Province of Entre Rios

Entre Ríos, in the text of the provincial Constitution: Province of Entre Ríos, is one of the twenty-three provinces that make up the Argentine Republic. In turn, it is one of the 24 self-governing states or jurisdictions of the first order that make up the country, and one of the 24 national legislative electoral districts. Its capital and most populous city is Paraná.

Located to the east of the Central region of Argentina, it limits to the north with Corrientes, to the east with the Uruguay River that separates it from Uruguay, to the south and west with the Paraná River that separates it from the Province of Buenos Aires and Santa Fe. With 78,781 km², it is the eighth smallest first-order jurisdiction —ahead of San Luis, Formosa, Jujuy, Misiones, Tucumán, Tierra de Fuego and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, the least extensive— and with 15.6 inhab/km², and the seventh jurisdiction with the highest population density, behind the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, the Province of Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Santa Fe, Mendoza and Tucumán.

It is a component (the southernmost) of Argentine Mesopotamia, made up of the Uruguay and Paraná rivers on the Argentine coast. Some 15 percent of its territory is made up of islands and floodplains. It is often considered an "insular" province, being surrounded by rivers and streams. Its main accesses are made up of bridges and a subfluvial tunnel. The surface and deep water network, through aquifers and suitable for immediate consumption, is up to 12 times greater than in any other in the country.

The province played a prominent role in the organizational stage of the Argentine national state; It was the Federal Territory of the country's Capital during the mandate of Justo José de Urquiza, the first constitutional president of Argentina.

History

Early days

Before the arrival of the first Spanish explorers, the territory of present-day Entre Ríos was occupied by various ethnic groups, such as the Chaná-Timbúes and the Guarani, nomadic groups. The former were characterized by being hunters, farmers, fishermen and manufacturers of weapons (bows and arrowheads), as well as skilled in the manufacture of canoes, musical instruments and the use of wood and basketry. They were located in the southern region of the province where they formed a homogeneous sedentary culture. They lived in houses grouped into rectangular or round villages made of mud and straw, with a central space where there was a square.

As part of the Spanish Empire, Entre Ríos was a member of the Viceroyalty of Peru, within the jurisdiction of the cities of Buenos Aires and Santa Fe. The first colonizers settled in the current department of La Paz, on the banks of the Paraná River. The territory was included in the Río de la Plata governorate by virtue of the Royal Decree of December 16, 1617, which subdivided the governorate originally granted to Pedro de Mendoza.

The indigenous people of the Entre Ríos territory were defeated and reduced by Governor Hernandarias. After an expedition against the Charrúas of the Banda Oriental ordered by José de Andonaegui, the first towns were founded in Entre Ríos. In 1783, shortly after the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, Viceroy Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo ordered Tomás de Rocamora to organize the territory of Entre Ríos, proceeding to found the towns of San Antonio de Gualeguay Grande, Concepción del Uruguay and San José de Gualeguaychú.

The national organization

In 1810 the towns of Entre Ríos immediately adhered to the May Revolution, which began the independence process, and the town of La Bajada (Paraná) provided logistical and militia support to Manuel Belgrano during his expedition to Paraguay. The relationship with Buenos Aires deteriorated after the armistice signed in 1811 with the viceroy established in Montevideo, Francisco Javier de Elío, by which Buenos Aires agreed to the royalist occupation of the towns of Gualeguay, Gualeguaychú and Concepción del Uruguay and the entire Banda Oriental, in exchange for the lifting of the blockade on its port. The towns of Entre Ríos, commanded by local leaders such as Francisco Ramírez, Eusebio Hereñú, and Gregorio Samaniego, managed to defeat the royalists who had proceeded to occupy them and from then on, Entre Ríos assumed a strongly federal position. Due to these disagreements with Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos did not send representatives to the Congress of Tucumán, instead supporting the one organized by José Gervasio Artigas in Concepción del Uruguay on June 29, 1815 (Congress of the East).

The province was under the protection of Artigas until Francisco Ramírez assumed the leadership of the federal cause in Entre Ríos territory. Together with Estanislao López, from Santa Fe, he faced the unitarios of the supreme director José Rondeau, defeating them in the battle of Cepeda in 1820. This battle led to the dissolution of the national government and the signing of the Pilar Treaty between the two triumphant provinces. and Buenos Aires.

Flag of the Province of Entre Ríos adopted by Pascual Echagüe on December 28, 1833.

This treaty set Ramírez at odds with Artigas, who did not participate in the negotiations. Ramírez created in 1820 the Republic of Entre Ríos, an autonomous federal state that included, in addition to the current Entre Ríos, the current Province of Corrientes and the old Jesuit missions in the northeast of that province. The Republic of Entre Ríos was dissolved the following year, after the assassination of Ramírez.

Entre Ríos did not accept the unitary constitution of 1826 promoted by Buenos Aires, but he collaborated during the Brazilian War (1825-1828). After some changes of governors, the province was left in charge of Pascual Echagüe (1832-1841), close to the governor of Buenos Aires Juan Manuel de Rosas. In 1841, a focus of resistance against Rosas was generated in the province, which Echagüe faced, being defeated by General José María Paz. Justo José de Urquiza then took charge of the governorship of the province. The first agricultural colony in the province was San José, founded in 1857 by Urquiza.

The French blockade from 1838 to 1840 and the Anglo-French blockade from 1845 to 1850 allowed merchant ships to navigate the Paraná and Uruguay rivers, which favored Entre Ríos, since before trade was monopolized by the Port of Buenos Aires. When the blockades were lifted, the resentment provoked by this fact, together with the traditional insistence of Entre Ríos on a true federalism, constituted the underlying reasons that led Urquiza to confront Rosas in order to unite the country under a federal constitution. that would guarantee the free navigation of the rivers. The Battle of Caseros, in 1852, marked Urquiza's decisive victory.

Separated Buenos Aires from the rest of the provinces, the Constituent Congress of 1853 named the city of Paraná as the provisional capital of the Argentine Confederation and Urquiza as president, federalizing the entire territory of Entre Ríos (Federal Territory of Entre Ríos).

Palacio San José, residence of Urquiza.

In 1860, after Buenos Aires joined the Confederation, the Constitution of Entre Ríos was enacted, electing Urquiza as governor of the reestablished Province of Entre Ríos. Urquiza returned to the governorship in 1868 and was assassinated in 1870 during a revolution led by Ricardo López Jordán. He was appointed governor by the Legislature, but President Domingo Faustino Sarmiento did not recognize his authority, sending an army to intervene in the province. López Jordán tried to resist (Jordanist rebellion), but was defeated and took refuge in Brazil. The intervention ended after the election of Governor Emilio Duportal.

From immigrant colonies to the present day

During the great wave of European immigration from 1853-1930, Entre Ríos was one of the provinces where the largest number of immigrants settled, forming a large number of agricultural colonies.

In a significant percentage, many descendants of those immigrants are also descendants of indigenous peoples due to the typical confluence of blood that occurred in the past, which is repeated with hardly any variations in almost all regions of the country.

The provincial constitution was reformed in 1903, during the government of Enrique Carbó Ortiz. When the Sáenz Peña Secret Vote Law entered into force in 1912, the Radical Civic Union, the Conservative Party and the Socialist Party stood for election. In said election, the radical candidate, Miguel Laurencena, won.

The world economic crisis of 1929, known as the Great Depression, hurt the agro-export economies, which produced an increase in the urbanization of the province. The industrialization process that began in the 1930s led to a provincial exodus since the provincial urban centers could not assimilate the entire population that came from the countryside.

In 1933 the provincial constitution was amended. Between 1946 and 1955, new reforms were carried out, which were annulled in 1955, to restore the constitutional text of 1933. The coups that were repeated between 1930 and 1983 annulled the provincial autonomies through military rulers appointed by the dictator in command., who assumed the title of "governor". Together with San Luis, however, Entre Ríos was one of the only two provinces whose constitutional government was not intervened after the first coup d'état in 1930, for having an elected government similar to it. It was intervened during the other interruptions to the constitutional order. Among the most outstanding events of that period is the construction of the Raúl Uranga-Carlos Sylvestre Begnis Subfluvial Tunnel (at first called Hernandarias), which linked the cities of Paraná and Santa Fe and ended the isolation by land of Mesopotamia and which was complemented in 1975 with the inauguration of the Zárate-Brazo Largo Railway Complex, which joins it with the province of Buenos Aires. In 1974, the construction of the Salto Grande Binational Hydroelectric Power Plant began, which began to generate energy in 1979.

In 1983, when democracy was restored, Sergio Alberto Montiel (UCR, 1983-1987), Jorge Busti (PJ, 1987-1991), Mario Armando Moine, Busti (1995-1999), Montiel (1999- 2003), Busti for the third time (2003-2007), Sergio Urribarri (PJ, 2007-2011 and 2011-2015) the first consecutive re-election, thanks to the reform of the provincial Constitution; and Gustavo Bordet (2015-2019) for the same party.

The creation of Mercosur in 1991 was of great importance for Entre Ríos, due to its strategic location as a communications crossroads between the four countries that make up the block and axis of the bioceanic corridor.

Starting in 2004, the construction of a pulp mill on the Uruguayan bank of the Uruguay River led to a mobilization of the population of the tourist cities of Gualeguaychú and Colón in order to oppose it, which opened a diplomatic conflict between Argentina and Uruguay. Tourism is an expanding sector in the province, making it the fourth most visited destination nationwide. On April 20, 2010, the International Court of Justice issued the final ruling, ruling that Uruguay violated its procedural obligations established by the Uruguay River Statute and instructed both countries to jointly monitor the river, through the Administrative Commission of the Uruguay River (CARU).

In January 2008, a constituent convention began to meet that reformed the Provincial Constitution, chaired by Jorge Busti, who shortly before served as governor of the province. On October 11, the new constitution was sworn in in Concepción del Uruguay and entered into force on November 1, 2008.

Period of Dictatorship

The period of dictatorship in Argentina from 1976 to 1982, called the National Reorganization Process, involved all the provinces of the country. Likewise, the illegal deprivations of liberty and the consequent disappearances that occurred in our country and in the province could not have been carried out without having clandestine detention centers, that is, with a building infrastructure that would allow the victims.

The period of dictatorship in Argentina from 1976 to 1982, called the National Reorganization Process, involved all the provinces of the country. Likewise, the illegal deprivations of liberty and the consequent disappearances that occurred in our country and in the province could not have been carried out without having clandestine detention centers, that is, with a building infrastructure that would allow the victims.

- Center located in the premises of the Paraná Communications Regiment II.

- Torture center located behind the Paraná Air Base.

- Clandestine detention center on the property of Lebensohn and Don Uva, according to complaints made before the Secretary of Human Rights of the Nation during the year 2004, it is believed that "La Escuelita" also operated on Montiel street and on the way to the Municipal brush quarry.

- Center located near the Aero-Club Gualeguaychú.

- Dependencies of the Military Unit of Gualeguaychú.

- Center located in dependencies of the Concordia Armored Cavalry Regiment.

Clandestine Centers - Dependencies of Penitentiary Units of Entre Ríos

- Penal Unit No. 1, in the house of the director and the Family Unit.

- Penal Unit No. 6.

- Penitentiary Unit No. 2 of Gualeguaychú.

Clandestine Centers - Police Stations in Entre Ríos

- “El Brete” Police Station.

- Paraná Delegation of the Federal Police.

- Directorate of Investigations of the Provincial Police.

- Police of the province of Entre Ríos

- Concepción del Uruguay Police Headquarters.

Disappeared from Entre Ríos

In Entre Ríos to date, 303 people from Entre Ríos have been counted as disappeared by the armed forces in the different towns of the province and in the rest of the country. In relation to the missing people from Entre Ríos in the province, 10 cases are being processed in the Federal Court of Paraná, 6 cases in the Federal Court of Concepción del Uruguay, and a complaint made before the Federal Prosecutor's Office of Concepción del Uruguay, which is at the waiting for the opening of the case.

Oscar Dezorzi

Oscar Alfredo “El Ruso Pablo” Dezorzi a Giacopuzzi was born on January 16, 1951 in Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos. He is the son of Saint Teresita Giacopuzzi. He married Alicia Benetti from Entre Ríos with whom he had a son, Emanuel. At the age of 18 he was called up for military service. He later requested an extension to study Mechanical Engineering in Buenos Aires.

Oscar Dezorzi, a midwife disappeared in 1976

Shortly after, he went to live in Paraná to pursue his degree at the Paraná Regional National Technological University (UTN), where he completed a course of university militancy. At the same time, he was a member of the Peronist Youth. Even then he was interested in working with low-income youth, which cost him punishment by the security forces. “He was a militant, he worked in the neighborhoods. He was a close friend of Claudio Fink, also missing, "said his mother, Saint Teresita Giacopuzzi.

Arrest and disappearance

During the 1976 coup d'état, Oscar was fired from the place where he worked, the Poultry Plan of the Ministry of Agriculture of the province, and he was removed from the register of students of the Faculty of Engineering of the UTN. At that time he returned to Gualeguaychú, his hometown. There he worked in various fields.

He was kidnapped by civilian men on August 10, 1976, at his home, while he was sleeping. According to statements by his relatives, Oscar was handcuffed and taken away dressed only in underpants and shoes, then they received pants and a jacket from Carlos, his father. Silvia, the Russian's sister, saw that they put him in a family Fiat.

According to the case, after his kidnapping Oscar was transferred to Paraná. Currently, Oscar Dezorzi is still missing, and the case is part of the so-called Gualeguaychú Area Cause.

Detained missing in Entre Ríos during the dictatorship

Claudio Fink

Claudio Marcelo “Francis” Fink was born on January 6, 1953 in Paraná, and was detained-disappeared during the last civic-military dictatorship. He was the son of Clara Atelman and Efraín Fink. His father was a union member of the Luz y Fuerza union. From a very young age, Claudio showed his affinity for studying and reading, infected by a home where he read a lot. He liked motor racing and soccer, he was from San Lorenzo. He was funny and loved music, especially folklore. He had a very good humor, was extremely supportive and very attached to his friends; he did not like nights out. His girlfriend was María Lina Muñoz, a native of Paraná, an employee of the General Education Council and a member of the Peronist Trade Union Movement.

He studied Electromechanical Engineering at the Paraná Regional National Technological University, where he participated in the Student Center. At the University he was one of the main leaders of the Paraná Regional Peronist University Youth. He also militated with Elsa Díaz in the Maccarone neighborhood and in Villa Yatay.

His militant partner, Beatriz Pfeiffer, remembers Claudio and says that: “We participated actively and with joy. I don't forget his father's Fiat 1100, which he lent him, and there we would all go out, always many, in the "mile cento" as he called it. From there we all went out, always many, in the study and camaraderie, but also participation and militancy, with great dedication..." (Stories of life and Militancy: Claudio Fink, 2012: p.18)

Then he was a member of the Montoneros, and at the beginning of 1976 he was very close to the leadership of the organization in Paraná.

Work and unionism

He worked for a time in the Municipality of Paraná during the administration of Juan Carlos Esparza. Together with Ricardo Galarza, Elsa Díaz, Arturo Píccoli, Marta Terradas, Silvia Arancibia and Beatriz Pfeiffer they formed the Single Union of Public Employees.

Likewise, on January 5, 1976, he began his work activity at the Nation's Regional Coastal Water and Energy Administration Management, Divisional Entre Ríos, under personal file no. 1320. He was “provisionally suspended” on August 13 of 1976, one day after his disappearance, and he was later discharged on November 30 of the same year according to a collated telegram in the proceedings.[4]

His file was repaired, and his status from suspended was changed to detained-disappeared on September 18, 2015.[5]

Arrest and disappearance

Claudio Fink was arrested and disappeared at the age of 23 on August 12, 1976 at Calle Jujuy 273, Paraná, Entre Ríos, by three armed persons dressed as civilians.

Immediately, Claudio's parents filed a police report, and also to the military authorities at the Command of the Second Armored Cavalry Brigade. No one denied the fact, but they passed the responsibility on to each other. They also met with the Archbishop of Paraná and military vicar, Adolfo Tortolo, who replied “I can't do anything. No one knows where he is, or what happened. God knows why he does those things.” When meeting with Juan Carlos Trimarco, chief of staff of the Army Command, in the search for Claudio, he told them "for me he is a self-kidnapping."

By testimony of former detainees, he was seen at the Armored Communications School 2, Command of the Armored Cavalry Brigade II.

The cause of his disappearance corresponds to CONADEP: 5,846.

Search for relatives

Between the end of 1977 and the beginning of 1978, a group of mothers and relatives of the disappeared began to gather in the Iglesia del Carmen. The clandestine meetings were held on Saturdays in the current room 5 of the parish, under the authorization of the priest Julio Metz. It was the first place of resistance in Paraná. There were approximately ten fathers and mothers who had to leave their domestic and work tasks to head out in the painful search.

Clara Fink was the promoter of the Association of Relatives and Friends of Disappeared Entre Ríos and Entre Ríos (AFADER), after the construction of the Monument to the Memory of Amanda Mayor in Plaza Sáenz Peña, motivated within the scope of the Coordinator of Human Rights.

On January 25, 1977, the sentences of the militants detained and tried by the Stable Special War Council No. 1 of Defense Subzone 22 of Paraná were published, where they declared Norma Beatriz González, Oscar Dezorzi, fugitives Victorio Coco Erbetta, Claudio Fink and Mabel Fontana, all militants whose arrest and disappearance were not recognized by the Armed Forces.

Noni Gonzalez, a midwife disappeared in dictatorship

Norma Beatriz González

Norma Beatriz “Noni” González Barquín was born on September 4, 1954 in Gualeguaychú. She is the daughter of Antonio González and Mireya Barquín, she is the third of five siblings. They lived in a country house almost on the outskirts of the city. She was a member of the Peronist Youth and Montoneros.

He attended elementary school at Guillermo Rawson School and secondary school at Colegio Nacional Luis Clavarino, where he graduated as a Mercantile Expert. After finishing his studies, he began working at the “El Picaflor” Supermarket.

They used to go to the San Juan Bautista de Gualeguaychú parish with their brothers, and some young people who were active in La Casa de la Juventud arrived there to propose that they form a group in the neighborhood. He belonged to that group they called "North Wind". They met to study and were trained in Christian and political values. In addition, the group had a garden on the land of Noni's family home. With what was produced they covered the expenses to attend youth meetings.

“Noni was very supportive, she shared her salary with her colleagues from the Franco neighborhood, she set up a small room where the pediatrician Jorge Portela attended the neighborhood children, she got food from Picaflor to take them there,” said her sister Cristina. (1)

Arrest and disappearance

Norma Beatriz was arrested and disappeared at the age of 21 on August 12, 1976 at the “El Picaflor” Supermarket, her workplace located on Rosario and Urquiza streets, Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos. She was kidnapped by security forces in an Army operation with the support of the Entre Ríos Police.

Her militant partner Raúl Roderas, whom she was scheduled to marry on September 21, 1976, was also imprisoned.

Her mother, Mireya Barquín, participated in the founding of the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo movement from the beginning of her disappearance. Mireya, she died at the age of 74 without knowing where the remains of her daughter were.

The case was included in the court case in which crimes against humanity were investigated, proven, and convicted. The same was sentenced by the Paraná Federal Criminal Oral Court in Case No. 1960/10 and record No. 1991/10 and No. 2138/11. According to statements by third parties, Norma appears to have been seen in the clandestine detention centers of the Armored Communications School 2 and the Armored Cavalry Brigade Command II.

CONADEP case: 6,595

Juan Osuna

Juan Beto Osuna, a midwife disappeared by the civil-military dictatorship

Juan Alberto “Beto/Lucho” Osuna Sarmiento was born on November 1, 1948 in Paraná. He completed his primary studies at the school in his Magnasco neighborhood in Paraná. He was assassinated on September 25, 1976 in the mock confrontation known as "La Masacre de la Tapera", which occurred at 1396 Rondeau street in the capital of Entre Ríos, held by repressive forces together with Carlos José María Fernandez. He was 27 years old.

Militancy and life

He was a member of the Peronist University Youth of the Paraná Regional UTN, where he was completing his tertiary studies; and in his neighborhood with the claims of his neighbors. His fellow militants called him “Gordo Lito / Sebastián / Pacho.”

He also worked in the provincial Cadastre Directorate, where he was also a member of the union. He got married in Misiones, where he lived with his partner for a while, before moving to Lanús. Both were militants. Testimonies from former detainees say they saw him in the II Armored Communications Squad/II Armored Cavalry Brigade Command. Before Beto's disappearance, his wife returned to Misiones with her two sons, Renzo and Juan Manuel, for safety. His son Renzo founded the group H.I.J.O.S. Regional Chaco.

Disappearance and murder

He was kidnapped on September 8, 1976 at the Iturraspe Hospital in Santa Fe, where he was participating in a meeting with colleagues from the area. As a missing person, he was transferred to Paraná and seen at the 4th Police Station by survivors.

Beto Osuna was part of the Tapera Massacre, an event that occurred in Paraná on September 24 of that year. It was a military operation where militants massacred at 1396 Rondeau street, between Almirante Brown and Don Bosco. The area was occupied by mobile phones and police and military personnel. Beto Osuna and Carlos Fernández were taken there. Both were bound and savagely tortured. They placed them in that place known as La Tapera and massacred them with shots of all calibers. More than 300 impacts were confirmed in the place. The neighbors were forced hours before to lock themselves in their houses and not go out. Despite the fact that the militants were transferred to the place by the same security forces, there was an official communiqué published by the press that reported a "search with armed confrontation."

Search for the body

In view of what was published, Fernández's wife, Rosario Dora Taganone, with whom Carlos already had two daughters, went to the Paraná Army Command where they told her that “the subversives had been buried in the Municipal Cemetery, in the pit 71”. Rubén Osuna, his brother, met with the military inspector of the province, General Juan Carlos Trimarco, to ask him about Beto's whereabouts but only received threats. Some time later, his family came across the testimony of a gravedigger who told them that: “they had been thrown from above -so as not to go down-, through an improvised wooden slide, two bodies, one large and one small; Fernández was over 1.85 meters tall, Beto was short. They were buried in almost contiguous graves, which could be 71 and 74, appearing in the cemetery book both as NN, specifying “small body” and “large body”.

In 1981, still during the dictatorship, on the occasion of moving the remains of Beto's father, his family put Beto's remains in the same urn and took it to another cemetery where they were buried in the same place. In 2007, the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team (EAAF) intervened and the remains of Juan Alberto Beto Osuna were recognized. At that moment, his mother Sara handed over the platinum dental prosthesis that she kept as a treasure for years and that allowed the confirmation of identity. Exhumed and identified his remains by resolution of Federal Court No. 1 of Paraná.

Complaint made in 2006. REDEFA: 1579

Jorge Emilio Papetti

Jorge Emilio Papetti was arrested missing in dictatorship, in the city of Concordia

Jorge Emilio "Fausto"/"Thunder" Papetti Alegre was born on April 27, 1953 in Concordia. His parents were Margarita Elena Alegre and Andrés Emilio Papetti and he had a sister, María Ema. He lived in front of Parque Ferré -Concordia- where today there is a tile that remembers him.

As a teenager, Jorge –who was nicknamed Fausto, after the saxophonist Fausto Papetti- participated in groups at Sacred Heart Parish and did a youth radio program with his high school classmates, and he was encouraged to the theater. He attended primary school at Benito Garat Nº10 school and at the Capuchinos school. He attended secondary school at Professor Gerardo Victorín School No. 1. He then studied geology at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Museum of the National University of La Plata.

He was a political militant of the Church and Change Movement in Argentina (MICAR); then in the University Federation for the National Revolution (FURN). He later formed the Peronist University Youth of which he was a part.

He completed his career until 1975, the year in which he returned to Concordia to complete his Compulsory Military Service in the 6 Softy Armored Shooters Cavalry Regiment. He also joined the work with the Third World priest Amadeo Ismael Dri, who later accompanied the family in the long search for Jorge.

Arrest and disappearance

He was arrested and disappeared on March 16, 1977 in the city of Concordia while he was on guard duty at the Soft Shooter Cavalry Regiment No. There was a month left before he was discharged and he was going to be recognized as the best dragoneer. Since then he remains missing.

The complaint was made in 1984. He was seen in the Clandestine Detention Center, Regiment of Cavalry of Soft Shooters No. 6 of Concordia, Communications Battalion of Paraná and Penal Unit No. 1 of Paraná.

The case was included in the judicial case known as “Area Paraná II” in which crimes against humanity were investigated, proven, and convicted.

CONADEP: 709

Ramón Pichón Sánchez

Pichón Ramón Sánchez, first detainee-disappeared in Entre Ríos

Ramón Héctor “Pichón” Sánchez Corpuz, was born on August 26, 1952 in Paraná, in the La Pasarela neighborhood, where he later became a neighborhood activist and president of the neighborhood commission at the age of 18. Together with Evita, his sister, he organized activities to raise funds. He was a member of the Montoneros group and was detained-disappeared on March 20, 1975 in Corrientes and Uruguay streets, Paraná, being the first detainee-disappeared in Entre Ríos.

Arrest and disappearance

On March 20, 1975, he was kidnapped by three plainclothes police officers from the Investigations Directorate of the Entre Ríos Police, when he was on his way to participate in a meeting of the Peronist Youth. The kidnapping occurred on Corrientes and Uruguay streets. Aldo Bachetti, a fellow militant, witnessed the kidnapping.

The next day, his relatives and colleagues, accompanied by lawyers Juan Antonio Tardelli, Eduardo Broguet and Francisco Haimovich, presented a habeas corpus petition, sponsored by lawyer Raúl Barrandeguy. The police denied that Pichón was in any of his premises.

Pichón Sánchez's body was found on March 23 floating in the Paraná River, in front of Pueblo Nuevo, near Diamante, and showed signs of having been tortured. According to doctors' statements, death was not caused by submersion.

About the cause

The complaint was made in 1996 and the case was left in the hands of the investigating judge Carlos Chiara Díaz, but no progress was made and with the arrival of the dictatorship the crime of Pichón Sánchez went unpunished and the file disappeared from the file of courts.

Currently, the case investigating his case is under investigation in the Federal Court of Paraná, and the latest events of the investigation have been public, since on August 25, 2022, a possible former clandestine center was investigated, now turned into a bar and cultural space, where Pichón Sanchez could have been.

REDEF: 800

Julio Alberto Solaga

Julio Alberto Solaga, arrested-disappeared in Entre Ríos

Julio Alberto Solaga Waigel was born on July 16, 1951 in Concordia, where he completed his primary and secondary studies. He graduated from the “Gerardo Victorín” School of Commerce. Julio liked music, poetry, soccer, cooking, reading, sharing. After finishing high school, he enrolled in Biochemistry at the Faculty of Chemical Engineering of the Universidad Nacional del Litoral in 1969. In 1976 he returned to Concordia, worked and continued studying at the Faculty of Food Sciences in the UNER. He was a member of the Peronist University Youth (JUP) and Montoneros.

Arrest

He was detained-disappeared on November 22, 1976 at Calle Damián P. Garat 864, Concordia, a public thoroughfare, in the vicinity of his home. He was 25 years old. The complaint was made in 1984 and the case was included in the legal case known as "Area Paraná II" in which crimes against humanity were investigated, proven and convicted in 2013.

Sixto Francisco Salazar, arrested-disappeared in Entre Ríos

Sixto Salazar

Sixto Francisco Salazar Trinidad was born on October 9, 1949 in Concordia. He is the son of Elba Margarita Trinidad and Saturnino Zalasar. He married and had three children. He was detained-disappeared on May 26, 1976 in the vicinity of his home at Calle Diamante 1062, public highway, Concordia, Entre Ríos. He was 26 years old.

Militancy

Sixto was a member of the Peronist Working Youth (JTP) and actively participated in the Union Ferroviaria. He also carried out social tasks with the group of the priest Andrés Servín, from the Gruta de Lourdes parish. Among other militant tasks, he built houses for those most in need.

Detention and kidnapping

A provincial police task force called “Las 3M”, Martínez, Moreno and Monzó, surprised him when he was leaving his house. They put him in a light blue 4L car that belonged to the Army. The then lieutenant colonel Naldo Dasso, military and political chief of Concordia and its surroundings, denied information to the next of kin about Sixto's whereabouts. He only acknowledged that the car belonged to the Regiment, but argued that they had "borrowed" it that day. The denunciation of his disappearance was made in 1984.

Over the years, the contribution of the witnesses made it possible to identify the driver of that car, the driver of the Concordia Police, Miguel Arcángel Castaño, who maintains his silence and his impunity. The only information about his presence in a clandestine detention center was provided by Alfredo Hermosid, at the time a waiter at the Departmental Police Headquarters, who stated that he had seen him in a cell in the institution's building located opposite Plaza 25 de Mayo.

On December 27, 2012, the judges sentenced Naldo Miguel Dasso to life imprisonment, maintaining the house arrest he had been enjoying. At the time of the facts, Dasso was the head of the 6 Armored Shooters Cavalry Regiment, based in Concordia, and head of Area 225.

The case was included in the judicial case known as “Area Paraná II” in which crimes against humanity were investigated, proven, and convicted in April 2013.

CONADEP: 6,590

Government

Entre Ríos is, like the other Argentine provinces, autonomous from the national government in most matters, except those of a federal nature. This is recognized by article 121 of the Constitution of the Argentine Nation:

The provinces retain all the power not delegated by this Constitution to the federal government, and those expressly reserved for special acts while incorporating them.

The provincial Constitution was approved on April 2, 1860, undergoing several modifications throughout history, the last one in 2008. The current constitution establishes the existence of three branches: executive, legislative and judicial.

• Wikisource contains original works of or about Entre Ríos Province.

Executive Branch

House of Provincial Government.

It is held by a governor, having a lieutenant governor as substitute, who remain in office for four years. As of the 2008 constitutional reform, re-election for a single consecutive term is introduced. The new constitution also makes it more flexible the creation of ministries, until then it was forbidden to have more than three.

In 2006 they were the Ministry of Government, Justice, Education, Public Works and Services; the Ministry of Economy, Treasury and Finance; and the Ministry of Health and Social Action. Currently, there are the following: Ministry of Government and Justice, Ministry of Economy, Treasury and Finance, Ministry of Social Development, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Planning, Infrastructure and Services, Ministry of Production, Ministry of Labor, Ministry of Culture and Social Communication, Ministry of Tourism and the Ministry of Education, Sports and Prevention of addictions.

Legislative Branch

The provincial legislature has a bicameral system and is responsible for legislation on all matters not expressly delegated by the National Constitution to the federal government. Codes and legislation on rights (civil, commercial, criminal, labor, social security and mining) are reserved to the National Congress.

The Legislature is made up of two chambers: the Chamber of Deputies and the Chamber of Senators. The mandates of the legislators last four years and the chambers are completely renewed in each election.

The Chamber of Senators of Entre Ríos is made up of seventeen representatives, one for each department into which the province is divided. It is chaired by the lieutenant governor, who only has the right to vote in case of a tie. It also has among its powers to judge in public trial those accused by the Chamber of Deputies, and give or deny agreement to the Executive Power for the appointment of the members of the Superior Court of Justice, prosecutor and defense attorney for minors, judges of first instance, State prosecutor, accountant, treasurer, members of the Court of Accounts, General Director of Schools, members of the General Education Council and other officials for whom the law establishes this form of appointment.

The Chamber of Deputies of Entre Ríos is made up of thirty-four representatives, elected by a single list every four years with a system of proportional representation to the votes obtained but which ensures the majority party the absolute majority of the representation and taking as based on the entire province as a single district.

Judicial Branch

The Judiciary is presided over by a Superior Court of Justice, which is made up of nine members. The Judiciary also includes lower chambers and courts. The province also provides for the creation of Justices of the Peace to deal with minor or neighborhood causes. The Superior Court is divided into three chambers made up of three members each: Chamber No. 1 for Criminal Matters, Chamber No. 2 for Civil and Commercial Matters, and Chamber No. 3 for Labor.

The presidency of the Superior Court of Justice is exercised by Dr. Daniel Omar Carubia for the third consecutive biennial period until 2009, while the vice president is Dr. Germán Reynaldo Francisco Carlomagno. The decision was adopted through General Agreement No. 41.

There are 6 Chambers in the province:

• The First Chamber of Paraná divided into two chambers, which deal with criminal matters and exercise territorial competence in the departments Paraná, Diamante, La Paz and Feliciano.
• The Second Chamber of Paraná, which consists of two Chambers that understand civil and commercial matters and exercise territorial competence in the departments Paraná, Diamante, Nogoyá, Victoria, Feliciano, La Paz and Gualeguay.
• The Third Chamber of Paraná consists of two Chambers, which deal with work and exercise territorial competence in the departments Paraná, Diamante, Nogoyá, Victoria, Gualeguay, La Paz and Feliciano.
• The Chamber of Concord, which is divided into three Chambers: Criminal Chamber, Labour Chamber, and Civil and Commercial Chamber. Each exercises territorial competence in the Concordia, Federal, Federation and San Salvador departments.
• The Uruguay Conception Chamber, which is divided into three Chambers: a Criminal Chamber, a Civil and Commercial Chamber and a Labour Chamber. The three Chambers exercise territorial competence in the departments Uruguay, Colón, Tala, San Salvador and Villaguay and also the Civil and Commercial Chambers and the Labour Departments also exercise territorial competence in the departments of Gualeguaychú and Ibicuy Islands.
• The Chamber of Gualeguay has jurisdiction in criminal matters in the Departments Gualeguay, Gualeguaychú, Nogoyá, Victoria and Ibicuy Islands.

Representatives in the national government

Like all the provinces and the City of Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos has three senators representing the Senate of the Argentine Nation of the National Congress, two for the majority and one for the first minority. From December 2013 to December 2019 they are:

• Pedro Guillermo Ángel Guastavino (Bloque Justicialista-Frente para la Victoria).
• Sigrid Kunath (Journalist-Frente Block for Victory)
• Alfredo De Angeli (Pro-Union Block by Entre Ríos).

Due to the number of inhabitants, according to the provisions of the National Constitution, there are nine representatives in the Chamber of Deputies:

• Bahillo, Juan José - PJ
• Benedetti, Atilio Francisco Salvador - UCR
• Cresto, Mayda - PJ
• Fregonese, Alicia - Pro
• Gayol, Yanina Celeste - Pro
• Huss, Juan Manuel - Fpv (PJ)
• Lacoste, Jorge Enrique - UCR
• Monfort, Marcelo Alejandro - UCR
• Solanas, Julio Rodolfo - Fpv (PJ)

Provincial emblems

The characteristic provincial symbols of Entre Ríos are the coat of arms and the flag.

The Entre Ríos shield was made official by Provincial Law No. 4676 of October 23, 1967.

Article 1. The Escudo de Armas of the Province will be made up of an ellipse-shaped field: a silver cord will be embroidered and within it, two laurel bouquets forming orla, which will cross at the lower end and join in the top. The ellipse field will be divided horizontally into two irregular barracks. The division will make it two “movient” and naked arms that will tear from the “flancos” of the center, from the embroidery with “coated” hands and with an elevation of 15 degrees on the horizontal diameter. In the center of the upper quarter, of lesser extent, there will be a silver star, of five peaks (“puntas”) in grana field (“gules”) with this inscription in Roman characters, of silver assorted forming arc: PROVINCIA OF ENTRE RIOS. In the center of the upper quarter, of greater extent, there will be a golden sun with 8 straight rays and 8 waves (“flamed”), alternated in the green field (“sympple”) with the motto: FEDERATION, LIBERTAD and FORCE, “surmounted”, forming arch, in Roman characters of gold. At each end of the diameters of the solar circle, which are cut perpendicularly, corresponds a straight beam.

The flag of the Province is similar to the Argentine flag, but it is traversed by a red stripe from the upper left corner to the lower right corner and without sun. Punzó red is the traditional color of Argentine federalism, and the band demonstrates the historically federal stance of Entre Ríos. It was the flag of the Republic of Entre Ríos and that of the League of Free Peoples led by José Gervasio Artigas. By Decree No. 879 of March 5, 1987, Governor Sergio Montiel declared it the official flag.

Entre Ríos has two provincial anniversaries that are holidays throughout its territory. There are also several municipal holidays, which generally coincide with the festivity of the patron saint of each town or the date of its foundation.

Geography

Satellite photo during the May 2003 floods. The province of Entre Ríos covers the centre-sud, or in this case, which is the same: the central and almost southern continental part (more south are the northern parties of the province of Buenos Aires, the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and the southern departments of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay) of the satellite photo.

Parana River seen from the city of Paraná.

With Misiones and Corrientes, Entre Ríos integrates Argentine Mesopotamia, as it is limited to the east and west by the Paraná and Uruguay rivers.

The Punta Gorda parallel (Colonia) marks the beginning of the Río de la Plata to the south and kilometer zero of the Uruguay river to the north. South of this parallel are Entre Ríos islands with coasts on the Río de la Plata, members of the 1st and 4th insular sections of Ibicuy.

It has a flat relief furrowed by hundreds of watercourses, with the gentle undulations of the Entre Ríos hillocks misnamed cuchillas, although unlike the Cuchillas of the Eastern Band they do not have a rocky geological origin rather, they are largely fossilized levees. They originate on the Payubré plateau in the province of Corrientes, at about 30° south latitude, and already in Entre Ríos, about 20 or 30 km from the limit, they fork into the Grande blade (to the east, extended from north to south). and the Montiel blade (to the west, from northeast to southeast). Through the central valley between the two blades runs the Gualeguay River, which divides the province into two parts. The Large Blade branches off at 31° 50' S in two parallel branches that originate the Gualeguaychú river valley. The Montiel blade forks towards 32° S, forming a perpendicular branch that reaches the Paraná River at Punta Gorda in the Diamante department, generating a valley between both branches in the Nogoyá department where the Nogoyá stream flows.

The homogeneity of the undulating landscape is interrupted to the south in the depressed zone of the Paraná delta. In the north of the department of La Paz there is another depressed area called Bajo del Yacaré or esteros del Yacaré. To the northeast, the Uruguay River forms fluvial terraces, today largely submerged by the Salto Grande reservoir. During the Andean folding, fault lines were created through which the Gualeguaychú and Gualeguay rivers and the Nogoyá stream run longitudinally.

Entre Ríos is the province whose highest elevation is the lowest of the 23 Argentine provinces. This elevation is located in the Montiel mountain range, between the towns of Crespo and Estación Camps (32°02′52″S 60°16′52″W / -32.0477057, -60.2810093 ) at a height of 127.5 masl.

Entre Ríos has 5 types of soils:

• Molisoles, 24.36 % of the provincial territory, on the coast of Paraná;
• Vertisoles, 30.13 % of the provincial territory, from the Tala and Uruguay departments to the north;
• Alfisoles, 10.90 % of the provincial territory, in elevated and undulating areas of the departments Feliciano, Federal, La Paz, Paraná, Tala and Villaguay;
• Entisoles, 8,33 % of the provincial territory, in the northeast, in a strip parallel to the Uruguay River to Concepción del Uruguay and in the lower delta;
• Inceptisoles, 5.77 % of the provincial territory, in the valleys of the rivers Gualeguay, Gualeguaychú and Feliciano;
• Mix of entisoles and inceptisoles, 20.51 % of the provincial territory, in the delta of Paraná.

Seismicity

On October 22, 1948, there was an earthquake in Entre Ríos with an epicenter 90 km southeast of Chajarí, which had a strong repercussion in the region due to the complete ignorance of the possibility of these natural catastrophes in this province.

The province responds to the subfaults “del río Paraná”, and “del río de la Plata”, and the fault of “Punta del Este” , with low seismicity. Its last expressions occurred in addition to that of 1948, on June 5, 1888 (134 years old), at 3:20 UTC-3, with a magnitude of approximately 5.0 on the Richter scale (1888 Río de la Plata earthquake).

Climate

Climate rates from Entre Ríos according to the climate classification of Köppen

The characteristic climates are subtropical with no dry season to the north and temperate pampas to the south. The province of Entre Ríos is crossed by winds from the Atlantic Ocean, as well as local winds such as the Pampero, the Sudestada and the North Wind. It has abundant rainfall with an average of 1000 mm per year, always in the form of rain since there are no snowfalls. The average temperature in summer is 30 °C; from November to March. In winter the temperature is 8 °C average; from June to October. In this western area of Entre Ríos, the temperatures are somewhat different from those in the eastern part of the province, since in this area temperatures in summer rise to a peak of 41 °C, while in winter there are usually frosts and temperatures that drop below 0 °C. Winters are usually quite cold (although not freezing) with frost and continuous morning mists very common. Snowfall records are very scarce in the last 100 years: on June 20, 1915 in the Paraná department, in the Gualeguaychú department on June 15, 1918 and July 16, 1962, on August 11, 1936 in Gualeguay, Tala and the southern center of the province, and on July 9, 2007 in Gualeguay.

Water resources

Big Jump Dam.

The name of the province reflects the fact that its boundaries are given by rivers or streams:

• west and south, the Paraná River
• north the Guayquiraró, the Mocoretá and the Basualdo and Tunas streams.
• to the east, the Uruguay River. From the border with Corrientes to a few kilometers north of Concordia is the reservoir of Salto Grande.

To the south is the Paraná Delta with low land and formation of islands.

In total, the province has 41,790 kilometers of rivers and streams. In addition to 7736 interior watercourses.

Railway infrastructure

Victoria Bridge - Rosario.

Entre Ríos is in a strategic corridor of Mercosur and the South American bioceanic connection. Since the province is surrounded by rivers in all its limits, the bridges are of great importance for the road communication of the province with the exterior. Three bridges unite the province with the Eastern Republic of Uruguay, over the Uruguay River. One of them is the international crossing "Gualeguaychú-Fray Bentos", which through the Libertador General San Martín Bridge connects the city of Gualeguaychú with the Uruguayan city of Fray Bentos. The General Artigas Bridge connects the city of Colón with the Uruguayan city of Paysandú. There is also a railway bridge over the Salto Grande Dam, which links Concordia with Salto in Uruguay.

Among the crossings of the Paraná River is the Raúl Uranga-Carlos Sylvestre Begnis Subfluvial Tunnel (formerly called Hernandarias), with an extension of 2,397 meters under the river. For its part, the Rosario-Victoria bridge connects Victoria with the city of Rosario. The Zárate-Brazo Largo Railway Complex, formed by two bridges over the Paraná Guazú and Paraná de las Palmas rivers, called General Urquiza and General Mitre respectively, is the main junction of Between Rios with Buenos Aires.

On the border with Corrientes, there are three bridges that cross the Guayquiraró river at the Telégrafo, Ocampo and Yunque passes (this last one destroyed in 2000 by a flood of the river), and one road and another railway that cross the Mocoretá river. Two other bridges cross the Tunas stream and the Diamante-Crespo-Federal-Curuzú Cuatiá railway branch of the General Urquiza Railway passes through the dry boundary between the two provinces.

The layout of routes is very important for the agricultural activity of the province, since it is the main way of transporting production. In total there are 2,491 km of paved routes, highlighting national routes 12, 14 (Mercosur route), 18 and 127 and provincial routes 11, 6 and 39.

On the other hand, the railway decreased its importance and currently carries cargo services on the Posadas-Buenos Aires branch. Passenger transfer services have been re-implemented in an incipient way in this branch and in other inmates in the province. There are a total of 2,000 km of medium gauge tracks, corresponding to the General Urquiza Railway.

Flora

ñandubay tree.

The vegetation of the province includes mountains in the central and northwest area, formed among other species by the ñandubay, the carob tree, the espinillo, the chañar, the felling, the molle, the lapacho and the timbó. In the Paraná Delta are the Montes Blancos, formed by other tree species such as the Creole, Colorado or coastal willow; Creole, Carolina and Canada poplars, ceibos, curupíes, cannelloni, Creole laurels, ingáes, palo amarillo and false alders. Palm trees known as yatay grow in Colón and Concordia. The rivers and lagoons have aquatic flora such as the irupé, the water cabbage, camalotes and achiras. The forestry sector is currently growing, although it still has little weight within the country as a whole. The province allocated 91,000 hectares, most of it along the Uruguay River, and the main trees used are eucalyptus, pine, and salicaceae. The industry is also accompanied by an infrastructure of sawmills and wood processing establishments.

Phytogeography

El Palmar National Park is with 8500 hectares a vast protected territory with plenty of palm trees. The park attracts thousands of tourists annually.

According to the classification presented by Ángel Lulio Cabrera in his 1976 book Argentine Phytogeographic Regions, phytogeographically Entre Ríos is part of the Neotropical region and its territory is distributed between the Amazonian domain and the Chaco. The gallery forests that border the streams and rivers, the islands and the delta of the Paraná River, and the islands of the Uruguay River, which make up the phytogeographic district of the Mixed Forests of the Paranaense phytogeographic province, belong to the Amazon domain. Two phytogeographic provinces of the Chaco domain are distributed throughout the Entre Ríos territory: the Espinal phytogeographic province (northern half of Entre Ríos) and the Pampeana phytogeographic province (southern part of Entre Ríos outside the Amazon domain). El Espinal comprises two subdistricts: the Selva de Montiel phytogeographic subdistrict (within the Ñandubay phytogeographic district) and the Tala phytogeographic subdistrict (within the Algarrobo phytogeographic district). La Pampeana forms the Uruguayan phytogeographic district.

Wildlife

The fauna of Entre Ríos is protected from predation by the rivers that surround the province, as well as by limits established for hunting and fishing of the species.

Birds can be found in lakes, rivers and streams, including waders, storks, coral tutuyú, black heron, bandurrias, crows and spoonbills, as well as web-footed ducks, biguás and swans. Among the most common birds you can find the pirincho, the urutaú, cardinals, kingfisher, biguá and the woodpecker. There are reptiles such as alligators, iguanas and lizards, and snakes such as coral snakes, boas, rattlers and jararás.

Among the mammals there are capybaras, ferrets, mountain foxes, guazunchos, lauchas, mulitas, peludos and weasels; and among the more than 200 species of fish we can mention the armed, surubí, patí, dorado, sardine, tarpon, manduví, anamengüí, boga, pacú and dientudo. The construction of the subfluvial tunnel that joins the provinces of Entre Ríos with Santa Fe, brought about the disappearance of the pacú in the Riacho Victoria area. It is believed that one of the causes is the sensitivity of this species to the noise caused by the intense traffic of this road work in the course that this fish had to cross to reach those areas.

Protected natural areas

Sunset in El Palmar National Park.

There are more than 40 protected natural areas in the province, including two national parks, a Ramsar site and 2 intangible fish reserves.

• El Palmar National Park (Department Colón, 8200 ha. Created on 23 January 1966)
• Predelta National Park (Department Diamante, 2458 ha. Created on 13 January 1992)
• Palmar Yatay Ramsar site, located in the Colón and San Salvador departments. 21 450 ha. Declared on 5 June 2011.

Geographic location

Northwest: Santa Fe	North: Current	Northeast: Uruguay
West: Santa Fe		This: Uruguay
Southwest: Santa Fe	South: Buenos Aires	Sureste: Uruguay

Territorial division

Paraná Municipal Palace.

The reform of the Provincial Constitution in 2008, recognized the municipal autonomy enshrined in the National Constitution of 1994. In the provincial constitution corresponding to the reform of 1933, the municipalities of Entre Ríos were non-autonomous autarkic entities. The province uses the system of common lands not adjoining their municipalities, so there are unorganized territories in the interstices between municipalities and government boards, the inhabitants of which are deprived of the services provided by local governments.

The departments of Entre Ríos are not organized administrative divisions since they do not have any governing body, their purpose is to serve the decentralization of the provincial administration. There are departmental headquarters of the Entre Ríos Police, departmental directorates of schools and other decentralized bodies. They also serve as an electoral district for the provincial Senate, electing a senator for each department.

For cadastral purposes, departments are fully subdivided into districts, which are independent of the ejidos of municipalities and government boards that may comprise all or part of one or more districts. Most of the islands of the Paraná Delta are grouped into sections.

Since the creation of the Department of San Salvador, the province has been divided into seventeen departments, whose names according to the provincial Constitution are the following:

Administrative division of the province of Entre Ríos and its capital.

Microregions

Article 75 of the Constitution of Entre Ríos encourages associativism within its territory.

It will promote the creation of regions or microregions within its territory, taking into account the characteristics of community of interests, population and geographical affinities, to enable sustainable economic and social development.

There are currently two micro-regions that have common statutes and authorities:

• Mancommunity of Municipalities «Land of Palmares»created in 2009 and made up of the municipalities and governing boards of the departments of Colón and San Salvador.

• Microregion of the “Middle Paraná”, which groups the municipalities of La Paz, Santa Elena, Bovril, Piedras Blancas, San Gustavo, San José de Feliciano and Federal, and the localities of Sauce and Esquina in the south of the Province of Corrientes.

• Microregion «Crespo y Aldeas aledañas»The microregion Crespo and Aldeas -MiCrA- thus defined includes a territory close to 70,000 hectares in the confluence of the departments Paraná, Diamante and Nogoyá of the province of Entre Ríos. It consists of the city of Crespo and the villages of San Miguel, Santa Rosa, San Rafael, Racedo, Camps, Reffino and Merou, with their respective areas of rural influence.

Center Region

The provinces of Córdoba and Santa Fe signed on August 15, 1998 the Regional Integration Treaty between the Provinces of Córdoba and Santa Fe "in order to promote economic and social development by virtue of the provisions of Article 124 of the National Constitution and human development, health, education, science, knowledge and culture..." On April 6, 1999, the Integration Act of the Province of Entre Ríos to the Regional Integration Treaty was signed, thus establishing the Central Region with the composition it has today.

Population

Population density in the province of Entre Ríos.

Buildings of the city of Paraná, the largest town in Entre Ríos.

Historical evolution of the provincial population:

• 1797: 11,600 hectares.
• 1820: 30 000 hectares.
• 1847: 30 000 hectares.
• 1853: 70,000 hectares.
• 1869: 134,271 hab.
• 1895: 116,136 hab.
• 1914: 425,373 hab.
• 1947: 787.362 hab.
• 1960: 805.357 hab.
• 1970: 811,691 hab.
• 1980: 908.313 hab.
• 1991: 1,020,257 hab.
• 2001: 1,156,799 hab.
• 2010: 1,236,300 hab.

The 2001 census also showed an urban population of 951,796 inhabitants, and a rural population of 205,003. This rural population comprises 17.72% of the total population, which registers a negative slope throughout the various censuses carried out.

The number of foreigners residing in the province is 8,110 people (0.7%), most of them from neighboring countries, mainly Uruguay.

The number of households with unsatisfied basic needs reaches 14.7% of the population, below the national average (17.7%). The Ibicuy and Feliciano Islands are the departments with the greatest deficiencies, reaching 36.3% and 28.8% respectively.

At the end of 2007, in the agglomerates of Concordia and Gran Paraná there were 6.7% and 5.8% unemployment, as well as 7.9% and 4.9% underemployment, respectively, due to below the respective national indices, which reached 8.1% and 5.8%.

Main urban centers

Unlike other Argentine provinces, the population of the province of Entre Ríos is not concentrated in a major urban center. The ten most populated municipalities in the province are:

Economy

Almost 80% of Argentine rice is industrialized in the province.

The economic activity of the province is mainly based on agriculture, livestock and tourism and to a lesser extent on mining and industry.

• Agricultural activity: is characterized by rice cultivation, soy, wheat, corn, citrus, blueberries, pecan nuts and eucaliptus afforestation. It is the first national producer of mandarins, oranges and pecan nuts, and the second of grapefruits. As for its rice production, it was the first, until 2002, which was overtaken by Corrientes.
• Livestock activity: there is a clear predominance of the cattle and poultry sector. In a smaller scale is the production of sheep. The livestock activity gained momentum when the province was declared aftosa free.
• Industrial activity: it has a strong link with the agricultural sector, highlighting the production of food and beverages, flour mills, rice mills and refrigerators. There are also industries related to wood, chemicals, metallurgy and machinery.

Entre Ríos is the origin of approximately 2.3% of Argentina's total exports. Its main destination markets are China (14%), Brazil (12%) and Chile (8%).

The main energy sources in the province are electricity and gas. Electricity production originates from the Salto Grande Dam. This dam was the first binational hydroelectric complex in Latin America, and provides electricity to both Argentina and Uruguay. The gas supply is due to the connection with the Subfluvial Gas Pipeline that crosses the Paraná River and continues with the Troncal Entrerriano Gas Pipeline, a work carried out by the company Gas del Norte S.A.

Tourism

Balneario on the Uruguay River.

Entre Ríos currently has tourism as one of its development axes, it is the ninth most visited destination nationwide. Its main tourist attractions are the thermal complexes, rural tourism, sport fishing, adventure tourism and carnivals. The province promotes a total of ten tourist products that it develops on its daily updated official website, guaranteeing the quality and veracity of the data and information provided there.

The following towns have spas set up on rivers or streams with services for tourists and most also offer nautical activities: Concepción del Uruguay, Colón, San José (1st quality-certified river beach in the country), Concordia, Federation, Santa Ana, Gualeguaychú, Victoria, Diamante, Villa Elisa, Villaguay, Valle María and Villa Urquiza. Likewise, the province has numerous sites of historical interest; among which stands out the San José Palace, which was the residence of Justo José de Urquiza.

The thermal complexes are found in various locations: Concepción del Uruguay, Concordia, La Paz, Federación, Colón, Villa Elisa, Chajarí, María Grande, San José, Victoria, Gualeguaychú, Basavilbaso, Diamante and Villaguay.

In various cities, carnival festivities are held during the summer months, presenting troupes on the streets and in corsódromos. The most prominent are those of Gualeguaychú - Carnival of the Country, Victoria, Concepción del Uruguay, Santa Elena, Gualeguay, Concordia, Chajarí and Hasenkamp.

Return sport fishing is practiced in Concordia, Puerto Yeruá, Federación, Colón, Paraná, Hernandarias, Pueblo Brugo, Piedras Blancas, La Paz, Santa Elena, Victoria, Diamante, General Alvear and Villa Paranacito

Other tourist products: - rural tourism - adventure Turism - Golf - bird watching - events and conventions

Culture

Languages

Before the arrival of the Europeans approximately 450 years ago, the territory that currently corresponds to the Province of Entre Ríos was populated by Indo-American peoples who were almost always at war with each other. the minuanes, chanás and guenoas but these peoples were invaded and transculturated by the Guarani from the Amazon shortly before the arrival of the first Spaniards, this and the use of the Guarani language as a vehicular language means that even today, as in Paraguay, the most of the toponymy and the vulgar denominations of native animals and plants are derived from Guarani.

However, given the arrival of settlers from Spain and Spanish-speakers since the XVII century, a proportion that increased in the following centuries up to the present the common language is Spanish with some local dialectal variations.

European immigration that occurred since the end of the 19th century and the mid-20th century has left unique linguistic traits in Entre Ríos. On the one hand, it concentrates the largest number of descendants of the ethnic German minority that lived in Russia and emigrated to Argentina: the Wolgadeutsche or Volga Germans.

Literature

Alberto Gerchunoff (1883-1950). Writer and Russian-entrepreneur journalist. Like many other Jews fleeing anti-Semitism in Europe, he became a child in an agricultural colony near Villaguay. He wrote classics The Jewish gauchos and Between Rios, my country.

Among the artists from Entre Ríos who have stood out are writers such as Martiniano Leguizamón, Alberto Gerchunoff (The Jewish gauchos; Entre Ríos, my country), Fray Mocho, Isidoro Blaisten, Fermín Chávez, Arturo Sampay, Juan José Segura, María Esther de Miguel, the poets Evaristo Carriego, Juan L. Ortiz, Carlos Mastronardi and Manuel Gálvez, and sculptors such as Roberto Aizenberg.

Music

Within the typical rhythms of this province, the Chamamé, the Polca and the Chamarrita stand out, these rhythms are the result of the miscegenation of the Guaraníes with the Spanish invaders as well as the slaves who arrived from Africa and even a small influence of the migratory flows arriving in this province.

Cinema and television

In film and television, actress Leonor Benedetto stands out, starring in great classics on the Argentine small screen such as Rosa de Lejos, Rolando Rivas, taxi driver or Father Courage; and Isabel Sarli who stood out in Latin American erotic cinema until the 1980s. Other actors from the province are Luis Albornoz, Domingo Alzugaray, Alberto Anchart (father), Tono Andreu, Beatriz Bonnet, Guillermo Bredeston, Evangelina Massoni, Camila Quiroga, Osvaldo Terranova, Tilda Thamar, Flavio Mendoza and Julián Serrano. On the cinema side, we can mention the directors Fernando Ayala, Andrea Abdala, José María Fernández Unsáin, Claudio Martínez Paiva and Celina Murga and the art director, Abel Facello.

Museums

Arruabarrena Palace, former headquarters of an Argentine Army command, is now a museum.

The province of Entre Ríos has several provincial museums, dedicated to specific areas. The history of the province is reflected in the Martiniano Leguizamón Historical Museum, created in 1923 in the city of Paraná. It has a library of more than 40,000 books, and a large number of pieces of great historical, testimonial, bibliographical, and documentary value, such as Creole silverware, white and firearms, and numismatics. Plastic arts are honored at the Dr. Pedro Museum of Fine Arts. E. Martínez, which has 1400 works and is declared a heritage of the city of Paraná. Natural sciences are the main theme of the first museum founded in the province, which currently bears the name of Prof. Antonio Serrano Museum of Natural and Anthropological Sciences. For their part, provincial handicrafts have their place in the Museum and Handicraft Market, also located in the city of Paraná. Mention can also be made of the General Archive of the province of Entre Ríos, where the administrative and historical documents of the Province are kept, and which was originally created as the General Archive of the Confederation in 1856, when Entre Ríos was the seat of government. of the Argentine Confederation.

The San José Palace, which was Urquiza's residence, is the most visited museum in the province and one of the five most visited in the country. The Regional Museum of Colonia San José, the Jewish Museum of Entre Ríos in Concordia and the Rice Museum in San Salvador, are some of the most important museums in the interior of the province.

In 2018, the Museum of Popular Memory of Gualeguaychú was created in the old General Urquiza railway station.

Education

Rectorate of UNER in Concepción del Uruguay.

Among the population over 14 years of age, the majority have completed primary education or incomplete secondary education; This group comprises about 145,880 Entre Ríos. They are followed by some 85,764 who have completed secondary studies or incomplete university studies, while 52,694 have no education or have not finished primary studies. There are 29,684 and 19,087 who finished tertiary and university studies respectively.

Entre Ríos, has had a preponderant role in the history of education in Argentina. The first secular and free school in the country, the Colegio del Uruguay, was founded by Urquiza on July 28, 1849 in Concepción del Uruguay. Also in the province, the first two normal schools in the country were inaugurated, one in Paraná and the other in Concepción del Uruguay during the presidency of Domingo Faustino Sarmiento.

The province has six universities with headquarters in its territory: the National University of Entre Ríos (UNER), the Argentine Catholic University (UCA), the Plata Adventist University (UAP), the National Technological University (UTN), the University of Concepción del Uruguay (UCU) and the Autonomous University of Entre Ríos (UADER) In addition, there are several universities with semi-presential regimes within modalities of distance education that have academic units in the province; such is the case of the Catholic University of Salta (UCASAL), the Blas Pascal University (UBP) or the National University of the Coast (UNL), among others.

The Faculty of Engineering of the National University of Entre Ríos (UNER), located in Oro Verde, is the first institution in South America to offer a Bioengineering degree, since 1985. On July 3, 1992, it was produced -with 8 graduates- the first Bioengineering snack, date on which since then the "Bioengineer's Day" has been celebrated in Argentina.

The still small city of Puiggari stands out for being one of the therapeutic headquarters of its Adventist University or Universidad Adventista del Plata (UAP), which stands out for its teachings and praxis of naturopathic medicine.

Sports

One of the sports that attracts the main popular attention is soccer. At present there is a soccer team from Entre Ríos in the First Division of Argentina Board of Trustees, the same situation that occurred with the participation in the national tournaments of Club Atlético Uruguay in 1984 and of the Board of Trustees in 1978. This last step in the second category of Argentine soccer in the 2009-2010 season until 2015, when he was promoted to the first category while Gimnasia y Esgrima, from Concepción del Uruguay, plays in the Argentine A Tournament, the third step at the national level. Both are considered the most important teams in the province and face each other in the Entre Ríos classic. The Primera B Nacional 2016 has the participation of Juventud Unida de Gualeguaychú and Atlético Paraná. For its part, the Federal B 2016 Tournament with the Colegiales de Concordia club. The province is also the birthplace of soccer players who have succeeded at a professional level, including Roberto Ayala, Gustavo Bou, Jorge Burruchaga, Alfredo Carricaberry, José Chamot, Enrique Guaita, Gabriel Heinze, Eduardo Luján Manera, Ramón Medina Bello, Roque Olsen, José Pékerman, Facundo Roncaglia, Alberto Zozaya, Roque Raúl Alfaro, Willy Caballero and Lisandro Martínez.

Basketball also has an important development in the province. At the club level, the Zionist Youth Center of Paraná and the Entre Ríos Central Club of Gualeguaychú stand out, both participating in the National Basketball League (First category). Other renowned clubs within the province are: Estudiantes de Concordia, Tomas de Rocamora from Concepción del Uruguay, La Unión de Colón, Sportivo de San Salvador, Atlético Echagüe Club, the first to participate in the National Basketball League in 1985, among others. On the other hand, since 1986, the province became national champion six times, in the most Argentine of tournaments, the "Argentine Basketball Championship", winning the final in Tucumán on that first opportunity, with a triple remembered since nine meters executed in the last seconds, by the already disappeared Aníbal Sánchez.

Entre Ríos has three racetracks (Paraná, Concordia and Concepción del Uruguay), where Turismo Carretera, TC 2000, Top Race and Turismo Nacional have competed, among other national motorsport championships.

In rugby, Estudiantes from Paraná, Tilcara, Álamo and Capibá stand out, participating in the Torneo Regional del Litoral.

Developed annually since 1984, the La Paz International Triathlon gradually gained importance. Today, it constitutes a continental event of the International Triathlon Union, granting points for the classification to the Olympic Games and for the Pan-American ranking. It is one of the emblematic sporting feats of the province.

The aquatic marathon that connects Villa Hernandarias with the provincial capital, with its 88 km of route, is famous for being the longest open water competition in the world.

Softball has a preponderant place, especially in the city of Paraná, which is the National Capital of this sport. It has a stadium equipped to promote international competitions, the "Nafaldo Cargniel", located a few meters from the access to the Subfluvial Tunnel.

Once a year, the Entre Ríos Sports Games are held, the highest multi-sports event in the province.

Press

In addition to the presence of nationally distributed newspapers, the Province of Entre Ríos has numerous provincial newspapers in several of its cities. In Concordia, El Sol and El Heraldo are distributed, and in Paraná there are El Diario de Paraná and Diario Uno. Gualeguay has El Debate Pregón and El Día de Gualeguay, while Gualeguaychú has El Argentino and El Día de Gualeguaychú, and Concepción del Uruguay does the same with La Prensa Federal and La Calle. For its part, Villaguay publishes El Pueblo and El Semanario de la Ciudad while Crespo publishes Paralelo 32.

Media

Regarding television, there are local television channels with their own programming and others that broadcast, in whole or in part, the channels of Buenos Aires, one of which is Channel 9 of Paraná, which broadcasts part of the programming of El Trece.

There is also a channel in the city of Paraná with exclusively its own content, Canal Once and Canal 6 Entre Ríos TV.

Twinnings

• Jilin Province, China
• Republic of Altái, Russia