% of all national scientific production in 2005.

Economy

Octavian bridge Frias de Oliveira next to the UNCC.

São Paulo is the largest city in economic terms in South America, it is the tenth largest in the world in terms of GDP, and it is expected to be the sixth largest in 2025. According to IBGE data, its gross domestic product (GDP) in 2017 was R$699.28 billion (US$174 billion), equivalent to approximately 12.26% of Brazilian GDP and 36% of all production of goods and services in the State of São Paulo. According to PriceWaterhouseCoopers, the annual economic growth of the city is 4.2%.

Brazil's largest financial center, São Paulo's economy is undergoing a profound transformation. Once a city with a strong industrial character, São Paulo's economy has become increasingly based on the tertiary sector, focused on services and business for the country. The city is also unique among Brazilian cities for its large number of foreign companies. Many analysts point to São Paulo as an important megacity, although this classification can be criticized considering its serious problems of social exclusion and spatial segregation. Despite being the most important financial center in the country, São Paulo also presents a high degree of informality in the economy.^{[citation required]} In 2005, the city of São Paulo has collected R$90 billion in taxes, and the city's budget was R$15 billion. The city has 1,500 bank branches. There are 70 shopping malls. 63% of all international companies with business in Brazil have their headquarters in this city. The São Paulo Stock Exchange (BM&F Bovespa) is Brazil's official stock market and bond exchange. The BM & F Bovespa is the largest stock exchange in Latin America, where about R$6 billion (US$3.5 billion) are traded every day. The per capita income for the city was R$32,493 in 2008.

São Paulo ranked second, after New York, in the biannual ranking of "Cities of the Americas of the Future 2013/14" of FDi magazine, and was selected as the Latin American City of the Future, displacing Santiago de Chile, the city that topped the list in the previous classification.

According to Mercer's rankings of cities with the highest cost of living for expatriate employees in 2011, São Paulo is among the ten most expensive cities in the world, ranking 10th, up from 21st. in 2010, and currently ranks ahead of London, Paris, Milan and New York.

Tourism

Paulist Museum.

São Paulo stands out more as a city marked by business tourism than by recreational tourism. There are currently two large types of hotel chains: traditional hotels, which can often offer high-luxury lodging, whose final audience is people with more money, corporate workers and people in the business area; and a new trend of the XXI century: the hostel, a type of quality accommodation, but cheaper and more economical than the traditional one, which is currently very common in large cities around the world. The regions of the city of São Paulo that are well served by hostels are:

South Region: From the area of the Congonhas National Airport to the region called "Alto do Ipiranga";
Central Region: Formed by the "Light" and the famous "Sé" (the "Sede" or Catholic Cathedral), which began with the construction of the first building of the Catholic Christians and which was the so-called "Páteo do Colégio" (Area of School and Catequization), although it really has this name because it is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Archbishop in the Cathedral of the Catholic Church, which is very close to the
Eastern Region: With hostels in the areas of "Belém" and "Tatuapé";
North Region: From the region called "Inglese Stop" to the region called "Anhembi". It is a fairly strategic area for the use of travelers for being close to the International Airport of "Cumbica" (a region of the great neighboring city of "Guarulhos"), for having the Bus Terminal "Tietê" (which has received much Latin American immigration, even Bolivia) and for having the convention center called Parque Anhembi, where many fairs and events of great impact are held throughout Brazil;
West Region: From the region called "Republic" to the very famous "Vila Madalena", one of the great nightlife centers of the city of San Pablo.

Tourism circulates in the city about R$ 8,300 million per year in trips, lodging and land and air transportation.

According to International Congress & Convention Association (ICCA), São Paulo ranks first among the cities that host the most international events in the Americas and 12th worldwide, after 1st Vienna, 2nd Paris, 3rd. º Barcelona, 4th Singapore, 5th Berlin, 6th Budapest, 7th Amsterdam, 8th Stockholm, 9th Seoul, 10th Lisbon and 11th Copenhagen.

Cultural and leisure tourism is also relevant in the city, especially considering the many prominent international events (such as the São Paulo Biennial of Arts and the various shows that put on their presentations in this capital). São Paulo is the only city in Brazil to receive once a year the musical event "Lollapalooza Brazil", for having all the structure that the organizer demanded to do it in the country.^{[quote required]} The city has a nightlife considered one of the best in the world: 280 movie theaters, 120 theaters, 71 museums and 39 cultural centers, some serving the segment with the highest purchasing power, others contemplating more the popular public.^{[citation required]} Augusta Avenue concentrates the largest number of discos and bars for tourists, you can find free access just by showing your foreign passport.^{[citation required ]} The diversity of peoples and cultures that have been incorporated into the pulse of the city, gave rise to a rich and very different gastronomy, which by itself is a great tourist attraction, with more than 50 types of cuisine.^{[citation required]}

Headquarters of the São Paulo Biennial since 1951, the city is also internationally famous for São Paulo Fashion Week, and the Interlagos circuit, where one of the annual Formula 1 races takes place. of the San Silvestre International Race, a famous 15-kilometer race held annually on the afternoon of December 31. It is also known worldwide for having the largest gay parade in the world, with nearly three million participants in its last edition. The Auto Show in São Paulo is also held biennially. In the 2008 edition, it was attended by around 600,000 spectators and a wide variety of exhibitors and vehicles. Said show, which is held in Anhembi Park, is the largest and most important in Latin America, and the sixth worldwide, according to its number of attendees and exhibitors.

São Paulo Biennial Pavilion Building by Oscar Niemeyer.

Today, the city of São Paulo is the 8th world fashion capital and the first in Latin America.

The city currently has some official and private institutions to encourage and promote tourism, and they are:

Municipal Ministry of Tourism (secretary of the municipal government).
San Pablo Turismo (company of the municipal government).
São Paulo Convention " Visitors Bureau - SPCVB (private, non-profit foundation).
The Leste Aricanduva Shopping Center is the largest shopping center in Latin America and one of the largest in the world, located in the Ranquin within the first 20

Urbanization

São Paulo view from the Altino Arantes Building.

Those that are more than 35 meters high or more than 12 floors when the height is unknown—, and according to the Emporis site database, the city of São Paulo has 5,667 constructions of this type as of January 2019. 2011, ranking third in the world, after Hong Kong and New York, which have 7,651 and 5,765 respectively. In addition, said city has an outstanding urban panorama worldwide and one of the most outstanding in Latin America.

The Edificio Italia stands out, one of the biggest landmarks in the city, known for having an Italian gastronomy restaurant with a panoramic view of the city on its 42nd floor, 168 meters high. Other emblematic historical buildings are: the Altino Arantes Building, built in 1947, with 161 meters high and 37 floors (it is inspired by the Empire State Building in New York) which also has a large flag of the State of São Paulo on the mast that It remains at the top of its structure.

Since its construction in 1960, the Mirante do Vale building has been the tallest building in the city and in Brazil, with 172 meters and 51 floors, although it does not have a great presence in the landscape as it was built in the valley of the Anhangabau. The great buildings of the city began to be built in the 1920s, the first being the Sampaio Moreira Building considered the grandfather of São Paulo's skyscrapers, and later with the refined construction of the Martinelli Building (the main symbol of luxury in the Belle Époque Paulistana) made by Giuseppe Martinelli, an Italian immigrant.

Another great construction in the city is the Copan Building, designed by Oscar Niemeyer in the shape of a wave, it is the largest residential building in Latin America. There is also the Shopping Cidade Jardim that has a shopping center (mall) on the first floors, and at the top there is a series of residential and office towers 168 meters high, considered the most luxurious in the city, and in which its departments are quoted at no less than a million dollars. The construction of the Maharish São Paulo Tower was proposed in 1998, which should be over 500 meters high and have 108 floors; the proposal was not approved by the municipal authorities.

Currently, due to the laws that govern the development of the city, there are restrictions that make it difficult to build large skyscrapers. The position of the municipal authorities is based on the criticisms made by a large part of the architects, who consider that this type of construction increases the demand for services while fostering the concentration of people, which generates traffic congestion, currents of wind and makes it difficult for sunlight to penetrate the streets. Due to its architectural variety and ethnic diversity, many national and international film and television producers make the scenes in places in the city as if they were from other places in the world.

Panorama de la Zona central de San Pablo de Edificio Altino Arantes (2006).

Geography and climate

Bordering municipalities and metropolitan region

The intense process of urban expansion in Greater São Paulo leaves without effect the political borders between the municipalities of the region, creating a metropolis whose center is in São Paulo and encompasses neighboring municipalities, such as: São Andrés, São Bernardo del Campo, San Cayetano del Sur, Diadema (the so-called Greater ABC Region), Osasco and Guarullos, among others. Some scholars argue that if an integrated and coherent urban development policy is not created, the fate of these satellite cities will be the decline in the quality of life of its inhabitants.

The municipality of São Paulo borders the following municipalities: Caieiras and Mairiporá to the north, Guarullos to the northeast, Itacuaquecetuba, Poá and Ferraz de Vasconcelos to the east, Mauá, San Andrés, San Cayetano do Sul, San Bernardo do Campo, Diadema and again San Bernardo to the southeast, San Vicente, Mongaguá and Itañaén to the south, Juquitiba, Embú-Guazú, Itapecerica de la Sierra, Embú, Taboão de la Sierra, Cotía and Osasco to the west, and Santana de Parnaíba and Cajamar to the northwest. The Metropolitan Region of São Paulo is made up of 39 municipalities.

Environment

San Pablo has about 90 parks, so approximately one sixth of the city's territory is in environmental preservation areas.

Although São Paulo is best known for having highly urbanized regions, the city also has a good number of parks and green areas. The Ibirapuera Park is the most famous and one of the largest in the city, very famous and important are also the Parque Estadual da Cantareira, which is one of the largest urban forests in the world, where you can even do ecological tourism, and the Jaraguá State Park, which is a part of the so-called São Paulo Green Belt, declared a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 1994 (next to the Cantareira State Park) where the Pico do Jaraguá is located, (the highest mountain in the city with 1135 meters), there is also an indigenous village, lakes, wildlife.

To the south of the city there is still the gigantic "Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar" (the largest portion of preserved Atlantic forest in Brazil). Other outstanding parks and green areas in the city are: San Pablo Botanical Garden; State Park; Light Park; Carmo Park; Aclimatization Park; Workers Sports Park; People's Park; Burle Marx Park; Vila Lobos Park; Youth Park; Independence Park; San Pablo Zoological Park; Tieté Ecological Park; Forest Garden.

Panoramic view of Ibirapuera Park. It is the largest urban park in the city.

Climate

The climate of São Paulo is considered humid subtropical (Cfa/Cwa), with an average annual temperature of 19.25 degrees Celsius, with mild winters and summers with moderately high temperatures, increased by the effect of the very high concentration of buildings. The hottest month (February) has an average temperature of 22.5 °C, and the coldest month (July) has an average temperature of 16 °C.

Because it is close to the sea, the winds coming from the coast are a constant in the local climate, being responsible for avoiding days of intense heat in summer or cold days in winter; In addition, the oceanic winds leave the air more humid. Humidity has relatively acceptable rates throughout the year; however, the air is brought to critical levels in winter due to the phenomenon of thermal inversion and the lower rainfall from May to September, a cold and dry period. The average annual precipitation is 1,450 mm, concentrated mainly in the summer. The only snowfall was recorded on June 25, 1918, but climatologists have not reached a consensus about this occurrence. The seasons of the year in São Paulo are quite ambiguous. Winter is mild and summer is moderately hot and rainy. Autumn and spring are transition seasons. The São Paulo capital also has one of the lowest insolation rates in Brazil, with an average of seven hours a day in January and six in July.

Saint Paul's average climate parameters (1961-1990)
Month	Ene.	Feb.	Mar.	Open up.	May.	Jun.	Jul.	Ago.	Sep.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Annual
Temp. max. abs. (°C)	34.6	35.8	33.5	32.0	29.7	29.4	29.3	33.2	35.2	34.5	34.6	33.9	35.8
Average temperature (°C)	27.4	28.0	27.3	25.1	23.0	21.7	21.8	23.3	23.9	24.7	25.9	26.3	24.9
Average temperature (°C)	22.2	22.4	21.7	19.8	17.6	16.4	15.8	17.1	17.8	19.0	20.3	21.2	19.3
Temp. medium (°C)	18.7	18.8	18.2	16.3	13.9	12.3	11.7	12.8	13.9	15.3	16.5	17.8	15.5
Temp. min. abs. (°C)	10.3	11.1	9.6	3.5	0.2	−1.8	0.2	0.4	3.0	5.7	7.0	9.2	−1.8
Total precipitation (mm)	237.4	221.5	160.5	72.6	71.4	50.1	43.9	39.6	70.7	126.9	145.8	200.7	1441.1
Precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)	15	14	11	7	6	4	4	4	7	10	11	14	107
Hours of sun	170.6	162.2	167.1	165.8	182.3	172.6	187.1	175.3	152.6	153.9	163.0	150.8	2003.3
Source: Hong Kong Observatory November 2011.

Demographics

São Paulo was the Brazilian capital that grew the most during the XX century. It had one million inhabitants in 1930 and has been the most populous municipality in Brazil since 1960, when it surpassed Rio de Janeiro. In 2010, 11,253,503 inhabitants were registered in the municipality. According to the census, 52.65% were female, 47.35% male; 99.1% lived in the urban area and 0.9% in the rural area. The most populous district of São Paulo was Grajaú, with 360,787 inhabitants. By 2020, an estimated 12,325,232 inhabitants.

São Paulo is a multicultural city and one of the most diverse in the world. Since 1870, approximately 2.3 million immigrants have come to the state from all parts of the world. It is currently the city with the largest populations of Italian origin, in addition to the numerous descendants of Portuguese, Japanese, Spanish, Arabs, Jews and Armenians. In 2020, according to data from the Federal Police, 293,000 international migrants lived in the city of São Paulo, most of whom are Bolivians, Chinese and Haitians, but also with a significant number of Paraguayans and other South Americans and Angolans. and other Africans. Africans represent a new flow of immigrants into the city. Many internal migrants and their descendants also live there. Between 1941 and 1949, 399,937 workers from other parts of the country settled in the state, the majority from the Northeast and Minas Gerais; During the 1960s, the Metropolitan Region registered a population increase of 56.6%, when 128,000 people arrived annually to reside in São Paulo. Currently, the largest contingent of Northeasterners outside the Northeast lives in São Paulo. In the 2010 census, of the total inhabitants, 60.63% identified themselves as white, 30.63% brown, 6.37% black, 2.22% yellow, and 0.12% indigenous. indigenous lands of Tenondé Porã and Jaraguá and the villages of Barragem and Krukutú, of officially recognized Guarani communities.

Subdivisions

Subdivisions of the City of St. Paul.

Main article: Subdivisions of the City of São Paulo

The municipality of San Pablo is officially divided into thirty-one sub-mayoralties or subprefeituras, each of which is further divided into districts. The sub-alcaldias are officially grouped into nine regions or "zones", taking into account the geographical and historical position of occupation. On the other hand, there are certain bodies and institutions (telephone companies, electoral zones, etc.) that adopt a different division from the official one.

The official political division of the city takes into account both historical and cultural characteristics of the different neighborhoods of San Pablo as well as practical factors (such as the division of two sub-mayoralties by an important avenue). However, many times such a division does not reflect the socio-spatial perception that the local population has of each place: neighborhoods considered traditional in the city, such as Bixiga, for example, are not considered "official", so that its delimitation is informal and covers different districts and sub-mayoralties. The phenomenon of unofficial neighborhoods is repeated in the entire city and seen from a more general perspective, it leads to a possible non-identification of the inhabitants with the local political instances.

Municipal policy

Matarazzo Buildingthe seat of the City of Saint Paul.

The Executive Branch of the municipality of São Paulo is represented by the Mayor or Prefect (in Portuguese: prefeito) and his Cabinet of Secretaries, following the model proposed by the Federal Constitution. The Organic Law of the Municipality of San Pablo and the current Master Plan for the Strategic Development of the Municipality; However, they determine that the public administration must guarantee the population effective tools for the manifestation of participatory democracy, which is why the city is divided into regional prefectures (mayors), each of them led by a regional prefect (mayor).

The Legislative Branch is represented by the Chamber of Vereadores, made up of 55 vereadores elected to positions for four years. It is the responsibility of the Chamber to prepare and vote on fundamental laws for the administration and the Executive, especially the municipal Budget (known as the Law of Budgetary Guidelines). Due to the veto power of the Mayor, in periods of conflict between the Executive and the Legislative, the voting process for this type of law usually generates considerable controversy. As a complement to the legislative process and the work of the secretariats, there is also a series of municipal councils, each one of them identified by different themes, compulsorily composed of representatives of various sectors of organized civil society. The effective performance and representativeness of such councils, however, is sometimes questioned. The following municipal councils are currently active: Municipal Council for Childhood and Adolescence (CMDA - Conselho Municipal da Criança e do Adolescente); of Informatics (CMI); of the Physically Handicapped (CMDP); of Education (CME); of Room (CMH); of the Environment (CADES); of Health (CMS); of Tourism (COMTUR); Human Rights (CMDH); of Culture (CMC); Social Assistance (COMAS) and Drugs and Alcohol (COMUDA).

A number of companies responsible for various aspects of public services and the economy of São Paulo also belong to the Mayor's Office (or it is a majority partner in its social capitals). They are:

São Paulo Turismo S/A. Company responsible for the organization of large and for the tourist promotion of the city.[4]
Companhia de Engenharia de Trafego - CET. Subordinated to the Municipal Transport Secretariat, it is responsible for the control of transit, the application of fines (in cooperation with the DETRAN or the Department of Transit) and the maintenance of the city's road system.
Companhia Metropolitana de Habitação de São Paulo - Subordinated to the Room Secretariat, it is responsible for the implementation of public room policies, especially the construction of housing packages.
Municipal Company of Urbanização de São Paulo - EMURB. Subordinated to the Planning Secretariat, it is responsible for urban works and for the maintenance of urban public spaces.
Companhia de Processamento de Dice de São Paulo - PRODAM. Responsible for the electronic and computer infrastructure of the city.
São Paulo Transportes Sociedade Anônima - SPTrans. Responsible for the operation of public transport systems led by the mayor, such as municipal bus lines.

Health

Syrian-Lebanese Hospital.

The city has some of the most respected medical institutions, the main ones being:

Hospital de las Clínicas (global reference center in cardiology)
Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (Has 4500 registered doctors, is also the most modern private hospital in Latin America, in 1999 was the first health institution outside the United States, recognized by the Joint Comission International (the world's most important health service certifier).
Dante Pazanese Institute
Hospital Sirio Libanés (The only institution in Latin America that integrates the group of global health centers enabled to perform modulated intensity radiation therapy (IMRT). It also has an alliance with the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Memorial in New York.
Hospital San Luis
Santa Casa de Misericordia de São Paulo
Hospital Emílio Ribas (reference center in the treatment of sexually transmitted infections)
Byington Perla Hospital (female reference centre)
State Public Service Hospital - IAMSPE (exclusive health centre for employees of the State Government of São Paulo).
Cancer Center - Hospital A.C. Camargo (global reference center for cancer treatment)

Education

Ciudad Universitaria Armando de Salles Oliveira, in the western part of São Paulo.

São Paulo is home to world-renowned education centers. The University of São Paulo (USP) (public and autonomous) considered the best university in Latin America, according to the 2014 classification of Shanghai Jiao Tong University and one of the most reputable universities on the planet according to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings.

In addition, the city has other universities and educational institutes, which are:

Federal Center for Technological Education (CEFET- São Paulo)
Paula Souza Centre
Unisant'Ana University Centre
São Paulo State Faculty of Technology (FATEC)
United Metropolitan Faculty
Fundación Armando Alvares Penteado (FAAP)
Fundación Escuela de Comercio Álvares Penteado (FECAP)
Pontificia Universidad Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP)
UNIESP
Paulist University (UNIP)
Anhembi Morumbi
Bandeirante University (UNIBAN)
University of São Paulo City (UNICID)
Paulist State University (UNESP)
Federal University of São Paulo (UFSP)
Universidad Iberoamericana (UNIBERO)
Ibirapuera University
Nine July University (UNINOVE)
San Judas Tadeo University
University Zumbi dos Palmares
Mackenzie University
International Film Academy

Culture

State painting

São Paulo is considered an important cultural pole in Brazil, being considered the place of origin of a series of artistic and aesthetic movements throughout its history throughout the century XX. It rivals Rio de Janeiro for the status of headquarters of the country's main cultural institutions. São Paulo has a wide network of theaters, performance houses, bars, educational institutions, museums and art galleries, and it is not uncommon for institutions to use superlatives in their descriptions (for example, the largest public university in the country - the University of São Paulo, the largest public university in Brazil (maintained by the government of the State of São Paulo, but it is fully autonomous) - the Paulista University - and the largest performance house in the country, the Credicard Hall).

Such a cultural complex, however, is generally located in the central regions of the city (or in what has come to be called the "Expanded Center" or in its immediate vicinity), so that the Criticisms from certain scholars of the urban phenomenon trying to make explicit the possible spatial segregation that the inhabitants of the most peripheral regions of the cities experience, causes, according to their perspectives, a kind of denial of the rights of the benefits that the city offers. Saint Paul, who "treasures culture", therefore, also ends up being considered an "idealized" Saint Paul, since he does not correspond to the reality of the majority of the population.

The city is quite heterogeneous and it is possible to say that the culture of São Paulo is the result of the symbiosis of various peoples that emigrated during the first Republic, together with cultural elements of the colonial and imperial periods. Among these cultures, the Italian, the Japanese, the Portuguese and the Spanish stand out, the first two with special force. Traces of this mixture are evident in regions of the city considered "typically Italian", such as Bixiga, or "typically Japanese", such as the Liberdade neighborhood. In the same way that cultural manifestations constitute germinating ground for culture, at different times and contexts, these same manifestations have established a dialogue with the city, be it on a symbolic level, be it as a theme or homage or even as a reference. One of the manifestations with the most references in São Paulo is music. Various composers, throughout history, have created works whose theme is the city, even having it as their title. Famous examples include the compositions Sampa (a popular abbreviation for São Paulo), by Caetano Veloso; São São Paulo, by Tom Zé (who even has other music related to São Paulo culture); São Paulo, eu te amo, by Tom Jobim and São Paulo, São Paulo, by the group Premeditando o Breque (considered the local version of the well-known song "New York, New York", immortalized by Frank Sinatra). São Paulo has the OSESP (São Paulo State Symphony Orchestra), one of the most outstanding symphony orchestras in the world, as well as many concert halls and opera houses such as Sala São Paulo, which is among the 10 best concert halls in the world. world, the Municipal Theater and the San Pedro Theater.

Literature eventually also registered cultural marks of the city. Famous examples are texts by Alcântara Machado, or the whole of the work of Mário de Andrade.

Culture, parks and monuments

the Memorial of Latin America;
the Municipal Theatre (1911);
São Paulo Art Museum (MASP);
the Pinacoteca of the State of São Paulo;
the cathedral da Sé;
the Museu do Ipiranga (classic style with French garden);
the monument of Ipiranga;
Ibirapuera Park (the Central Park of São Paulo) and its monument to the Flags;
The Avenue Paulista, the main commercial artery chosen as a symbol of the villa in response to the Pan de Ázucar of Rio de Janeiro;
the courtyard of Colégio;
the Jardim da Luz;
the botanical garden of São Paulo;
Trianon Park;
the Zoo of São Paulo;
the Mirante do Vale;
Eldorado Business Tower;
The E-Tower.

Sports

São Paulo is home to three of Brazil's top soccer clubs: Corinthians, Palmeiras and São Paulo FC, the so-called "Trío de Hierro". Corinthians was founded in 1910 by a group of workers from the Bom Retiro neighborhood. The founding of Palmeiras, in 1914, was the result of a disagreement that arose between two factions within the Corinthians administration. This disagreement led to the biggest city football rivalry existing to this day. For its part, São Paulo was founded in 1930, as a reminiscence of the old Club Paulistano. The two largest stadiums in São Paulo are Morumbi, which belongs to São Paulo FC, and Pacaembú, which belongs to the administration of the city that hosts events such as the semifinals of the 2014 Copa Sudamericana and 2016 Copa Libertadores, both semifinals won by the same Colombian team Atlético Nacional de Medellín. Corinthians have the Parque São Jorge stadium, but they built their big arena in the Itaquera neighborhood, which even hosted the opening of the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

Finally, Palmeiras already has its new pitch, the Palestra Italia, also called Allianz Parque. It was chosen in the first half of 2015 as the best stadium in the world, located in the west of the city, very close to the bus, metropolitan train and subway stations. The São Paulo City Hall paid homage to the club, which consisted of changing the name of the street where Allianz Parque is located: before it was called Turiassú, and now it is called Palestra Italia.

Predecessor: Chicago	Pan American City 1963	Successor: Winnipeg
Predecessor: Cuenca	South American City Next to Rio de Janeiro, Curitiba and Belém 2002	Successor: Buenos Aires

Transportation

São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport.

Marginal Tietê.

Rodoanel Mário Covas.

The city is located less than an hour from some beaches (port of Santos, Guarujá, Maresías), and serves its air traffic through four airports: Guarulhos, where most international traffic is concentrated, Congoñas, where national traffic is mainly served, as well as flights to Mercosur countries; Campo de Marte, where private aviation, executive air taxis, military aviation, helicopters and some commercial flights are concentrated; and Viracopos in Campinas, which serves as an alternate and cargo airport.

Road system

The system of roads and highways in the municipality is markedly heterogeneous. The city has a first semi-belt that plays a structuring role, both at the inter-municipal level and at the metropolitan level: they are called Marginal Tietê and Marginal Pinheiros. Both avenues are considered the main arteries or express roads of the municipality, since several state and federal roads reach them. The organic growth of the city made it necessary to create another form of interconnection between the major highways to avoid the transit of heavy loads. At the end of the 1990s, the construction of the Rodoanel began, a second road ring that interconnects all the roads that reach the city through neighboring municipalities. The work is of considerable dimensions and is being delivered in phases. Crossing the city from north to south there is an axis formed by the express or semi-express avenues Tiradentes, 23 de Maio and Rubem Berta. A similar axis interconnected by viaducts serves the east-west axis.

Traffic system

Other elements that characterize the urban landscape of the city are the large number of: avenues, viaducts, bridges and tunnels. The Traffic Engineering Company (or CET) is a company linked to the Mayor's Office of San Pablo, responsible for the management, operation and control of the city's transit system. Due to the worsening of the road congestion suffered by San Pablo, originating from the accelerated increase in the vehicle fleet that took place from 2003, the municipal government decided extend the circulation restrictions for heavy vehicles and commercial delivery, as of June 30, 2008. The circulation restriction covers private vehicles and companies in any city except those that perform essential functions, urban and school transport, medical attention, transport of perishable products or whose owners are disabled. The system is applied according to a table and in two time slots of the day: from 7 to 10 a.m. as and from 5 to 8 p.m.

Currently the rodízio does not apply throughout the city, but is limited to a region called expanded center However, the traffic jams in Sao Paulo are increasing. One of the records was reached in November 2013 with 306 km of traffic jam. To enter or leave the city, a large number of highways or rodovías are used that cut or end in the city. The main ones are: Presidente Dutra Highway; Hernán Dias; Ayrton senna; immigrants; Anchieta; anangüera; Bandeirantes; Castelo Branco; Raposo Tavares; Regis Bittencourt and Mario Covas.

Congestion

The city of São Paulo has a fleet of approximately 7 million vehicles. Vehicle congestion in the city is recurrent, occurring 24 hours a day. Since 1996, the city has taken palliative measures to alleviate the problems caused by traffic, such as the adoption of "Castor Hall", the limitation of parking spaces (blue zone), and the movement of trucks and cargo vehicles. The largest part of the city congestion was 428 km long, in March 2008. Today, as measures to address the traffic problem, investments are being made in various solutions, such as the expansion of the subway, the construction of more bus lanes, the expansion of Marginal Tietê, and the construction of the highway. Metropolitan Ring. Finally, there are studies for a future application of the congestion charge.

Due to such congestion, and added to the number of millionaires living in the city and the high number of companies with their offices in the city center, São Paulo has the second largest fleet of helicopters in the world, only surpassed by the New York fleet, with 456 units. For this reason, the city also has the second largest number of heliports in the world, also behind New York, with 272 in total.

Public transport

Monorriel of the São Paulo Metro Line 15.

Collective transport systems present a certain degree of heterogeneity. The two main means of public transport (the metro and the bus) are managed by the following companies: Compañía del Metropolitano is a company whose main partner is the State of São Paulo, in addition to the recent inauguration of Line 4 - Yellow operated by the ViaQuatro private consortium; The train system is directed and administered by the Compañía Paulista de Trenes Metropolitanos, also in the hands of the state government; and the bus system, made up of various private companies, subordinated by SPTrans, a municipal administrative entity. In the city there are about 32 thousand taxis.

In 2008, San Pablo and Bello Horizonte, MG, were the first two cities in Latin America to have information on their public transportation routes through the Google Maps website.

Subway

Main article: Metro de São Paulo

St. Paul Metro Line 4 Train

The São Paulo subway is accredited with the ISO 9001 certificate. It is currently considered the best rail transportation system in America, and works are being carried out to expand said system. In 2010 Line 4 - Yellow was inaugurated, adding more than 12 kilometers of extension to the city metro. Being fully underground, this line runs through important districts of the city, which are: Butantã, Pinheiros and Higienópolis, and will join the main financial centers of the city: the Region of Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, Avenida Paulista and the Center of San Pablo. The connection works between lines 1 - Azul and 5 - Lila also began, adding more than 8 kilometers to this last line. The completion of these works is scheduled for the end of 2012. The maximum speed in the metro: (lines 1, 2 and 3: 100 km/h) / (lines 4 and 5: 80 km/h).

Metropolitan trains

Main article: CPTM

CPTM Train.

The Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos (CPTM, in Spanish, Compañía Paulista de Trenes Metropolitanos) owns 93 stations on six different lines, totaling 278 kilometers and, in addition to São Paulo, also offers services in other cities of the metropolitan region.

The Metro and the CPTM operate jointly in a total of 339.3 kilometers of railway lines in operation in São Paulo and its metropolitan region.

Buses

Main article: SPTrans

Tietê Bus Terminal is the largest bus terminal in Latin America and the second largest in the world, behind New York.

In São Paulo there are more than 7,000 urban bus lines. The city is one of the few in the world that has a GPS tracking and synchronization system for city buses, such tracking can be seen on the Internet, and many stops have electronic panels with waiting times for each line. 17,000 buses make up the majority of public transportation in São Paulo, including about 290 trolleybuses. Payment for bus fares can be made in cash or through a stored value card called Bilhete Único.

Bus Rapid Transit

Following the pioneering example of the Integrated Transport Network of the city of Curitiba (southern Brazil), the municipal government carried out the construction of the Expresso Tiradentes, which is today one of the main systems of São Paulo bus rapid transit. It is a medium-capacity transport system, whose construction began in mid-1997. In 2009, the mayor Gilberto Kassab and the state governor, José Serra, announced an agreement for its expansion with an investment of R$ 2,300. 000,000 (value in reais) through a medium-capacity subway made up of pneumatic rubber tread trains. Its current objective is to connect the Sacomã district in the southeast to the Parque Do Pedro II in the center of the city, where users can integrate with other forms of transportation such as the subway and the bus.

Access

Since 2004, the transport system of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo can be accessed with the use of a universal card called "Billete Único", which stores an already pre-loaded value that is discounted in the access barriers for buses, CPTM trains and the metro. The value of the access to the São Paulo Metro and CPTM trains in June 2015 was R$3.80 and once the value at the access barrier has been discounted, you can transfer between these two means of transport, but to enter the bus is necessary plus a small debit. The discounted price at the access barriers (Standard ticket) of the buses is R$3.80 and the transfer for the use of up to three more trips (by bus) is free, but for the transfer of buses to metro or trains a small debit on the card is necessary. All transfers and these prices must occur within a three-hour period from the first swipe of the card. Also available to students of public schools and universities is the "Passe Livre", a free ticket for buses and trains Public transportation in São Paulo is probably the most expensive in Latin America, which is serious because São Paulo is not a walker-friendly city.^{[citation required]}

Expansion and modernization of the metro and CPTM

The government of the state of São Paulo has recently announced that it is carrying out the expansion of the subway and CPTM lines and the purchase of new trains and modernization of the CPTM stations so that the company has the same quality of services and facilities that exist in the São Paulo metro, the completion of the project does not have a defined date.

Public transport statistics

According to a report made by Moovit in July 2017, the average time people spend on public transportation in Sao Paulo, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 93 min., while 30% of people spend more than 2 hours every day. The average time that people wait at a stop or station is 19 minutes, while 35% of people wait more than 20 minutes each day. The average distance people typically travel in a single trip is 8.1 km, while 18% travel more than 12 km in one direction.

Television

São Paulo is home to several of the country's main open television networks, such as SBT, Rede Bandeirantes, Rede TV, TV Gazeta, TV Cultura and Rede Record. In addition, the first TV transmission in Latin America was made in this city by the extinct TV Tupi in 1950.