Santiago (Nuevo Leon)

Santiago is a town located in the state of Nuevo León, in northeastern Mexico. It is the head of the homonymous municipality. The town was declared a "Pueblo Mágico" in 2006.

Location

The town of Santiago is located in the north-central part of the state of Nuevo León, at the coordinates 25°25′28″N 100°09′05″O / 25.42444, -100.15139, is at an average elevation of 490 meters above sea level (m.s.n.m.).

Distances

Toponymy

At the time of the foundation by Diego Rodríguez de Montemayor, (grandson of Alberto del Canto and great-grandson of Diego de Montemayor), the Spanish already named it Potrero Grande and Bocas de Santiago; while for the natives it was the Valley of Cayucuapa, named like that before the official founding of the city of Monterrey. When the founder settled, he was also known as the Guajuco. The name alludes to one of the two Huachichile brothers known as Guajuco and Colmillo. They were the scourge of Monterrey and caused deaths, fires and robberies in 1621. Another name by which the area is known is that of Cuarisezapa, an autochthonous term that could be the name of a Huachichil cacique from the end of the 16th century. The Santiago historian Héctor Javier Barbosa mentions that Cayucuapa was the father of those Indians.

Currently, the official name of the region is: Cañón del Huajuco. However, the name of the Valle de Santiago del Huajuco municipality, given in 1712, could have been given by decision of Diego de Montemayor el Mozo, son of Diego de Montemayor.

History

First settlement

In 1645, Diego Rodríguez de Montemayor, the great-grandson of Diego de Montemayor, requested permission to obtain land from Governor Martín de Zavala. Her mother, Mónica Rodríguez, already owned properties up to the El Cerrito river, a region known as Las Palmas, so she asked that they be next to her mother's. Zavala verbally grants permission for the first settlement where today is the junction of Calle Héroes del 47 with the National Highway.

Foundation

On March 20, 1646, Martín de Zavala legalized the lands of Rodríguez de Montemayor with official documentation. The land stretched from the Cerrito River and ended at the San Juan River, today known as Escamilla. In the official writings, eight caballerias of land and two cattle sites are granted. Two years later, Diego Rodríguez de Montemayor negotiated with his uncle Gregorio Fernández de Montemayor, the acquisition of the territory of the Escamilla stream, extending towards the Ramos river. In 1650, Diego Rodríguez de Montemayor married Inés de la Garza, with whom he had 12 children, but shortly after they decided to leave the place.

Abandonment and refoundation

After they wanted to steal the land from the native population and they defended their right to the territory, the usurping Rodríguez de Montemayor family and their workers opted to abandon the settlement. However, they returned in 1670 after their eldest daughter named Margarita Rodríguez married Lucas Caballero de los Olivos. This return marked the new beginning of settlers in the area. Lucas died in 1690, and left his widow with her small children in front of the organization of the hacienda, and soon after she married Francisco Álvarez Rendón for the second time, without sharing offspring. From this, the legacy of the Rodríguez de Montemayor establish haciendas that make up the Santiago region.

Haciendas and owners

• 1670: Margarita Rodríguez and Lucas Caballero de los Olivos received four cavalries of land in the hacienda of San Miguel, founded by their father, Rodríguez de Montemayor, in 1646. After being abandoned, and launched again, they received more lands that formed the farms of Concepción and Huajuquito.
• 1679: Gertrudis Rodríguez marries Juan de la Casas and acquires the work of the Near.
• 1684: Francisco Rodríguez and María Caballero Barraza are married and are granted the hacienda of San Javier Norte.
• 1684: Another of the daughters of Rodríguez de Montemayor, Dorotea Rodríguez marries Cristóbal González de Ochoa and acquires labors in what is called the work of the Near Dorotea, which were the lands where the Factory of the Future was installed.
• 1689: The brothers Francisco and Mateo Rodríguez de Montemayor, brothers of the founder, founded the hacienda of the Rodríguez de Montemayor, which changed the name to Santa Rosalía at the end of the 18th century. This belongs to the current municipal head.
• 1689: Ana María Rodríguez and Antonio López Prieto build the hacienda of Los Prieto.
• 1689: The grandfather of Rodríguez de Montemayor, Diego Rodríguez el Mozo, founded the San Diego hacienda, now known as El Cercado and part of the Cieneguilla.
• 1689: José Rodríguez marries Antonia Martínez and establishes the hacienda of the Most Holy Trinity, an area that is now known as San Francisco.
• 1689: The marriage of Miguel Rodríguez and Lucía García de Saldívar, establish the hacienda of the Rodríguez, located north of the mercy of Diego, adjacent to the area of where today is El Cerrito Redondo, region of the Estanzuela.
• 1696: This year, one of the sons of the founder, Santiago Rodríguez, died in a young age, but had the work of the hacienda of Las Tazas, currently the Huasteca. This work was distributed by his brothers.
• 1691: Another of the daughters, Inés Rodríguez de Montemayor joined in marriage with Pedro Salazar and founded the hacienda of San Pedro de los Salazares, which was bordered by the haciendas of the Near.
• 1691: Juan Rodríguez and Antonia Galván are married and the Alameda and Mariano Escobedo colony are established and what is now known as Dolores stream.
• 1691: Nicolás Rodríguez, contract nupcias with Tomasa Ruiz de Ocón and install the hacienda of San Nicolás del Cercado, which is also constituted as El Cercado.

Governor Establishment

The First Town Hall was established until 1712, when the category of Valle was established for the municipality, and Don Gregorio de Treviño became the first ruler.

In 1825, after concluding the independence movement, the region lost the name of El Nuevo Reino de León, as a result the state of Nuevo León was constituted, a Free and Sovereign Federal entity. However, it was not until March 31, 1831 when the municipal seat acquired the title of Villa de Santiago, which is its own to date.

Government

Chronology of municipal presidents

Economy

Agricultural production

In the Sierra de Santiago, Nuevo León, there are 10 apple-producing communities. 481 farms are located in it, of which there are 250 producers. The producing localities are Ciénega de González, La Jacinta, La Peñita, Laguna de Sánchez, Las Adjuntas, San Isidro, San José de las Boquillas, San Juan Bautista, San Sebastián, Cañón del Álamo.

Production and harvesting

• The collection begins in mid-July with the varieties: Güera, Gringa, Goleen Vacas, Goleen Agua Nueva II and ends in late September with the black variety. There is no homologated criterion to perform the harvest in an acceptable state of ripening, because it has to do with the physical state of coloring of the seeds, that is to say that it has a clear coffee color, because the interests of the intermediaries intervene, that at last has been counterproductive to the interests of the producer, since when harvesting green fruit it is slack and there is a tendency to reject the consumer.

Product storage

• Storage is not done because there is no adequate and necessary infrastructure to operate properly. It has only a refrigerator located in the community of San José de las Boquillas, which at this time presents damage to its structure so it is not in service.
• Sale: The producer makes the sale of the crop to people who serve as intermediaries between the farmer and the marketer, buying their products at very low cost. The price per box of twenty kilograms ranges from $35.00 for Creole varieties and $55.00 for the Golden and Red Delicious varieties, which are the most widely accepted by the consumer. The producer is pressed to sell his products as there is insufficient and adequate infrastructure to retain the harvest. The harvest in wooden boxes causes the spread or expansion of pests from one field to another, so it is very difficult to eradicate as much of the orchards are located on the slopes and are transported in mule beasts as well.

Tourism

Its tourist attractions are nationally recognized as it has a wide variety of mountains, plains, hills, forests, waterfalls, rivers, canyons, orchards, and green landscapes. While in the municipal seat of Villa de Santiago its colonial colonial architecture stands out.

Important places

• Presa la Boca.
• Villa Colonial: Architecture of the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries that makes it look like the attractive province worthy of comparison with one of the magical villages of the center of Mexico.
• The Cavazos Shopping Area: Sale of regional crafts, gastronomy, decorations among others.
• Cieneguilla: tourist resort for the purchase of handicrafts in haulage and water stone.
• Cave of bats: Back of the Boca Dam, towards Cadereyta.
• Cascada Cola de Caballo: It is a natural setting for the Sierra de Santiago.

Hotels and restaurants

• Hotel and Restaurant Las Palomas.
• La Ánfora: avant-garde Italian restaurant.
• Tacos de Tabo.
• The Zaguán.
• Hotel Cola de Caballo
• The Toreados
• The Piazzeta
• The Noria
• Tacos "El Gordo"

Climate

Its climate is temperate/humid, with an average annual temperature of 21 °C in the lower parts and 14 °C in the upper parts of the mountains.

Its precipitation is moderate, with an annual average of 1,300 mm in the lower parts and only 600 mm in the upper parts of the sierra.

Its prevailing winds are the trade winds, weak and moderate from the southeast, which bring moisture from the Gulf of Mexico, and in winter cold winds from the north dominate.

Average climate parameters of Santiago (430 msnm) Normal and extreme: 1951-2010
Month	Ene.	Feb.	Mar.	Open up.	May.	Jun.	Jul.	Ago.	Sep.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Annual
Temp. max. abs. (°C)	34.0	33.5	35.0	36.0	40.0	34.0	35.5	35.5	31.0	33.0	32.0	31.0	40.0
Average temperature (°C)	12.7	14.2	18.9	20.0	22.2	27.8	29.8	26.5	22.5	18.6	16.1	11.2	22.4
Average temperature (°C)	11.4	13.6	17.0	20.4	24.2	25.9	26.6	25.5	24.2	22.4	16.4	13.1	19.3
Temp. medium (°C)	4.2	6.0	9.2	13.7	15.2	18.0	19.3	17.5	15.9	13.2	11.7	6.1	16.3
Temp. min. abs. (°C)	−10.0	−9.0	−4.0	-1.0	3.0	7.5	9.0	5.2	0.0	-2.0	−5.0	−9.5	−10.0
Total precipitation (mm)	60.6	67.5	66.9	69.7	78.3	90.4	108.0	189.6	278.6	131.2	90.0	61.1	1291.9
Rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm)	10.2	9.8	10.4	10.5	15.7	16.6	16.9	18.4	19.2	15.5	9.1	9.4	153.7
Hours of sun	193	137	155	167.	163	178	194	226	167.	142	196	185.	2104
Relative humidity (%)	87	84	88	81	86	86	83	83	89	91	88	89	85
Source: National Meteorological Service

Ecosystems

Flora

The technical names of some of the most abundant species among the pines are: Pinus, Greggii, Pinus Pseudostrobus, Pinus Teocote and Pinus Arzónica. There is also Cat's Claw, Huisache, Sycamore, Capulín, Birch, Palo blanco, Chaparro, Encinos, Chapotee, Barreta, Tejocote, Parras del Campo. And fruit trees such as Apple, Plum, Apricot, Peach, Pear, Walnut, Avocado, Quince, Percimon and Fig

Wildlife

Fifty-five species of mammals belonging to 8 orders and 19 families are reported for the region of Cafión del Huajuco, Municipality of Santiago, Nuevo León, Mexico.

It consists mainly of: Dwarf Macaw, Roadrunner, Eaglet, Magpie, Pauraque, Turtle Dove, Swallows, Woodpecker, Sparrow, Turkey, Bluebird, Mockingbird, Goldfinch, Grizzly Bear, Deer, Badger, Squirrel, Wildcat, Lioncillo, Weasel, Skunk , Opossum, Armadillo, Rabbit, Coyote, Wild Boar, Fox, Coralillo, Alicantre, Rattlesnake, Crow and Vulture.

Culture and traditions

Heritage

• Parish of James Apostle:
  
  In 1727 the request was sent to the bishop of Guadalajara, the diocese to which the New Kingdom of Leon corresponded until the end of the 18th century, to build a parish in the Valley. It was stipulated that due to the growing number of inhabitants this work should be considered, however, they received no response. It was not until 1745, when Don Juan Báez, who was a priest of Monterrey, carried out a population census thanks to an order of ecclesiastical authority from the Obispado de Guadalajara. A total of 706 inhabitants are accounted for, which was argued to re-apply, now with the support of the governor in turn, Don Pedro Junco and Espiriella. A favorable answer is obtained and the building of the parish is authorized, just as Bishop Juan Gómez de Parada contributed with the first bell. It was built on the highest hill of the village, between the limits of the haciendas of Prietos and Santa Rosalía. Likewise, the donors of this field agreed to donate land in equal parts for the atrium and the main square. On July 9, 1975, the parish began to exercise its functions as such: in the chapel San Francisco Javier, located in the first settlement (in the old hacienda) documents began to be issued which was in the first settlement, such as marriages, baptisms, confirmations, communions and death records. The first record as a parish of Santiago Apostle is that of a marriage dated July 25, 1745. The priest don Juan José Arizpe becomes the first to have the parish's commission; being responsible for various parishes through the New Kingdom of Leon, as were those of the Valley of the Pilón, that of San Felipe de Linares, San Antonio de los Llanos and that of Cerralvo, could not stay permanently in one place. His stays varied according to the request, but it is estimated that his total presence in the parish was approximately ten years. In 1755, his successor Don José Amato de Arizpe, who, together with his two brothers, was in charge of the parish until 1793. In 2017, the parish will celebrate its 272 years of being founded.
• Municipal Palace.
• Calles de Santiago: Architecture of the colonial era.
• Hidalgo Square.
• Hotel Hacienda Cola de Caballo
• Plaza Ocampo: The municipality contains plans that, starting in 1775, point out that there was the Church, the main square, the solars around and the Camino Real.
• Temple of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
• Mirador de Santiago.

Natural heritage

• Presa la Boca: Water body that houses on its banks with typical restaurants and aquatic recreation transport such as boats and catamaran.
• Horsetail: Waterfall over 25 m high.
• Cave of the Bats.
• Cascada Chipitín.
• Matacanes: with activities such as rappel, river descent, swimming and underground rivers.
• Hydrophobia: waterfalls, waterfalls and natural slides.
• Hot springs “El Bañito”: In the town of Los Canelos, under the Canyon of the Boca.
• Virgin of the Miraculous Medal: Community of San Francisco.
• Sierra de Santiago: Laguna de Sanchez, San Isidro and Ciénega de González.

Museums

• Museum of History.
• House of Culture.
• Casa Grande (Hacienda the XIX century).
• Ancient Textile Factory El Porvenir.

Festivities, dances and traditions

• Gastronomic exhibition: Public event held on the first Saturday of June, in which the local restaurants organize to present regional and international dishes. The event is accompanied by tasting meals, desserts and drinks.
• Patron Festivals: On July 25, the patron of the people is celebrated and venerated: Mr.
• Religious celebrations: Saint Peter and Paul are worshipped to those who are dedicated Masses and processions.
• Festival de la Manzana: From the second half of August, the farmers and producers of this fruit proper to the Santiago mountain range gather to present different apple-based dishes.