Proteaceae

The Proteaceae (Proteaceae) are a family of Angiosperms of the order Proteales. It consists of 80 genera and some 1700 species, which are distributed essentially throughout the southern hemisphere, occupying areas of Gondwanan origin and its fragments. The highest concentration of taxon diversity is found in Australia and southern Africa.

Description

Rhopala heterophylla

• Trees, rarely more than 40 m high, usually of medium or small size, or perennial bushes, sometimes optionally caducifolios (Embothrium coccineum), seldom acaulescent, often with the portion of the thickened neck (lignotúber). Indumento of tricellular hairs, sometimes glandular, rarely absent, the apical cell usually elongated, acute, sometimes equal or unequally bifida.
• Rarely aromatic leaves, usually alternate and spiral, rarely opposed or verticilated, coriaceous, seldom fleshy or spiniscent, simple or composite (imparipinnate, imparibipinnate or seldom palmed, or fingered with pinnatisecto segments), of whole margin to (3-)pinnatisecto (given a seldomly divided, Synaphea), without stypules, nerviation pinnada, sometimes palmed or parallel, brochydodroma, or reduced to a single nerve, prominent, vernation normally conduplicated; frequently present anisophilia between the different periods of growth; dorsiventral limbo, isobilateral or centered, mesophile usually with rare secret idioblasts, cav. Brachyparacytic stomas (laterocytic Bellendena).
• Talles with radios of two types, widths and multiseriados, and small and uniseriad, stratified or non-flammaid, trilacunar nodes with three foliar tracks (rarely unilacunares with a trace), frequent skeletons, bark with frequently elongated lentices in horizontal, present phlogen, usually superficial. Short lateral roots, often grouped in cuffs (proteoid roots) with very dense radical hairs, rarely with mycorriza.
• Plants usually hermaphrodite, more rarely monoicas, dioecious or andromonoic.
• Very variable, simple or composite inflorescences, axillary or terminal, solitary or paired side flowers, seldom with terminal flower, racemiformes, paniculated or condensed, usually with bracts, sometimes converted into leaves or scuamiforms, forming a species of pineapple, or with seeming colors, forming an involuc or pseudanto, the pedigree Alloxylon); very seldom the lone and axillary flowers, towards the end of the branches; in species with lignotuber, sometimes the flowers are born in it and open through the terrain (geophytes).
• Usually perfect flowers, actinomorphs or zigomorfas, hypoogins, often large and visible. Flat or oblique receptacle, sometimes forming a gynophorus. Hypoginal disc present and extrastaminal or absent. Perianto de (3-)4(-8) tépalos (interpreted sometimes as a perianto dimero and diclamídeo), in 1(-2) verticilos, fenced, sometimes prolonged in a basal sack, free or soldiers in different ways (all soldiers or one free and three basal to completely soldiers), or connivants by marginal papillas interdicted, forming a tube or a structure of lip. Androceo haplostémono, usually isostemono, oposititépalo, of (3-)4(-5) stamens, all fertile or some converted into staminodes, usually filantéreos, partial filaments to totally soldiers to the tepalos, seldom free, basifixed antennas, non-vertile, ditecas, tetrasporanglective, Hypogine glands (0-)1-4, scuamiforms or elongated, carnosas, free or welded forming a semi-lunar or annular necrote on the receptacle. 1(-2) supernatural carpals, sessiles or stipits (with gynophorus more or less elongated), sometimes incompletely closed, usually developed style, small stigma or in the form of terminal or subterminal disk, or lateral and oblique, often in cleft, papiloso, wet or dry, ovules 1-100
• Fruits dehiscent or indehiscent, in aquenio or núcula, follicle, drupa (with ignited endocarpo) or falsely drupaceous (with lignified internal mesocarpo), sometimes similar to a welded cariopside of the wall of ovary and the testa, often lignified and serotious; sometimes the fruits of the same incarpescence are
• Seeds 1-many, sometimes winged, flattened to globulars, with absent endosperm, present in Bellendina, endotesta with a peculiar layer containing crystals of calcium oxalate that is rarely absent, well differentiated embryo, rectum, dicotylene, but frequently with 3 or more (up to 9) large cotiledons, often auriculated.
• Polen in monads, triangular in polar view, (2-)3(-8)-opening, usually isopolar and triporated, biporate in Embothrium and the Banksieae tribe, Beauprea, spherical in Aulax and Frankland or strongly anisopolar in some species Persoonia; previous teatrades present openings following Garside's rule.
• chromosomal number: n = 5, 7, 10-14, 26, 28; sizes from very small (average 1.0 μm) to very large (average 14.4 μm) according to species; x = 7, 12.

Ecology

Inflorescence of Protea caffra

The formation of proteoid roots near the soil surface is linked to decreased phosphate availability during seasonal flooding. They release organic acids (citric, malic) in large quantities every 2-3 days that help mobilize phosphate and absorb it. Many species are pyrophytes, capable of regrowth from the woody vine after a fire or any other incident, especially those in areas with a Mediterranean climate.

There are 4 dioecious genera (Aulax, Dilobeia, Heliciopsis and Leucadendron), 11 andromonoecious and some others genus has cryptically andromonoecious species; 2 species are sterile and only reproduce vegetatively: (Lomatia tasmanica, Hakea pulvinifera). The species vary between self-compatible and self-incompatible, with intermediate situations; Sometimes these situations occur within the same species. The flowers are usually protandrous, exposing pollen on the non-receptive stylar surfaces for collection by pollinators. Pollen presentation systems are usually highly diversified, corresponding to the diversification of pollinators. Pollination is carried out by bees, beetles, diptera, moths, birds (Meliphagidae, Nectariniidae, Promeropidae and Trochilidae) and mammals (rodents, small marsupials, Macroscelididae and bats), the latter two being evolutionarily derived from entomophily in different independent events. The dispersal of some species presents the curious phenomenon of serotinia, associated with their pyrophytic behavior: these trees accumulate fruits on their branches, whose covers or protective structures (bracts) are strongly lignified and are resistant to fire, releasing the seeds only when they they have burned, with which they find the land fertilized with ash and free of competitors. Many species have seeds with eleosomes and are dispersed by ants; the seeds with wings or pappus show anemochory, while the drupes and other fleshy fruits show internal zoochory due to ingestion by mammals and birds. It is also known that African and Australian rodents accumulate fruits and seeds of these plants in their nests for food, but some manage to germinate.

Phytochemistry

Fruits of Brabejum stellatifolium

There are no conclusive studies on the molecular substances of interest present in this broad field. The genera Protea and Faurea are peculiar in using xylose as the main sugar in their nectar and for presenting high concentrations of polygalactol, while sucrose is the main sugar present in Grevillea. Frequently present cyanogenic glycosides, derived from tyrosine. Proanthocyanidins (delphinidin and cyanidin), flavonols (kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin) and arbutin present. Alkaloids usually absent. Iridoids and ellagic acid absent. Saponins and sapogenins present or absent. Many species are aluminum accumulators.

Leucadendron argenteum

Uses and crops

Diverse indigenous cultures have used proteaceous species as sustenance, medicine, a source of tanning and dyes, firewood and wood for construction. Australian aborigines ate the fruits of Persononia and the seeds of species of other genera, including Gevuina and Macadamia, are part of the food not only for indigenous people, but they are marketed all over the world. In Java the young shoots of Helicia species are used and in Australia the nectar of the inflorescences of various species was drunk. Traditional drugs are obtained by infusing the roots, bark, leaves or flowers of various species, which are used for topical applications in skin diseases or for internal use as tonics, aphrodisiacs, galactogens, for headaches, coughs, dysentery, diarrhea, indigestion, stomach ulcers and kidney disease. The woods of the trees of the family are widely accepted in construction and internal works, as well as in decoration, being especially used the species of Protea, Leucadendron and Grevillea. . Numerous species are used in gardening, especially of the genera Banksia, Embothrium, Grevillea and Telopea; Unfortunately, this use has led to the introduction of plants that, once escaped, have become dangerous invaders, such as the willow-leaved hakea (Hakea salcifolia) and the silky hakea ( Hakea sericea) in Portugal.

Two species of Macadamia are grown commercially for their edible nuts.

Gevuina avellana (Chilean Hazel) is grown for its nuts in Chile and New Zealand, which are edible, and are used in the pharmaceutical industry for their moisturizing properties and as an ingredient in sunscreens. Among the trees of the family that produce walnuts, it is the most resistant to cold. It is also planted in the British Isles and the Pacific coast of the United States because of its tropical appearance (and related to a family with wide distribution in those latitudes) that can grow in cool climates.

The most esteemed ornamental species are the southernmost trees because they give landscapes a tropical appearance in temperate climates; Lomatia ferruginea (Fuinque), Lomatia hirsuta (Radal) have been introduced to western Europe and the western United States. Embothrium coccineum (Notro) is highly prized for its deep red flowers in the British Isles and occurs as far north as the Faroe Islands at 62° north latitude.

Many of the banksia species grow in temperate and Mediterranean climates, the vast majority of them are shrubs, only a few reach tree size and are valued for their height; among the species that are characterized by height are: B. seminuda, B. littoralis and B. serrata. B. integrifolia with its subspecies B. integrifolia subsp. monticola is the tallest of the genus and also the most cold tolerant. Among those that can be considered small trees or large shrubs: B. grandis, B. prionotes, B. marginata, B. coccinea and B. speciosa; all of these due to their size are planted in parks, gardens and even in streets. The rest of the species in the genus (about 170) are shrubs, some of which are valued for their flowers.

Another, albeit smaller, species cultivated in some parts of the world is Telopea speciosissima, from the mountains of New South Wales, Australia.

Some species from temperate climates are grown more locally in Australia for their beauty: Persoonia pinifolia, prized for its vivid yellow flowers and grape-like fruit. Adenanthos sericeus, for its showy soft leaves and red or orange flowers and Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia, for its foliage and edible nuts.

Parasites

Hakea purpurea

Proteaceae are particularly susceptible to certain parasites, in particular the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi, which causes severe root rots in plants grown in a Mediterranean climate. Fusarium oxysporum causes a disease called fusariosis in the roots, which causes yellowing and wilting, with serious ecological losses in wild plants and large economic losses in plants of commercial interest. Other common pests are represented mainly by species of Botryosphaeria, Rhizoctonia, Armillaria, Botrytis, Calonectria and other fungi.

Conservation

The IUCN considers some 47 species of proteaceae to be threatened, of which one species, Stenocarpus dumbeensis Guillaumin, 1935, from New Caledonia, is considered extinct. Species in this family are particularly susceptible to habitat destruction or fragmentation, fires, parasitic diseases, competition with introduced plants, soil degradation, and other damage caused by humans and their livestock, to which climate change must be added..

Fossils

Lambertia multiflora

Proteaceae attest to a rich fossil record, despite the inherent difficulties in identifying remains that do not show diagnostic characters, mainly using the combination of brachyparacytic stomata and the peculiar bases of trichomes, or, in other cases, the peculiar structure of the pollen tetrad. Fossils attributable to this family have been found in most of the Gondwanan regions it continues to occupy. A great diversity of Late Cretaceous (Campania-Maastrichtian) pollens from south-eastern Australia and Middle Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) pollens from North Africa and Peru described as Triorites africaensis are considered to belong to this family.. Twenty million years later, in the Paleocene of South America and northeastern Australia, the first macrofossils appear. Some areas, such as New Zealand and Tasmania, show much higher proteacean biodiversity in their fossil record than is present, corroborating that the distributions of many taxa have changed dramatically over time and that the family has been in general decline., including high levels of extinction during the Cenozoic.

Systematic position

Proteaceae are a group of Angiosperms that are included in the Eudicotyledonous clade. In previous systems, they have been maintained as their own family, with no obvious relationships, except very generally within the rosids. Based on molecular and morphological data, the APW (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website) considers that they constitute a family of the Order Proteales and are the sister group of the Platanaceae family, of which they would be the vicariants of the southern hemisphere (cf.) and with which they some authors have considered it possible to unite them. However, the current trend is to keep them separate due to their very different morphology, which would make a diagnosis of the family resulting from the merger difficult.

Taxa included

Embothrium coccineum

The systematics proposed by Weston (see References)^{[which one?]} differs considerably from what was usual until then: two subfamilies (Grevilleoideae and Proteoideae), based on morphological characters, of which only the first is monophyletic. Molecular evidence (based on the work of Hoot and Douglas, 1998, see References) has made it possible to acceptably resolve the internal division of the family into 5 subfamilies: Bellendenioideae, Persoonioideae, Symphionematoideae, Proteoideae and Grevilleoideae, of which the first two form the two most primitive branches, which Weston (see reference)^[which?] considers to form a clade in a sister group relationship, which is not reflected in the APG rating); the next clade would be formed by (Symphionematoideae + Proteoideae), as a sister group to the Grevilleoideae. The current classification has not yet incorporated all the novelties, but it can be summarized as follows:

• Subfamily Bellendenoideae P.H. Weston, 1995

Description: Proteoid roots present. Free staminal filaments. Triggered pollen. Shortly stenciled. Ovules 2, orthotropes. Dry fruit, bialado, indehiscente. Average length of chromosomes 6,7 μm.

• A single genre: Bellendena R. Br., 1810. Tasmania.

• Subfamily Persoonioideae L.A.S. Johnson & B.G. Briggs, 1975

Description: Absent proteoid roots. Non-uriculated cocktails. Simple leaves. Staminal filaments wide to totally soldiers to the teapals. Triggered pollen. Ovules 1-22, orthotropes. Average chromosome length 9,1-14,4 μm.

• Tribe Placospermeae C.T. White & W.D. Francis, 1924

• A single genre: Placospermum C.T. White & W.D. Francis, 1924. Northeast Australia.

• Tribe Persoonieae Rchb., 1828

• Acidonia L.A.S. Johnson & B.G. Briggs, 1975. Southwest of Australia.
• Garnieria Brongn. & Gris, 1871. New Caledonia.
• Persoonia Sm, 1798. Australia, Tasmania. Polyphile (see Weston in References), should include the other three genera of the tribe.
• Tornia L.A.S. Johnson & B.G. Briggs, 1975. North Island of New Zealand.

• Subfamily Symphionematoideae P.H. Weston & N.P. Barker, 2006

Description: Absent proteoid roots, Hermaphrodite plants. Alternate leaves. Flowers seated. Free antennas, not pinned. Hypogine glands absent. Shortly-stained carpals. Dry fruit, indehiscent, monospermous. Average chromosome length 3.1 μm.

• Agastachys R. Br., 1810. Tasmania.
• Symphionema R. Br., 1810. Southeast Australia.

Macadamia integraifolia

Gevuina avellana

• Subfamily Proteoideae Eaton, 1836

Description: Proteoid roots present. Non-uriculated cocktails. Simple leaves. Staminal soldiers to the teapals, rarely free. Triggered pollen. Shortly-stained carpals. Indehiscent fruit, dry or dash, monosperm. Average chromosome length 1.2-3.4 μm.

• Incertae sedis:

• Beauprea Brongn. & Gris, 1871. New Caledonia.
• Beaupreopsis Virot, 1968. New Caledonia.
• Dinner Labill, 1805. Tasmania.
• Dilobeia Thouars, 1806. Eastern Madagascar.
• Eidothea A.W. Douglas " B. Hyland, 1995. Eastern Australia.
• Frankland R. Br., 1810. Southwest of Australia.

• Tribu Conospermeae Endl., 1837

• Subtribu Stirlingiinae L.A.S. Johnson & B.G. Briggs, 1975

• Stirlingia Endl, 1837. Southwest of Australia.

• Subtribu Conosperminae L.A.S. Johnson & B.G. Briggs, 1975

• Conospermum Sm, 1798. South Australia, Tasmania.
• Synaphea R. Br., 1810. Southwest of Australia.

• Tribe Petrophileae P.H. Weston & N.P. Barker, 2006

• Aulax Bergius, 1767. South Africa: Cape region.
• Petrophile R. Br. ex Knight, 1809. South Australia.

• Tribu Proteeae Dumort., 1829

• Faurea Harv., 1847. Sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar.
• Protea L., 1771. Sub-Saharan Africa.

• Tribe Leucadendreae P.H. Weston & N.P. Barker, 2006

• Subtribu Isopogoninae P.H. Weston & N.P. Barker, 2006

• Isopogon R. Br. ex Knight, 1809. South Australia.

• Subtribu Adenanthinae L.A.S. Johnson & B.G. Briggs, 1975

• Adenanthos Labill, 1805. South Australia.

• Subtribu Leucadendrinae P.H. Weston & N.P. Barker, 2006

• Diastella Salisb. ex Knight, 1809. South Africa: Southwest of the Cape region.
• Leucadendron R. Br., 1810. South Africa: Cape region.
• Leucospermum R. Br., 1810. South Africa, Zimbabwe.
• Mimetes Salisb, 1807. South Africa: Cape region. Polyphile (see Weston in References), should include Diastella and Orothamnus.
• Orothamnus Pappe ex Hook., 1848. South Africa: Cape region.
• Paranomus Salisb, 1807. South Africa: Cape region.
• Serruria Salisb, 1807. South Africa: Southwest of the Cape region.
• Sorocephalus R. Br., 1810. South Africa: Southwest of the Cape region.
• Spatalla Salisb, 1807. South Africa: Southwest of the Cape region.
• Vexatorella Rourke, 1984. South Africa: Southwest of the Cape region.

• Subfamily Grevilleoideae Engl., 1892

Description: Proteoid roots present. Cottons more or less visibly troubled. Average chromosome length 1.0-2.6 μm.

• Incertae sedis:

• Carnarvonia F. Muell., 1867. Northeast Australia.
• Sphalmium B.G. Briggs, B. Hyland & L.A.S. Johnson, 1975. Northeast Australia.

• Tribe Roupaleae Meisn., 1841

• Incertae sedis:

• Eucarpha (R. Br., 1830) Spach, 1841. New Caledonia.
• Knightia R. Br., 1810. New Zealand.
• Megahertzia A.S. George " B. Hyland, 1995. Northeast Australia.
• Triunia L.A.S. Johnson & B.G. Briggs, 1975. Eastern Australia.

• Subtribu Roupalinae L.A.S. Johnson & B.G. Briggs, 1975

• Neorites L.S. Sm., 1969. Northeast Australia.
• Orites R. Br., 1810. Eastern Australia, Tasmania, Chile, Argentina.
• Roupala Aubl, 1775. Central and southern America.

• Subtribu Lambertiinae (C. Venkata Rao, 1971) L.A.S. Johnson & B.G. Briggs, 1975

• Lambertia Sm, 1798. South Australia.
• Xylomelum Sm, 1798. South-West and Eastern Australia.

• Subtribu Heliciinae L.A.S. Johnson & B.G. Briggs, 1975

• Helicia Lour, 1790. South Asia to Japan and Southeast Australia.
• Hollandaea F. Muell., 1887. Northeast Australia.

• Subtribu Floydiinae L.A.S. Johnson & B.G. Briggs, 1975

• Darlingia F. Muell., 1866. Northeast Australia.
• Floydia L.A.S. Johnson & B.G. Briggs, 1975. Eastern Australia.

• Tribu Banksieae Rchb., 1828

• Subtribu Musgraveinae L.A.S. Johnson & B.G. Briggs, 1975

• Austromuellera C.T. White, 1930. Northeast Australia.
• Musgravea F. Muell., 1890. Northeast Australia.

• Subtribu Banksiinae L.A.S. Johnson & B.G. Briggs, 1975

• Banksia L.f., 1782. Australia, Tasmania, South of New Guinea. Paraphylaxis (see Weston in References).
• Dryandra R. Br., 1810. Southwest Australia (probable synonym for Banksia).

• Tribe Embothrieae Rchb., 1828

• Subtribu Lomatiinae L.A.S. Johnson & B.G. Briggs, 1975

• Lomatia R. Br., 1810. Eastern Australia, Tasmania, Chile, Argentina, Peru, Ecuador.

• Subtribu Embothriinae Endl., 1837

• Alloxylon P.H. Weston & Crisp, 1991. Eastern Australia, South of New Guinea, Aru Island.
• Embothrium J.R. Forst. G. Forst., 1776. Chile, Argentina.
• Oreocallis R. Br., 1810. Peru, Ecuador.
• Telopea R. Br., 1810. Southeast Australia, Tasmania.

• Subtribu Stenocarpinae L.A.S. Johnson & B.G. Briggs, 1975

• Stenocarpus R. Br., 1810. Northern and Eastern Australia, New Guinea, Aru Island, New Caledonia. Probably paraphylactic (see Weston in References).
• Strangea Meisn, 1855. Southwest and east Australia.

• Subtribu Hakeinae Endl., 1837

• Buckinghamia F. Muell., 1868. Northeast Australia.
• Finschia Warb, 1891. New Guinea, to the Palau and Vanuatu Islands.
• Grevillea R. Br. ex Knight, 1809. Australia, Tasmania, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Célebes. Probably polyphile (see Weston in References).
• Hakea Schrad. & J.C. Wendl., 1797. Australia, Tasmania.
• Opisthiolepis L.S. Sm., 1952. Northeast Australia.

• Tribe Macadamieae C. Venkata Rao, 1968

• Subtribu Macadamiinae L.A.S. Johnson & B.G. Briggs, 1975

• Brabejum L., 1753. South Africa: Southwest of the Cape region.
• Macadamia F. Muell., 1857. Eastern Australia, Célebes. Probably paraphylactic (see Weston in References), it should be synonymized with Brabejum.
• Panopsis Salisb. ex Knight, 1809. Central and southern America. Probably a synonym for Brabejum.

• Subtribu Malagasiinae P.H. Weston & N.P. Barker, 2006

• Catalepidia P.H. Weston, 1995. Northeast Australia.
• Malagasy L.A.S. Johnson & B.G. Briggs, 1975. Madagascar.

• Subtribu Virotiinae P.H. Weston & N.P. Barker, 2006

• Athertonia L.A.S. Johnson & B.G. Briggs, 1975. Northeast Australia.
• Heliciopsis Sleumer, 1955. South Asia to China and the Wallace line.
• Virotia L.A.S. Johnson & B.G. Briggs, 1975. New Caledonia.

• Subtribu Gevuininae L.A.S. Johnson & B.G. Briggs, 1975

• Bleasdalea F. Muell., 1865. Northeast Australia, New Guinea.
• Cardwellia F. Muell., 1865. Northeast Australia.
• Euplassa Salisb. in Knight, 1809. Tropical South America.
• Gevuina Molina, 1782. Chile, Argentina.
• Hicksbeachia F. Muell., 1883. Eastern Australia.
• Kermadecia Brongn. & Gris, 1863. New Caledonia.
• Sleumerodendron Virot, 1968. New Caledonia.
• Turrillia A.C. Sm., 1985. Vanuatu, Fiyi. Possibly a synonym for Kermadecia (see Weston in References).

Identification key

Persoonia pinifolia

The genera collected here can be identified with the key that follows; it is artificial and its groups have no phylogenetic value; Several of the genera appear in different entries of the key, which demonstrates the great morphological diversification that they present:

• dioecious plants.

• Dicotomally lobed leaves.

Dilobeia

• Whole leaves in a pine forest.

• Dry fruit. Flowers to pairs in the armpit of each bract. Ovules 2 per carvelo.

Heliciopsis

• Dry fruit, indehiscent. A flower in the armpit of each bract. Ovulus 1 per carvelo.

• Pediatric flowers. Capituliform female inflorescence, surrounded by a feathery inner involucc and an external narrow, folious or coloured bracts. Male inflorescence a cluster or particle, little dense.

Aulax

• Flowers seated. Female inflorescence in woody, globose, ovoid or cylindrical pineapple, with or without coloured involuc. Dense male inflorescence, in globose or conical chapter, seldom a spike.

Leucadendron

• Hermaphrodite or Andromonoic plants.

• Opposite, verticilated or pseudoverticillated leaves.

• Persistent fruit for years, in woody or cartilageous follicle.

• Inflorescence in chapter of 7 flowers, or reduced to a flower, with eye-catching involuc. Fruit with beak, often with horns or thorns.

Lambertia

• Inflorescence with another number of flowers, without involution. Fruit without beak, horns or thorns.

• Inflorescence racemosa, with non-woody axis. Symmetrical leaflet, ellipsoid or piriforme.

Xylomelum

• Inflorescence in the form of pineapple, with woody axis. Asymmetrical, laterally compressed.

Banksia (part)

• Deciduous fruit when ripening, indehiscent, or in globose follicle, coriaceous, late dehiscent.

• Lonely flowers in the armpits of leaves or bracts. Prolonged cluster inflorescence or not due to the vegetative growth of its axillary axillary dense chapter. Apex of the unflamed style.

• Prolonged cluster inflorescence or not due to the vegetative growth of its axis. Wide or full-sized staminal filaments to teapals. Hypogine glands 2 or 4. Fruits less than 2 cm in diameter. Succulent Pericarpo. Trees and shrubs of sclerophyl formations.

Persoonia (part)

• Inflorescence in axillary dense chapter. Staminal filaments not or just soldiers to teapals on their base. Hypogine glands 0. Fruits of more than 2 cm in diameter. Pericarpo parenchymatous. Rainforest trees.

Eidothea

• Flowers in couples sitting or shortly pedunculated. Cluster inflorescence. Swollen-style apex.

• Perianto strongly zigomorfo. Hypogine glands 2 or 4 free. Pericarpo fleshy, red, purple or blue.

Triunia

• Perianto barely zigomorph or actinomorph. Ring welded spinal cords. Pericarpo coriaceous to woody, chestnut to green or greyish.

• Couples of pedunculated flowers, each pediceled flower (appears to be the basal soldiers).

• Helicia (part)

• Couples of sitting flowers, each pedicelada flower (appears to be free).

• Ellipsoidal fruit, with dense ferruginous pubescence. Obovate floral bracts, visible in the yolk, caducas before the anteis.

Brabejum

• Fruit more or less globose, glabro or slightly tomentose. Flower bracts ova to oblong or triangular, inconspicuas.

• Decused leaves or verticils of 4, whole.

Panopsis (part)

• Leaves in verticils of 5-6, whole, if of 4, dentadas.

Macadamia

• Alternate leaves.

• Palmeticomposed leaves, with 5 radial segments, each frequently pinnaticompuesto trifoliolado.

Carnarvonia

• Simple leaves, pinnaticompuestas, bipinnaticompuestas or dicotomas.

• Dicotomally divided or composite leaves.

Group with dicotomas leaves

• Whole, dented or composed or divided leaves 1-3 times.

• Paripinnate adult leaves.

• Ovules 10-14 per carvelo. Fruit in woody follicle. Seeds 10-14, wings.

Cardwellia

• Ovules 2 per carvelo. Dry fruit. Seed(s) 1(-2), without wing.

Euplassa

• Single adult leaves, imparipinnate, bipinnate or trimmed.

• Lonely flowers in the armpit of each bract. Inflorescence in clusters (sometimes folious), spikes (sometimes in pineapple), umbelas or chapters, or reduced to one or two flowers, or composed in panic (sometimes with sterile side flowers) or in lateral glomeruli of 3-9 flowers, or solitary flowers in lateral involucros.

• Group with solitary flowers

• Flowers in couples in the armpit of each bract, seated or pedunculed couples. Inflorescence recemiform, spiniciform or umbeliforme, or a particle composed of these inflorescences.

• Flowers sitting, in dense inflorescences, in chapter or pineapple. Fruit in persistent woody follicle.

• Normally globose inflorescence to cylindrical, woody, cylindrical to spherical, rarely reduced and capituliform. Inconspicuous, narrow, deciduous.

Banksia (part)

• Inflorescence in chapter, axis in flat receptacle, concave or convex. Conspicuous, imbricated, persistent, involvemental bracts.

Dryandra

• Pediac flowers, if you sit, never in pineapple. Coriaceous fruit, woody or succulent, often caduco, sometimes indehiscent.

• Perianto zigomorfo.

Group with perianto zigomorfo

• Perianto actinomorfo.

Group with peranto actinomorfo

Group with dichotomous leaves

Petrophile pedunculata

• Sheets with prominent glands.

Frankland

• No gland leaves.

• Fruit in woody follicle, persistent. Lonesome, former, semi-lunar gland.

Hakea (part)

• Deciduous fruit in maturity, in aquenio or drupa. Hypogine glands 0 or 4.

• Perianto strongly zigomorfo. Adaxial sterile antenna, unilocular side.

Synaphea (part)

• Perianto actinomorfo, sometimes adaxial teapal shorter than others. All fertile and bilocular antennas.

• Andromonoic plant. Hermafrodite flowers with apex of broadly cupular or vestigeal style.

Stirlingia

• Hermaphrodite plant. Flowers with swollen apex, but not cupular.

• Inflorescence composed of lateral spikes of 4 flowers subtended by coriaceous bracts not visibly imbricated. Hypogenic glands 4.

Paranomus (part)

• Inflorescence in simple chapter, each flower sunk in a pineapple-like structure formed by the fleshy and imbricated bracts. Hypogine glands 0.

• Cadual pineapple with fruit. Aquenios not compressed.

Isopogon (part)

• Cracks of the pineapple firmly attached to the axis, opening to release the fruits. Aquenios compressed.

Petrophile (part)

Group with solitary flowers

Stenocarpus sinuatus

• Perianto zigomorfo.

• Stick them away. Ovula 1.

• Visible, large, coloured.

• Inflorescence composed of a subterminal addition of simple axillary inflorescences.

Mimetes(part)

• Inflorescence a simple, axillary or terminal chapter, not added.

• Welded in vain welded 3 coffins. Inflorescence of 2-30 cm in diameter. He densely vilosus.

Protea

• Puss of free teapals except at the base. Inflorescence of 1-2 cm in diameter. Glabro or puberty.

Diastella (part)

• Inconspicuous or absent inconspicuous practices.

• An antere and two aborted semi-anteras. Hypogine glands 0.

• White, blue, grey or pink. Lower aborted antenna. Whole leaves.

Conospermum (part)

• Yellow periant. Top aborted antenna. Sheets usually divided.

Synaphea (part)

• Antennas or all developed and tetraloculars or 1 or 3 steriles. Hypogine glands present.

• Composite inflorescence, formed by the union of inflorescences of 1-4 flowers.

• Monomorphic and divided leaves or dimorphs, with whole, spatulated and intermediate leaves divided. Basic inflorescences usually of 4 flowers. Aquenios glabros with a hair ring at the base.

Paranomus (part)

• Monomorph leaves, whole. Basic inflorescences of 1 or 3 flowers. Puscent stalls.

Spatalla

• Simple inflorescence, in spike, chapter, or reduced to a solitary flower.

• Inflorescence reduced to a flower. The 4 nails of the perianto welded in vain along, forming a laterally open tube.

Adenanthos

• Multiflower inflorescence. Three adaxial nails of the welded perianto, the abaxial separated in most of its length.

• Inflorescence in spike. Whole leaves, no glands.

Faurea

• Inflorescence in chapter. Whole or lobed leaves, with visible apical glands.

Leucospermum

• Pedice them present. More than 1.

• Andromonoic plant. Fertile adaxial stamen, the other 3 reduced to staminodes. Fruit in follicle, with numerous winged seeds oriented transversally.

Placospermum

• Plant usually hermaphrodite. All fertile stamens, rarely 1 or all sterile. Drabaceous fruit or follicular with longitudinally oriented seeds, if transversally oriented, only 2.

• Fruit in drupa. Fold of the middle of the length of the perianto, ganchudo, the apex included in a bag of adaxial tepalo below the antere.

Persoonia (part)

• Fruit in follicle. Fold as long as or longer than the perianto, the free apex.

• Inflorescence umbeliforme or reduced to a flower. Axial and abaxial simetry of the gynaceum. Simple hair input. Seeds with a membranous wrap.

• Ovules and seeds more than 2. Coriaceous or cartilizing leaf.

Stenocarpus

• Ovuls 2, seeds 1(-2). Tiny ball.

Strangea (part)

• Inflorescence racemiforme, multiflora, rarely umbeliforme or reduced to a flower. Axis of gynetic symmetry passing between the teapals, diagonal. Indumento de elos fundamentally bifidos. Seeds without membranous wrap.

• Milky fruit, serotin, dorsal dehiscent and ventrally. Cylindrical or flat leaves.

Hakea (part)

• Coriaceous fruit, rarely woody, deciduous in the year, dehiscent only ventrally. Flat or angular leaves.

Grevillea (part)

• Perianto actinomorfo.

• Inflorescence in simple chapter. Flowers in the armpits of fleshy or coriaceous scales, imbricated, forming a globose, ovoid or cylindrical pineapple.

• Cadual pineapple scales with fruits. Aquenios not compressed.

Isopogon (part)

• Welded pineapple scales to the axis of inflorescence. Aquenios compressed.

Petrophile (part)

• Cluster inflorescence, spike, chapter or particle. Flowers in the armpits of little conspicuous floral bracts, squamous, folious or coriaceous, or absent bracts, not forming a pineapple.

• Hypogine glands present.

• Dry fruit. Typically swollen apex.

• Pediatric flowers. Fruit in follicle.

Strangea (part)

• Sit flowers. Fruit in aquenio.

• Split leaves (1-3-pinnatisectas) present.

• Whole leaves missing. Divisions of cylindrical leaves. Flowers in multiflower chapters, non-lignited bracholes in postantesis. Chapters arranged in corimbos or particles, not condensed, rarely solitary.

Serruria

• Full sheets present at times, distals of the divided. Divisions of ventrally watered leaves. Flowers gathered in chapters of 4, each with a scumiform brachole, ignited in postantesis. Chapters gathered in a globose or cylindrical spike, dense.

Paranomus (part)

• Absent split sheets.

• Large, conspicuous, often in bright colors.

• Inflorescences in chapter, axillary, added in a composite folicious terminal inflorescence.

Mimetes (part)

• Inflorescences in axillary or terminal chapters, not added.

• Involving bracts open, not hiding the flowers. Inflorescence of 1-2 cm in diameter.

Diastella (part)

• Tracts involve them camping, hiding the flowers a lot. Inflorescence of 4-6 cm in diameter.

Orothamnus

• Small, inconspicuous, merely eye-catching.

• Inflorescence in chapter, grouped forming a spike or cluster.

• Spine or ovated leaves to orbiculars.

Paranomus (part)

• Linear or lanceolate leaves.

Sorocephalus (part)

• Inflorescence in chapter, solitary or grouped in a 4-6 chapter pan.

• Cylindrical leaves.

Sorocephalus (part)

• Flat sheets.

Vexatorella

• Fruit in drupa. Apex of the unflamed style.

• Ovula 1.

• Adaxial antenna finished by a much longer appendix than the lateral and abaxial antennas.

Dinner

• All similar antennas, with or without appendices.

• Flowers seated. Drupa less than 2 mm long.

Beaupreopsis

• Pediatric flowers. 5-25 mm long.

• White periant, pink or purple. Panic inflorescences, seldom simple, never prolonged in folly branches. Red flowers. Sheet often dented or divided.

Beauprea

• Yellow periant, sometimes with red spots, or rarely white. Simple inflorescence, often prolonged in folly branches. Flowers on the armpit of a leaf. Simple and whole leaves.

Persoonia (part)

• Ovules (1-)2-7(-8).

• 3-7(-8).

Garnieria

• Ovules (1-)2.

• Antennas and appendix of the moderately incurded anteree.

Acidonia

• Straight antennas or recurves to revolutions; appendix straight to recurve, or absent.

• Lightweight. Fold as long as or longer than stamens.

Persoonia (part)

• Endocarpo with oblique ribs. Shorter than stamens.

Tornia

• Hypogine glands absent.

• Most of the flowers without bracts.

Bellendena

• Each flower in the armpit of a bract.

• Inflorescence in chapter with colored bracts involucre.

Diastella (part)

• Inflorescence in spike, cluster, particle, umbela, chapter composed or reduced to a solitary flower, without involucre of colored bracts.

• Pediatric flowers. Fruit in follicle.

• Big trees. Medium pinned leaves. Cluster inflorescence. Some flowers without carpal.

Sphalmium

• Bust. Simple leaves, whole. Inflorescence in umbela, or reduced to 1-2 flowers. Hermaphrodite flowers.

Strangea (part)

• Sit flowers. Indehiscent fruit.

• Pinnatisect leaves.

Symphionema

• Whole leaves.

• Tubular periant at the base. Inflorescence usually composed. Fruit not winged.

Conospermum (part)

• Free periant at the base. Simple inflorescence. Fruit with 3 prominent wings.

Agastachys

Group with zygomorphic perianth

Lomatia silaifolia

• Triple flowers.

Grevillea (part)

• Tetramera flowers.

• Hypogine glands 2-4, free.

• Pediac flowers, every couple sitting. Fruit in follicle.

• Hypogine glands 3, alternitépalas. Ovules and seeds more than 2.

Lomatia

• Hypogine glands 4, oposititépalas. Ovules and Seeds 2.

Grevillea (part)

• Flowers sitting, every pedunculate pair. Dry fruit.

• Simple adult leaves, whole. Hypogenic glands 4.

Sleumerodendron

• Adult leaves usually painted, leaflets with sawed edges to dentures. Hypogine glands 2.

• Raquis of the alado composite leaves. Bordes of simple leaves and sawed leaflets. Ovariously pubescent.

Bleasdalea (part)

• Rake of normal composite leaves. Bordes of simple leaves and dentured leaflets. Ovario densely piloso.

Gevuina

• Hypogine glands 0-1, or annular and surrounding the carpel, lobed or not.

• Flowers sitting, every pedunculate pair.

• Densely hairy ovary.

Kermadecia (part)

• Ovary (and rest of the carpel) glabro.

• Raquis of the alado composite leaves. Balloon fruit.

Bleasdalea (part)

• Rake of normal composite leaves. Compressed fruit, obovoid, uneasy.

Turrillia

• Pediac flowers, every couple sitting.

• Straight periant, asymmetrical only at the base, caduco immediately after the prioris. Single adult leaves, whole, netly fished. Dry fruit, hard mesocarp, in transverse section clearly quadrangular.

Kermadecia (part)

• Perianto recurvo, at least apically, persists at least several days. Adult leaves often dented, divided or composite, often seated or barely combed. Fruit in follicle, or derupacous with mesocarp in transverse non-blockular section.

• Ovules 2. Seeds 1-2. Normally present birameum in the branches and immature leaves.

• Fruits of dorsal and ventrally dehiscent, seroty.

Hakea (part)

• Dehiscent fruits only ventrally, or indehiscent, caducos in the year.

• Fruit in follicle, crustacean to petri, rarely in aquenio. Simple and whole adult leaves to deeply divided or composed.

Grevillea (part)

• Fruit in drupa, mesocarpo external carnoso, the internal pertreo. Simple adult leaves, whole.

Finschia

• More than 2. Seeds more than 2. Absent biramid induement.

• Axis of floral symmetry passing through adaxial and abaxial teapals. White cream periant, 3-20 mm long.

• Envés foliar densely covered with persistent, bright hairs. Medium pinned leaves. Perianto about 3 mm long. Bifid hypoogins glands.

Opisthiolepis

• Envés foliar glabro. Intermediate pinnatisect leaves. Periant 7-20 mm long. Hypogine crenulated glands.

Buckinghamia

• Axis of diagonal floral symmetry, passing between the teapals. Red periant, if white or yellow, then more than 20 mm long.

• Fusiform-style pencil, apical stigma. Welded tepals in a tube open on their base third-two thirds, free on the apex.

Embothrium

• Apex of oblique style, ventral stigma. Welded soaps to the apex or free to the base.

• Conspicuous involving bracts, sometimes of striking colors. Perianto heavily curved.

Telopea

• Involving bracts absent. Perianto weakly curved.

• Navicular leaf after dehiscence.

Alloxylon

• Flat leaf after dehiscence.

Oreocallis

Group with actinomorphic perianth

Telopea speciosissima

Isopogon anemonifolius

• Hypogine glands absent or forming a single ring or horseshoe structure, sometimes lobed.

• Flowers sitting, every pedunculate pair.

• Conspicuous floral bracts, red, longer than flowers, deciduous before the beforee. Involved red bracts surrounding the inflorescence, caducas before the anteis. Ovules 4.

Eucarpha (part)

• Unconspicuous floral bracts, scuamiforms, persistent. Involvement of absent inflorescence. Ovules 2.

• Orthotropic ovules. Dry fruit, with fleshy external pericarp and woody internal. Seed 1, aptera.

Virotia

• Hemitropic ovules. Fruit in follicle, coriaceous. Seeds 2, wings.

Megahertzia (part)

• Pediac flowers, every couple sitting.

• Soldier filaments to the telepaths at the base. Fruit in globose aquenio to fusiforme, big.

Panopsis (part)

• Soldier filaments completely to the teapers. Fruit in follicle.

• Fruits of dorsal and ventrally dehiscent, seroty.

Hakea (part)

• Dehiscent fruits only ventrally, deciduous in the year.

Grevillea (part)

• Hypogine glands 3-4, free.

• Hypogine glands 3. Biporate, curved-elipsoid pollen.

• Mature and hardened glabras leaves, the intermediate pinnadas. Perndula inflorescence, lateral, ramiflora. Perianto 14-25 mm.

Austromuellera

• Mature and hardened leaves with dense and finely tomentose, simple intermediates (sometimes deeply lobed). Inflorescence ascending to erect, terminal or axillary. Perianto 4-5 mm long.

Musgravea

• Hypogenic glands 4. Triored, triangular.

• More than 2. Seeds 2 or more.

• truncated apex, no differentiated nail, 4.5-6,0 mm long.

Neorites

• Acute apex cuffs, with basal nail, 15-33 mm long.

• Conspicuous floral bracts, red, longer than flowers, deciduous before the beforee. Involved red bracts surrounding the inflorescence, caducas before the anteis.

Eucarpha (part)

• Unconspicuous floral bracts, scuamiforms, or conspicuous but not eye-catching, persistent or deciduous. Involvement of absent or present inflorescence but not eye-catching.

• Cream white flowers. Intermediate prickly leaves, the entire adult.

Darlingia

• Red flowers to purple. Dented intermediate leaves, the entire adults to dentate.

• Pendulum inflorescences, 15-40 cm long. Apteras seeds.

Hollandaeae

• Inflorescences ascending to erect, 2-10 cm long. Allied seeds.

Knightia

• Ovules 2. Seeds 1-2.

• Pinnatifida adult leaves.

• Fruit in follicle. Seeds 2, wings.

Roupala (part)

• Dry fruit. Seed 1(-2), aptera.

• Blue malva flowers with dark chestnuts. Bright red ripe fruit. Adult leaves painted to deeply pinnatisectas.

Hicksbeachia

• Cream flowers. Pink ripe fruit to dark blue. Pinnatiphyd adult leaves (usually mixed with leaves without divisions).

Athertonia (part)

• Single adult leaves, whole to dentate.

• Pediac flowers, every couple sitting. Bracteolas absent.

• Indehiscent fruit, with a suitable seed.

Helicia (part)

• Fruit dehiscent, with 2 winged seeds.

• Apex of the unflamed style. Hemitropic ovules.

Orites

• Apice of the style hin chado. Orthotropic ovules.

Roupala (part)

• Flowers sitting, every pedunculate pair. Bracteolas absent, or present but decurrent in pedicels.

• Fruit in follicle. Seeds 2, wings.

Megahertzia (part)

• Indehiscent fruit. Seed 1, aptera.

• anthropogenic eggs.

Helicia (part)

• Orthotropic ovules.

• Get them pink to red. Fully glab plant.

Catalepidia

• Get them pale yellow cream. Plant more or less densely hairy at least in young branches and pedicels, sometimes also in immature leaves and teapals.

• Mid-pinnatiff leaves with sawed edge, whole or sawed adults. Densely tomentose twigs.

Athertonia (part)

• Full-time and adult leaves. Pulossy, pubescent twigs.

• 4-5 mm long. Glabro ovary. Dry fruit.

Malagasy

• 12-17 mm long. Ovary cuts off pubescent. Fruit in large aquenio.

Floydia