San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec

San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec is a city and head of the municipality of the same name. It ranks as the second among the most populated cities in the state of Oaxaca, in Mexico. It has a population of 105,496 inhabitants in the city and 159,452 inhabitants in its municipality, according to the III Population and Housing Count of INEGI 2020. Compared to 2010, the population in San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec grew by 2.37%. Tuxtepec is the main urban center of the Papaloapan Basin Region, being the owner of a great agricultural activity, livestock industry, industrial and essentially commercial; becoming a point of convergence of the activities of the states of Oaxaca, Veracruz and Puebla. This municipality was founded in the year 1811 and decreed as a municipality by the Local Chamber of Commerce on March 15, 1825.

Toponymy

Toponymous nahuatl Tōchtepēc (Tuxtepec)

The name Tuxtepec comes from the Nahuatl Tōchtepēc, which means "on the rabbit hill"; since it is made up of the voices tōchtli, "rabbit", tépētl, "hill" and the ending c, "en", which precedes the previous ones in its translation into Spanish, so it is not correct to name it Tōchtépetl, "cerro de los conejos", given that this version only suggests the place, but not the location of the town. After the Conquest of Mexico, the term was adapted to Spanish with the form Tustepeque, which over time would become the current Tuxtepec.

History

This municipality was founded in the year 1811 and decreed as a municipality by the Local Chamber of Commerce on March 15, 1825. The 1858 law established Tuxtepec as the district political headquarters and was made up of 3 villas and 16 towns. The synoptic and statistical table of the time (1880) indicates that the population of the municipality did not reach 2,300 inhabitants and that the majority were women. It also says that the population was of three classes: mulatto, indigenous and Spanish. The dance of the time was on a platform and was called Guapango. It had three public buildings: a church, a municipal house, and a theater. The main trade was in the lines of lingerie, groceries, hardware, haberdashery, china, and liquors, and cattle, cane, tobacco, coffee, cocoa, rubber, and cotton were produced. The pineapple was not yet known. The ranches were the following: Mixtán, Paso canoa, Arrollo de pita, Playa de mono San Antonio, El encinal, El Rosario, San Isidro, Mundo nuevo, El hule, Rio viejo, Santa Teresa, Tontepec, Palmilla, Yagual, Cuapa, Buenavista, Cacahuatepec, La Candelaria and Montiel. In them, the dairy work typical of the Jarocha culture was carried out. The languages among the indigenous people were Mazateco and Chinanteco. Mulattoes and Spaniards spoke Spanish in its Andalusian variety. In the municipal agency of Amapa Santa María lived 309 black inhabitants descendants of the Maroons who fled from Yanga and San Juan de la Punta.

Pre-Hispanic Period

Primitive launches found in the northern part of the city, dated approximately 1100 AD.

The population dates from the pre-Hispanic period. There is no historical evidence that the Chinantecs and Mazatecs were original settlers. There is data that the first settlers were Olmecs, later Popolucas and by 1450 3000 Tenochcas and Tlatelolcas arrived from what is now Mexico City, who implanted the Nahuatl language for the next three centuries. This territory was annexed to the Aztec Empire, then directed by Moctezuma I, in the year 1463 for being an important commercial point for the southern routes of the Empire.

Discovery

On March 6, 2012, it was announced that vestiges of an Aztec city had been discovered in the Mundo Nuevo neighborhood, with an extension of 20 hectares and a population of approximately 20,000 inhabitants. Excavation work is expected to take around 5 years.^{[citation needed]}

Cologne

In the year 1520, it was part of the recently founded Viceroyalty of New Spain, becoming the headquarters of a military garrison that led to Villa de Antequera, today Oaxaca.

Tuxtepec is not an example of colonial vestiges, since most Spaniards preferred to inhabit areas with a more temperate climate.

Independence and Reform

In 1810 it was listed as the municipal head of the jurisdiction of Tehutila. In 1844, according to the Law of May 11, it was the judicial head of the region and on March 19, 1858 it became a district.

On January 10, 1876, in the town of San Lucas Ojitlán, belonging to the District of Tuxtepec, the Plan of Tuxtepec was promulgated, in which General Porfirio Díaz ignored Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada as president of the nation, due to his re-election. In this, Díaz fought for the non-reelection of the president of the republic.

Porfiriato

Gral. Porfirio Díaz Mori

In the Villa de Ojitlán municipality of San Lucas de Ojitlán, Tuxtepec the Plan of Tuxtepec was proclaimed on January 10, 1876 by Porfirio Diaz with the purpose of overthrowing Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada. The manifesto was also signed by General Hermenegildo Sarmiento, who was the head of the local garrison and was reformed by the Palo Blanco Tamaulipas Plan, which recognized General Porfirio Díaz as president.

Porfirio Díaz managed to defeat the forces of Lerdo de Tejada in Tecoac (Puebla), on November 16, 1876, with which he agreed to the government of Mexico a week later.

Revolution

At the time of the Revolution, around the year 1910, the Villa de Tuxtepec was a town of large, white houses, with tiled paneling and large windows and doors to withstand the heat of the abundant jungle in the area. Tuxtepec had a population of 5,500 inhabitants that grew along the now main avenue Independencia and the well-known Paso Real, where the steam barges of the Navegación de los Ríos de la Costa company arrived. del Sotavento, which transported merchandise from Alvarado, Veracruz, navigating the Papaloapan River.

The Revolution in the Papaloapan Basin was led by General Jesús Carranza Garza.

On May 5, 1928, Tuxtepec rose to the category of city, being municipal president, Carlos Cruz Montiel, originally from the town of Tlacojalpan, Veracruz and who during the period from 1926 to 1928 was part of the State Legislature of Oaxaca as substitute local deputy. Likewise, he was poisoned during a work lunch while running for governor of the state of Oaxaca. ^{[citation needed ]}

1944 Flood

In 1944, Tuxtepec experienced one of the many natural catastrophes in its history, known in the press as the Tragedy of Tuxtepec.

The flooding of this place is still remembered by residents for its tragic and heartbreaking aspect, having its date on September 27. The newspaper El Universal had an alarming headline "Tuxtepec has practically disappeared".

The inhabitants of Tuxtepec request help because they do not have to eat.

The main houses of the city were destroyed by the stream of the river, like the commercial buildings, all the goods were lost.

The streets are intransitable and the houses that are still standing are full of rubble and the streets of quarrels. Inside what were rooms there are tons of sand in which they are undoubtedly buried many bodies.

The Papaloapan overflowed its channels due to a stationary front on the coasts of Oaxaca, Guerrero and Chiapas, causing gusts of 15 m/s; which caused the river waters to reach levels of 4 to 9 meters above the surface of the city. The levels of the river lasted for 3 days, when the water level dropped, it revealed numerous corpses of animals and people, remains of roofs and buildings.

When the city prison was flooded, the prisoners were able to escape from it, so on this day the Prisoner's Day is commemorated, releasing any of the inmates that the city claims.

The flood affected about 500,000 hectares and caused damages of 30 million Mexican pesos. At the time it was declared the worst catastrophe of the century, however, the 1969 flood was the one with the greatest economic losses, only surpassed by the 1985 earthquake.

During this tragedy, the state of Veracruz immediately provided the necessary humanitarian assistance.

While President Manuel Ávila Camacho toured the entire affected area accompanied by the governor of Oaxaca Vicente González Fernández, the governor of Veracruz Jorge Cerdán Lara, as well as the secretary of the interior Miguel Alemán Valdés. The inhabitants of the area gave applause, cheers and ovations to the Veracruz governor in gratitude for the immediate help he provided, unlike that of his Oaxacan counterpart, who was totally ignored.

Due to the frequent flooding caused by the Papaloapan, and the 1944 flood being the last incentive, the federal government issued a Presidential Agreement that declared the study and construction of the works of control of the Papaloapan river.

Papaloapan Commission

Papaloapan's Ex-Comission Building

News

Tuxtepec registered faster growth in the 1980s, due to the arrival of Compañía Cervecera del Trópico S.A de C.V., with which the demand for jobs increased, causing the creation of new educational centers, such as the Technological Institute of Tuxtepec.

Previously, the Oaxacan Governor was represented by caciques, who exercised control of the Region, serving in this position Francisco Moreno, for many years.

Lic. Pérez Gasga, Oaxacan governor, was interested in the region and began to frequent the Papaloapan Basin. The Tuxtepec-Oaxaca highway was built on dirt roads. The paper mill was established, whose purpose would be the use of wood from the Sierra de Juárez.

Given its geographic location, Tuxtepec tends to be identified more with the state of Veracruz than with Oaxaca. Before 1958, the region was represented on the Mondays of the Hill by the "Fandango Jarocho". It was then that Governor Alfonso Pérez Gasga decided to replace it with a new dance, with more Oaxacan features, creating the dance "Flor de Piña", which would ultimately represent the entire region, given than the previous one, he seemed to be more from Veracruz than from Oaxaca (although he was actually from Cuenco).

During the six-year term of Lic. Rodolfo Brena Torres, who most frequently visited the Tuxtepec area, the silverio rice mill (today under remodeling) was established, the Adolfo López Mateos Sugar Mill and some pineapple packing plants in the city of Loma Bonita.

With Governor Dr. Victor Bravo Ahuja, Tuxtepec underwent a complete change, thanks to the fact that the state government began to take the Papaloapan Region more into account, with a Tuxtepecan in the governorship and later Secretary of Education Public, the educational sector was promoted creating higher level schools, introduction of mercurial light, introduction and expansion of electric power to several communities in the region, paving of streets, paving of the Tuxtepec to Oaxaca highway, construction of the Tuxtepec highway to Palomares, the house of culture (which bears his name in honor), expansion of the drinking water network both in the city and throughout the region.

At that time, visiting Tuxtepec was a novelty for other Oaxacans. Currently, the city is already more integrated with the state capital. It is worth mentioning that people go to the Oaxacan capital for political and work matters, the most frequent business and pleasure trips are made to Veracruz, Puebla and the DF.

With the Internet and the fax, it is now more closely linked to Oaxaca, but due to its proximity, proximity, and geographic point with the State of Veracruz, the customs and idiosyncrasies of Tuxtepecan continue to be 90% Jarocha. Every time a Tuxtepecan visits the port of Veracruz or some other neighboring city, he identifies more than when he visits the Oaxacan capital, noting the change and difference of the Tuxtepecans towards Oaxaca, due to their customs, traditions, words, tone of voice and gastronomy., very different from that of the cuenqueños; And the same thing happens to them, too, when they visit the region.

Geography

The Municipality of San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec, is located in the northern part of the state of Oaxaca, at a latitude of 18º 19' north and 17º 48' south; and at a Longitude of 95° 51' to the east and 96° 19' to the west, in the limits of the state of Veracruz in the so-called Cuenca del Papaloapan, it is located on the slope of the Gulf of Mexico at a height of approximately 11 meters above the sea. sea level, conditions that determine a warm and humid climate with a temperature around 24.6 °C and an average annual precipitation of 2307.7 milliliters.

It has an area of 625.15 km²; Its location is ideal since it has enough communication routes that provide access to the Gulf, as well as the Pacific. The area comprised by this municipality represents 0.65% of the surface of the state of Oaxaca. Its geographical situation provides a strategic disposition, since to the north it borders the state of Veracruz-Llave, to the west with the municipality of Loma Bonita; to the south with the municipalities of Loma Bonita, Santiago Jocotepec, Santa María Jacatepec, San José Chiltepec and San Lucas Ojitlán; to the east with the municipalities of San Lucas Ojitlán and Nuevo Soyaltepec.

Average climate parameters of San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec
Month	Ene.	Feb.	Mar.	Open up.	May.	Jun.	Jul.	Ago.	Sep.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Annual
Temp. max. abs. (°C)	31.5	36	40	44	41.5	42	36.5	37	37.5	36	33.5	33	44
Average temperature (°C)	26	27.9	30.2	33.3	35	33.7	32.5	32.4	32	30.2	26.4	28.1	30.6
Average temperature (°C)	21.7	22.9	24.9	27.4	29	28.4	27.4	27.5	27.4	26	24	22.4	25.8
Temp. medium (°C)	17.4	18	19.5	21.5	23.1	23.1	22.3	22.5	22.8	21.7	19.9	18.3	20.8
Temp. min. abs. (°C)	11	11.5	12.5	13	19	19	19	18.5	20.5	14	13.5	10	10
Total precipitation (mm)	58	34	32	38	98	289	434	417	327	213	100	41	2078
Precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)	7.2	5.2	5.6	4.3	7.1	14.4	20.1	18.9	16.6	12.6	8.7	7.4	128.1
Source: http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather. php3?s=920294 strangercityname=San-John-Bautista-Tuxtepec-Oaxaca-Mexico strangerunits=metric

It has a slightly mountainous orography, since it is the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico and the Sotavento plains to the north and the Sierra Chinanteca and the Sierra de Juárez to the south.

The current flora is the one that has survived the extinction of the original forest, because with the purpose of planting sugar cane, approximately one hundred thousand hectares were felled and burned in the seventies.

Hydrography

Tuxtepec on the banks of the Papaloapan River

The municipality has a large amount of water resources, as it is in one of the most important hydrological basins in the country, the Papaloapan River. This river is supplied by others such as the Tonto River, the Valle Nacional River and the Santo Domingo River. Thanks to its capacity, Tuxtepec and the entire region have numerous springs and springs, all coming from the Sierra Madre del Sur and the Sierra de Juárez. Most of these waters have a high state of contamination as they contain sediments, alkalinity, high temperatures, cadmium, lead and other heavy metals.

In its territory, there are the Miguel Alemán and Miguel de la Madrid dams, which provide the development of fish farming and provide electricity that supplies the states of Veracruz, Oaxaca and Puebla.

Demographics

The median age of the municipality's population is 24 years. In men, the median age is 23 years and in women 25. It obtained a growth rate in the period 2000-2005 of 1.36%, with a Human Development Index of 0.769 and a Degree of Human Development &# 34;MEDIUM HIGH" in the year 2000.

Government

The government of the municipality of Tuxtepec is based in this city. It is made up of the Municipal President, the first Trustee, the second Trustee and the following departments: Treasury, Public Works, Public Safety, Education, Commerce, Public Services, Interior, Productive Development, Ecology, Municipal Assets, Cemeteries, Ornaments and Trace.

Municipal Palace

In addition to the municipal agencies of the towns that make up the municipality and different federal agencies and non-governmental organizations, which likewise are based in this city.

Economy

Agriculture

Tuxtepec rice fields

Due to its privileged nature, similar to that of the state of Veracruz, with exuberant vegetation, abundant water and a humid warm climate, Tuxtepec has a high production of sugar cane and fruit products, such as bananas, mangoes, pineapples, avocado, taro, various kinds of citrus, rubber plantations; in addition to grains such as rice and coffee. The production of green chili, beans and corn also stands out.

The evolution of agriculture in Tuxtepec was marked by periods of traditional cultivation, tax exploitation and the green gold era (roatán and macho plantain) and the local agricultural response that encouraged the improvement of crops, mainly sugar cane and plantain. At present, the planting of lychee has been promoted a lot.

Livestock

Livestock is another of the important activities of the municipality, due to the large amount of natural pastures that allow grazing and raising cattle in a simple and efficient way. Cattle farming in Tuxtepec increased from the 1940s and became a basic component of the town from the XIX century. The production of bovine cattle and the breeding of poultry stand out.

Fishing

Fish farming is one of the most deeply rooted activities in the municipality; At the beginning of the city it maintained a constant growth and was considered within the main activities of the region, during the period that Eng. Jorge L Tamayo was as executive member of the Papaloapan Commission from 1973 to 1984, they were brought from Japan the young of mojarras and deposited in the reservoir of the Miguel Alemán dam (Temascal) for reproduction, species of mojarra whose meat is fine and appreciated. Fishing activity was diminished by pollution and river silt, and by the diversification of other activities that led to this, such as industry. Due to the high contamination of the Papaloapan River, the species that inhabit it are inedible. In fact, fishing is practiced in the reservoirs of the Miguel Alemán and Miguel de la Madrid dams. Tilapia, tenhuayaca and criolla or colorada species are caught. Likewise, the creation of tilapia ponds in the communities has been increasingly promoted, which has served as an important source of income for the rural economy of the municipality. This activity is also carried out in the few clean natural tributaries that the municipality and the region have, which are increasingly threatened by contamination from pesticide residues used in agriculture.

Services

The city and the municipality have a wide range of care services that benefit the population of the state. Regarding health, this service is provided by 16 medical health units, 2 from the IMSS, one from ISSSTE, one from IMSS-Solidaridad, 11 from the SSA, 12 health houses, a Mexican Red Cross hospital clinic and In addition, numerous private hospital clinics; medical dispensaries and in addition to numerous private clinics (some of the most recognized are the "San Juan" clinic and the "Centro de Especialidades Médicas Fentanez"), which provide the population with health that the population needs; However, it is worth mentioning that these services, due to the large and growing population of Tuxtepec, have been exceeded by the demand, which is also required by the population of the surrounding municipalities, for which the Mexican Institute of Social Security has specified a construction project for a new Regional Hospital in the area, but the project will still take time to crystallize.

Trade

Independence

Commerce in Tuxtepec is the most important and fastest growing activity. The city of Tuxtepec is the most important commercial hub in the Papaloapan Basin Region. Such is the importance for commerce in Tuxtepec that 80% of the population is dedicated to commercial activity.

Tuxtepec maintains more frequent commercial relations with the states of Veracruz, Puebla and Mexico City and less frequent with the cities of Oaxaca de Juárez, Guadalajara and Monterrey.

It has become the main meeting point for the buying/selling activities of the surrounding places. Commerce is made up of most of its forms, with electrical appliance distribution centers, department stores, large supermarkets (both national and foreign) and various distribution companies of all kinds, both national and foreign.

Thus, there are 4 municipal markets, 3 street markets and a large number of commercial establishments of all kinds. Due to its commercial activity, the most outstanding avenues in the City are: Independencia, 20 de Noviembre, 5 de Mayo and Libertad, which work throughout the day.

Tourism

Hotel Gran Plaza Tuxtepec

Within the area of the municipality, the development of this economic activity has not been fully exploited, despite the many existing natural beauties. Tourism has been limited to visits to industries and shopping centers.

Among the promotional activities are the Fiestas de Mayo, where the city fair is held, where year after year artists of national and international fame participate; being a show also for the dissemination of their productions, such as the livestock and beer exhibition.

In the city, promotional events are held for the diffusion of the region itself, such as the meetings of versadores, soneros, poets and decimistas from Tuxtepecan. In addition to its Nauticopa that has been held since 1970 on the Tonto River, the recent administration, seeing that the Papaloapan River is practically extinct, moved the event to the Miguel de la Madrid Dam, thus the 2004 and 2007 editions, which had a visit of 8 to 10 thousand people per day.

The Bethania Waterfalls are waterfalls with crystalline waters located in the town of Bethania, 24 km from the city, on the Tuxtepec-Palomares highway. The Muro Boulevard with its green areas on the river bank is very beautiful.

The main tourist route it has is the aforementioned Muro Boulevard, which with its 5 km borders the northern part of the city and gives a panoramic view of the Papaloapan River. In it there are numerous restaurants, nightclubs, shops, as well as the El Flamenco Recreation Center, which with municipal development, is one of the main recreation centers in the municipality designed for children. There are also numerous buildings that are preserved despite the flood of '44 and the industrialization that Tuxtepec suffers.

The infrastructure of its hotels gives the municipality the capacity of 990 rooms, ranging from inns to 4-star hotels; to satisfy not only the incipient tourism, but also the demand for this service by industry and commerce.

In addition, there are numerous other streams that are invaded by tourists (mainly locals) and, recently, nationals in the hot months of April and May. Streams such as the "naranjal", located in the town of San Isidro naranjal is located in the Municipality of San José Chiltepec (in the state of Oaxaca) and also the well-known as the eye of the water "el zuzul" located in the municipality of santa Maria Jacatepec from Oaxaca.

Blvd. Benito Juárez

Parks

The City of Tuxtepec has four municipal parks, which are:

• Parque Juárez, main park of the municipality, where is located the kiosk of the city, the Municipal Palace, the Cathedral and the Chamber of Commerce.
• Hidalgo Parkalso known as Parque La Piragua, to be located in the Colonia La Piragua, is the most southern of the three; it has a more modern infrastructure than the rest, at least until the completion of the remodeling works of the Parque Juárez; in it is the Municipal Library, Municipal Police Station, Guadalupe Parish; and has hosted multiple events, such as a series of national band concerts, international populacher artists, and state exhibitions, book fairs, etc.
• Parque Carranza is the park that has the least extension, and therefore less infrastructure. It has as attractive children’s mechanical games and is close to Clinic San Juan Bautista, the second most important particular clinic in the City, the Technical Secondary School No. 2 and the Children's Garden.
  

  Parque Benito Juárez

• Cincuentenario Park. Located in Blvd. Ávila Cámacho esq Roberto Colorado.

• Parque Lineal Boulevard Benito Juárez is the new park that was built in the area of Cbtis 107 next to the boulevard Benito Juárez. This road walker has a monument to Benito Juárez García, a fountain and benches; this to give more aesthetic value to this artery.

• Parque Felipe Matías Velasco, located on the left bank of the Papaloapan river in the center of Tuxtepec, on the other side of the Real Pass.

Theatres

Auditorium Casa de la Cultura

The City has two buildings that at some point were thought of as theaters; the Hidalgo Theater and the Auditorium of the Casa de la Cultura.

The first, located in the center of the City, has not functioned as a theater for many decades, nor is it enabled for this purpose, since in its time it was a movie theater, it was still possible to show well-known silent films and artistic shows. During the 1950s and 1960s it functioned as a boxing arena, it was the scene of great fights between boxers from Tuxtepecan, Veracruz and other parts of the country (there a boxer from Tuxtepecan nicknamed the "black churrero" had many presentations 34; who became champion of the southeast facing opponents from Veracruz, Tabasco, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Campeche, managing to obtain good victories)

Between 1975 and 1982 it was occupied as a military barracks. The upper floor was occupied for some time by the offices of the PRI and the CNOP.

In the 1940s until 1980 the "Pardo" located on Independencia avenue called "paso real" also in his time he was the protagonist of important events, (already disappeared).

The Auditorium of the Casa de la Cultura is the largest modern and most important in the municipality. With a town of 750 people, it is the venue for multiple events of the most outstanding in the political, social, cultural and entertainment fields; for its ease of access and comfortable infrastructure. However, there are very few theatrical works that are presented.

Media

Transportation

Tuxtepec Bridge

Tuxtepec has numerous bus lines; local buses from the state of Veracruz, such as the TRV line (Transportes Rápidos de Veracruz), national and state buses, such as Oaxaca-Istmo. Public transportation has numerous urban transportation lines, the first urban transportation line in Tuxtepec was put into service in the 1960s, it has taxi services, and a boat that offers trips from Tuxtepec to San Bartolo, crossing the Papaloapan river. It has a bus terminal belonging to the ADO Group and a second category bus terminal, a project that has not been completed. The road network connects it with Oaxaca de Juárez through MEX 175, the Tuxtepec-Agua Fría Highway, and the Tuxtepec-Jalapa de Díaz Highway. The city, seeing itself surrounded by the Papaloapan and Tonto rivers, has 3 bridges over the Papaloapan and one over the Tonto: the Puente Tuxtepec, which connects to the highway Tuxtepec-Oaxaca; the San Bartolo Bridge, which connects the city with the town of San Bartolo and the Puente Caracol, which serves as the border with the state of Veracruz; in addition to a pedestrian bridge over the Papaloapan that also communicates with San Bartolo.

Currently, in 2009, they began the construction of a new bridge, known as "Puente Tuxtepec II", which will serve to relieve traffic in the connection area between the Cervecera del Trópico and the IMSS, which It is the main access to the city. This will be next to the current "Puente Tuxtepec", forming part of the Benito Juárez boulevard and will serve as access to leave the city. This bridge will not only serve to balance the traffic in this area, but also to give the city a more aesthetic image.

Broadcasting

The municipality of Tuxtepec has two radio stations, both with a power of 25 kW each, belonging to the Papaloapan Radiophonic Organization and in Cosamaloapan the XEFU on 630 AM, in addition of the retransmitting frequencies in 1490 AM, belonging to the ORP, XETUX in 1110 AM of La Señal de Oaxaca; and on FM, RadioMás de Veracruz is frequently tuned in, which is part of RadioTelevisión de Veracruz, as well as EXA FM 101.3 a station affiliated with MVS RADIO, belonging to Radio Casandoo of Grupo Rojaz

Television

The television medium is relatively new in the region, and it emerged with a pay channel in the year 2000, which offers entertainment programs, newscasts, cultural shows, and sports.

The company ERSA Multimedios, founded in the middle of the first decade of the XXI century, produces the news portal www. tvbus.tv, which is also a provider of television programs to the region (Valle Nacional, Loma Bonita, José Azueta, Cd Isla and Tuxtepec) through the pay television systems of said cities.

There is a newscast: "Red informativa", produced by ERSA Comunicaciones who, with TeleT, co-produce an analysis program broadcast live on Wednesdays with the participation of opinion leaders and analysts, including: José Antonio Márquez, Antonio Moreno, Luis Fernando Paredes Porras, Santiago Méndez and Miguel Ángel Váquez.

Other programs that are appreciated are "Parando Oreja" and "The time has come" both of a showbiz magazine format.

The cultural program "Lend me your memory" Produced by the Center for the Development of Multiple Intelligences, CDEIM and hosted by Sergio Hernández Cruz and Luis Fernando Paredes Porras, it completed its first 5 years on the air in March 2016 under the concept of minimalist television.

Written Media

The written media of the region, such as newspapers, weeklies, magazines, books; they are the most popular form of dissemination in the region. Newspapers Noticias Voz e Imagen de la Cuenca, Visión de la Cuenca and El Piñero de la Cuenca are the newspapers with the largest circulation in the region, the first has its headquarters next to the Municipal Palace, the second is the first free newspaper in the region and the third in the pineapple city of Loma Bonita. To date, public universities still have the corresponding editorial work pending. There have been other print media that gave an account of the news but since there is no newspaper library in the city, this material is not available. The magazine "Sonar" circulates.

Among the books published in 2013 we have the collection Letter Art which, compiled by Edith Lira Vázquez, brings together eleven individual works, all of them written in Décima by young poets from Tuxtepecan; History of a town that does not exist in history books collection of short stories by José Samuel Aguilera Vázquez edited by SECULTA; The festivities of San Juan Bautista Collection Arte Letra, as well as Praise San Juan del Río, both by the same author. In previous years, "Tuxtepec before history" of Tomas Garcia; "The dislocated water" by Antonio Ávila Galán and "Que tal si no" by Jose Samuel Aguilera Vazquez.

Other books published in previous years are: in 2008 by the writer Sabino Pérez Ramírez "El Laberinto" and of himself in the year 2004 "Moon Scales"; two poetic anthologies of the International Meetings of Women Poets in the Papaloapan Basin 2013 and 2014 respectively.

Tuxtepec has at least four chroniclers who have given the city prominence for their vast coverage of the daily history of the region. Felipe Matías Velasco, who has contributed to the conservation of Tuxtepecan traditions and officially named costumbrista chronicler, Eng. Antonio Ávila Galán, Lic. Julián Domingo España Solís and the young Luis Antonio Rodríguez Pulido who contributes the particularity of chronicling in Décima spinel. However, there is no complete chronicle of the municipality or the capital to date. The lack of a municipal archive contributes to this weakness.

Education

The city of Tuxtepec is one of the municipalities of the state of Oaxaca that offers a large number of opportunities in its different modalities of Educational Institutions. There are Children's Rooms in the city that belong to the network of children's rooms of SEDESOL. Child care centers subrogated by the IMSS, public by the ISSSTE and private. Public and private kindergartens, primary schools, among which stands out the Roberto Colorado Elementary School, one of the oldest in the city and which currently has extra-curricular computer and English classes, which have been possible thanks to the effort set of parents and school management, secondary, upper secondary and higher education. In addition to the Training Center for Work and private institutions that provide teaching services for all levels and numerous academies of music, English, computing, dance, among others.

Main upper-middle schools

There is a secondary education service within which we find the following schools:

Public:

*Industrial and Services Technological Baccalaureate Center No. 107 (CBTis 107)

• Colegio de Bachilleres del Estado de Oaxaca n.o 07
• National College of Technical Professional Education No. 157
• Centro de Bachillerato Tecnológico Forestal
• Centro de Bachillerato Tecnológico Agropecuario

Private:

• Hispanic University http://www.universidadhispano.edu.mx/index2.php
• Carlos Fuentes Preparatory
• Pan American Preparatory
• Technological Baccalaureate Moises Sáenz (BATEMS)
• Madero University (UMAD) Preparatory Modality
• Preparatory Benemer of the Americas.

Main High Schools

There is a higher education service, within which we find the following schools:

Public:

• Tuxtepec Technological Institute (ITTux)
• Universidad del Papaloapan (Campus Tuxtepec and Campus Loma Bonita) (UNPA): belongs to the University System of the State of Oaxaca; the campus in Tuxtepec City was founded in 2002.
• Instituto Tecnológico de la Cuenca del Papaloapan (ITCP)
• Universida Pedagógica Nacional (UPN) Campus Tuxtepec
• Instituto Veracruzano de la Educación (IVE)

Private:

• Inter-American University for Development (UNID) Campus Tuxtepec
• Universidad Madero de Puebla (UMAD) Campus Tuxtepec
• University of the Gulf of Mexico (UGM) Campus Tuxtepec
• Centro de Estudios Superiores de Tuxtepec (CEST)
• Universidad Hispano
• Centro Universitario Benemérito de las Américas (CUBA)

Culture

House of Culture Dr. Victor Bravo Ahuja

Culture is an activity in constant development. The Casa de la Cultura Dr. Víctor Bravo Ahuja and the Municipal Directorate of Culture are the official promoters by the municipal government for some of its forms (Polynesian dance, theater, band music, cutting and sewing, jewelry) and organizes events aimed at disseminating it to the country, such as the selection casting for the young women who they will dance Flor de piña in the Guelaguetza. The House of Culture has spaces for the recreation of society in general. However, the bulk of the cultural work falls on the independent organizations of a cultural nature of the Civil Society that currently have the vanguard role in the cultural development of the municipality and that, gathering all the activities per year, make an investment of more than 10 million pesos, well above the municipal budget allocated to the area and the state budget applied in the region.

Festivities and Traditions

June 24 is celebrated in many places in the basin on the day of San Juan Bautista, the local patron saint associated with the waters, since it must be remembered that Tuxtepec is still a fluvial city and during the century XIX and part of the XX steamboats circulated through its docks entering and removing merchandise through the port of Alvarado, Veracruz. The Cathedral of San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec Oaxaca is considered emblematic of the Jarocha culture in its last period of modification in the XX century, The cathedral was built at the end of the XVIII and XIX centuries. For this reason, contests of decimeros, sones and huapangos from the leeward are held, horseback riding, bullfights, Salutations to the Patron Saint with songs to the divine, Paseo de pendones, Palo encebado, ribbon tournament, horse races, fairs with mechanical games, and serenades. The biggest commercial festival in the city is La Expo Feria Tuxtepecana, which takes place annually during the Fiestas de Mayo, which, although they do not have any traditional meaning, is where They carry out the largest promotional and entertainment activities, based at the Tuxtepec Fairgrounds. Other traditions include the celebration of national anniversaries, national holidays, social, religious and taken. The tradition of the Day of the Dead has declined in the rancherías, but it is celebrated with greater showiness in schools. It is customary throughout the Papaloapan basin, including the states of Veracruz and Tabasco, to celebrate the branch and the burning of the old man in December; where the lighting of candles is also done in front of the houses on the 12th and the lanterns, the latter in commemoration of the anniversary of the Tragedy of Tuxtepec, on September 27.

Gastronomy

The gastronomic culture is closely related to the existing agricultural production, so it can be said that today the typical food of the region falls largely on cassava, plantain, corn, mojarra; etc Among the characteristic dishes is an entire culture around tamales, to name a few: cassava tamales made of dough, spices, rancheritos, corn buns, aniseed tamales known as " little dog heads" and the banana tamale. You can also taste the scraped tortillas, cassava tortillas with refried beans, the caldo paisano, "mondongo" the fried mojarras with pico de gallo the fish pilte the refreshing drink called popo, and many other varieties of typical Jarocha dishes such as picadas, empanadas, crab toast, the famous "caldo macho", the "mogo-mogo" or "machuco" and the "tlayudas of Oaxaca. As well as the Oaxacan and Veracruz moles, the delicious fried plantains with cheese and butter, as well as boiled ones from the town of San Bartolo, not to mention the rich tortillas made by hand by the Tuxtepecan woman and many other dishes from this region such as the Cuban-style pig and chicken, the exquisite desserts, sweet mamey, plantain, guava, tanned nanches, peanut and soursop toritos.

Regional dance

Dance "Flor de piña".

In Tuxtepec there are at least four cultural expressions in terms of regional dance: the marimba, the danzonera, the fandango and the folkloric dance. The popular marimba survives from the past as a marimba orchestra enlivening family parties with regional bullanga in cumbia, charanga, montuno and guaracha dance. Lately, the people of San Bartolo have taken their style to large national and international forums, receiving musical awards including at the White House in the United States, as well as in Hong Kong, Colombia and African countries. This marimba, "Estrellitas del sur", is part of the State Government program "El rincón de la marimba", promoted by two San Bartoleños and does not fall into the category of marimba orchestra.

The Tuxtepecan fandango has its own stamp because at the beginning it offers a "floreo de tarima" unique in its style and the performers of the genre enjoy recognized merit nationally and internationally because the heeling on the stage is a showy display of harmonic improvisation, passion and elegance. This "Floreo de Tarima" is the result of the participatory research and vision of Samuel Aguilera Vázquez, who is, given his skills, the most recognized cultural promoter from the Sotavento region in the work of Jarocha culture, currently CONACULTA and the State Government recognize the jarocha culture in the northern part of the state.

The contributions of the dancer, choreographer and cultural promoter Eréndida Armas Aguirre are noteworthy in the research on the fandango from Cuenca and its clothing.

The diffusion of the danzón in the Papaloapan basin involves marimba orchestras from the region such as the marimba orchestra "A más dos" from Tuxtepec, and directed by the maestro Arcadio Altamirano Andrade who died in March 2016 and, the marimba orchestra "Santa Rosa", from the town three of Tres Valles Veracruz (Ojiteco resettlement town) directed by the maestro Abel Aguilar Altamirano, giving himself pleasant popular dances.

Persistent promoters of danzón are also professor Víctor Carrillo Saenz and professor Balbino Sánchez Prieto(+), promoter Sabino Pérez Ramírez and teacher Eréndida Armas Aguirre who has developed the methodologies of "Danzón baby" and "Corazón Danzonero", the latter recipient of a scholarship from the Sotavento cultural program.

Organized by the In the folkloric aspect, the dance "Flor de piña", which since its creation in 1958 is a magnificent and dazzling dance thanks to the indigenous clothing and its modern and elegant choreography, is presented annually at the Monday of the Hill or Guelaguetza festivities. There "Pineapple Flower" It has become one of the favorites of the national and international audience due to its color. and "La Bamba" so popular during the patron saint festivities where the dancers put a shawl on the floor and with their feet, while they tap their heels and move, they make a bow that at the end of the dance they present to the public. Although it is true that none of the four expressions by itself represents the identity of the municipality, the truth is that, added together, the four do constitute a deeply rooted regional identity card.

Due to its geographical location, this region is an amalgamation of the Jarocha and Oaxacan cultures, since before the creation of "Flor de piña" In Tuxtepec, large gatherings of jaraneros, versadores and fandango jarocho were held. Even today it persists and it is about conserving and preserving these traditions, to the sound of the Jarocha idiosyncrasy as the cultural root of a region where the score Flor de piña was imposed to represent Tuxtepec in the Guelaguetza since it lacked of an Oaxacan dance.

It is up to the authorities to preserve and disseminate the Jarocha culture, through the officials of Tourism, the Authenticity Committee and the Institute of Culture so that the cultures of the region are shared.

There are groups of revelers such as "Butaquito de los Hermanos Escamirosas", "Alma Costeña del Sr. Nemesio Reyes", "Soneros del Papaloapan" "Youth Group of Son Jarocho Alebrijes" or "Group Aguacero of the House of Culture"; harp masters like Jaime Yáñez or Alfredo Cruz Reali, jaranero like Don Elías Meléndez or the decimistas, like Antonio Ávila Galán, Profr, Raymundo Reyes Ángeles, Julián España, Refugio Trujano, Erika Estrada, Carlos Solís, Bricio Reyes, Luis Fernando Paredes Porras, Johan Domínguez, Luis Antonio Rodríguez Pulido and many others. As a particular form of the décima, a tradition called "Canto a lo divino" same that is executed in situations of religiosity accompanied by an ancient son called Justicias". Inherited perhaps from the Jesuits, it is exercised today by Samuel Aguilera, Jaime Yáñez, Luis Antonio Rodríguez Pulido, Juan Domínguez, David Méndez Vázquez and by the children Higinio Bernabé, Carlitos Domínguez and Kevin Leyva Trujano, famous requintista.

Poetry and Poetic Interpretation

An exceptional gift is that of Xóchitl Castro Reyes as an interpreter. The Center for the Development of Multiple Intelligences CDEIM has produced two CDs: Xóchitl Che Vol I and Vol II, both with a minimalist production. Xóchitl is also a woman dedicated to philanthropy.

Charreria

The charrería in Tuxtepec is one of the most deeply rooted activities in the region and widely practiced among the economically prominent families of the city; It is important to mention it in view of the fact that the region has organized numerous events at the national level of this sport, having as a property the Tuxtepecan charro canvas; which is also the headquarters of the Association of Charros of the Papaloapan Basin.

Sports

Sports in the municipality has been widely promoted with the creation of various centers to carry out this activity. In recent years, the city has adapted land along the Papaloapan River for the construction of sports fields for the practice of sports such as soccer, basketball, and volleyball, promoted with financing from municipal, federal, and private entities.

Stadiums

The Guillermo Hernández Castro Stadium is located in the city, which is the headquarters of the Bravos de Tuxtepec baseball team, owned by Grupo Modelo, which participates in the Veracruzana Baseball League Beto Ávila. It is also a soccer team, which has participated in the Third Division of Mexico.

Charrería is a popular sport for families with the longest tradition in the municipality, which is why it is the headquarters of the Association of Charros of the Papaloapan Basin, one of the best in Mexico and which has come to preside over the National Association of Charros.

Because it owns the Miguel Alemán and Miguel de la Madrid dams, sport fishing is practiced in the municipality and competitions have been held between Formula T-1 boats known as the Nauticopas Tuxtepec, where in 2004, 2007 and 2010 they had entries of 10,000 people for each year.

Estadio Tuxtepec Gustavo Pacheco Villaseñor

Currently, in Colonia Sebastopol, the construction of what will be the largest soccer stadium of the Oaxacan entity, the Gustavo Pacheco Villaseñor Stadium, with a capacity of 25,000 people, is underway, a project that is in charge of the family Pacheco, sponsored by the private initiative.

Cycling is also one of the sports practiced in the region, one of the main groups promoting cycling is Ciclismo Coatl, a plural citizen initiative that carries out urban and mountain cycling routes in the Papaloapan region, in an organized environment, safe and with absolute respect for nature, which promotes healthy coexistence among its members (http://grupocoatl.blogspot.mx/).

Other sports, such as basketball and volleyball, are popular only in the amateur arena, widely practiced in educational institutions. Horse racing is very popular in the localities of the municipality, as well as in the neighboring municipalities, mainly in Santa María Jacatepec and San José Chiltepec.

Religion

As in the rest of the country, the population in the municipality of Tuxtepec is mostly Catholic since, according to the records of the INEGI 2010 Population and Housing Census, just over 75% of the population declares themselves a believer of this religion. The city is the seat of the Diocese of Tuxtepec, erected on January 8, 1979, and whose bishop is Monsignor José Antonio Fernández Hurtado. The diocese has a population of approximately 700,000 inhabitants. The center of the diocese is the Cathedral of Tuxtepec, built from 1852 and established as a cathedral on April 22, 1979, according to the plans of Juan de Medina, with a neoclassical style. The first Bishop appointed for the Diocese of Tuxtepec was Mons, Jose de Jesús Castillo Renteria who served as such from January 8, 1979 (44 years) to February 11, 2005.

Twinned cities

The city of Tuxtepec has twinning agreements with:

• Tierra Blanca, Mexico (2009).
• Tlacotalpan, Mexico (2011).