Princeton University
The Princeton University (English: Princeton University), located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States, is one of eight Ivy League universities. It was founded as the College of New Jersey in 1746, and was originally located in Elizabeth. Recognized as one of the most prestigious universities in the world, the university was transferred to Princeton in 1756, keeping the original name. The name was officially changed to Princeton University in 1896. It was originally a Presbyterian institution, now secular.
The mathematicians John Nash and George Dantzig (the latter inventor of the simplex algorithm), the economist and Nobel Prize winner Angus Deaton, gave classes there. The famous physicist Albert Einstein taught and did research at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study, which is close to the University.
Princeton is one of the richest universities in the world with a financial endowment in excess of $23 billion. Part of these resources are invested in its art museum [1] which exhibits numerous paintings, sculptures and archaeology; his funds total 72,000 pieces. With a centuries-old history, this museum has paintings by Fra Angelico, Hendrick Goltzius, Ludovico Carracci (The arrest of Christ), Goya (one of his rare watercolors on ivory), Monet, Gauguin, Warhol and many other preeminent artists. It also has abundant engravings and drawings, African art, porcelain, and more.
Princeton is consistently ranked among the top universities in the US and the world with seven consecutive top-rank nominations by US News & World Report; from 2001 to 2018 it achieved the number one position 16 times above the prestigious Harvard, Yale, Stanford and Chicago.
US President Woodrow Wilson was a student and president of this university. Other prominent alumni include Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos, former Peruvian President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, former First Lady Michelle Obama, Texas Senator Ted Cruz, and actress Brooke Shields.
History
Foundation
Princeton University, founded as the College of New Jersey, was greatly influenced in its formative years by "Log College," a seminary founded by the Rev. William Tennent in Neshaminy, Pennsylvania, circa 1726. Although there was never a legal connection, many of Log College's alumni and adherents would go on to support financially and be substantially involved in the early years of the college. While regarded by early writers as the predecessor of the college, the idea has been disputed by Princeton historians.
The founding of the college itself stemmed from a split from the Presbyterian church after the Great Awakening. In 1741, New Light Presbyterians were expelled from the Philadelphia Synod in defense of Log College's way of ordaining ministers. The four founders of the College of New Jersey, who were New Lights, were expelled or withdrew from the Synod and devised a plan to establish a new college, as they were disappointed with the opposition of Harvard and Yale to the Great Awakening and dissatisfied with the limited instruction at Log College. They convinced three other Presbyterians to join them and settled on New Jersey as the college's headquarters, as there was no institution between Yale College in New Haven at the time, Connecticut, and the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Va.; it was also the place where some of the founders preached. Although his initial petition was rejected by Anglican Governor Lewis Morrison, the acting governor after Morrison's death, John Hamilton, granted a charter for the College of New Jersey on October 22, 1746. In 1747, approximately five months after acquiring the charter, the trustees elected Jonathan Dickinson as president and opened in Elizabeth, New Jersey, where classes were held in Dickinson's rectory. With its founding, it became the fourth-oldest institution of higher learning in the United States, and one of nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution. The founders' goal was for the college to have a plan course of study to teach people of various professions, and not just for ministerial work. Although the college was open to those of any religious denomination, many of the founders being Presbyterian in faith, the college became the capital educational and religious Scots-Irish Presbyterians of America.
Colonial and early years
In 1747, after the death of then-President Jonathan Dickinson, the college was moved from Elizabeth to Newark, New Jersey, as the parsonage of Presidential successor Aaron Burr Sr. was located there. Princeton's charter was disputed by Anglicans, but on September 14, 1748, the newly appointed Governor Jonathan Belcher granted a second charter. Belcher, a Congregationalist, had drifted away from his alma mater, Harvard, and decided to "adopt" the nascent university. Belcher went so far as to raise funds for the college and donated his library of 474 volumes, making it one of the largest libraries in the colonies.
In 1756, the college moved back to its present location in Princeton, New Jersey, because Newark was considered too close to New York. Princeton was chosen because of its central New Jersey location and the strong recommendation of Belcher. The college's headquarters in Princeton was Nassau Hall, named for the royal William III of England, a member of the House of Orange-Nassau. Administrators of the College of New Jersey initially suggested that Nassau Hall bear the Belcher's name in recognition of his interest in the institution; the governor vetoed the petition.
,_President_(1768-94).jpg)
Burr, who would die in 1757, devised a curriculum for the school and enlarged the student body. After the untimely death of Burr and the next three presidents, John Witherspoon became president in 1768 and remained in that position. post until his death in 1794. With his presidency, Witherspoon focused the university on preparing a new generation of both educated clergy and secular leaders in the new American nation. To do so, he has tightened academic standards, expanded the curriculum, solicited investment for the university and increased its size.
A signer of the Declaration of Independence, Witherspoon and his leadership led the college to be influential in the American Revolution. In 1777, the college became the site of the Battle of Princeton. During the battle, British soldiers briefly occupied Nassau Hall before finally surrendering to American forces led by General George Washington. During the summer and fall of 1783, the Continental Congress and Washington met at Nassau Hall, converting Princeton in the nation's capital for four months; Nassau Hall is the place where Congress learned of the peace treaty between the colonies and the British. The college did suffer from the revolution, with depreciating financial capital and heavy repair bills for Nassau Hall.
19th century
In 1795, President Samuel Stanhope Smith was sworn in, becoming the first alumnus to be president. Nassau Hall suffered a major fire that destroyed its interior in 1802, which Smith blamed on rebellious students. The college raised funds for reconstruction, as well as the construction of two new buildings. In 1807, a major student revolt broke out in Nassau Hall, spurred on by underlying mistrust of Smith's educational reforms away from the Church. Following Smith's mishandling of the situation, falling enrollments, and faculty resignations, the university administrators offered Smith resignation, which he accepted. In 1812, Ashbel Green was unanimously elected by the College trustees to become the eighth president. Following Smith's Liberal tenure, Green represented the "Old Side" conservative, in which he introduced rigorous disciplinary rules and strongly embraced religion. Even so, believing that the College was not religious enough, he took a leading role in the creation of the Princeton Theological Seminary, located next door.Although student riots were frequent during Green's tenure, enrollment increased under Green's administration. he.
In 1823, James Carnahan became president, arriving as an unprepared and timid leader. With the university torn apart by conflicting views among students, faculty, and trustees, and with enrollments reaching their peak, At its lowest level in years, Carnahan considered closing the university. Carnahan's successor, John Maclean Jr., then only a professor, recommended saving the university with the help of alumni; as a result, the Princeton Alumni Association was created, headed by James Madison, which began fundraising. With Carnahan and Maclean, now vice president, working as partners, enrollment and faculty increased, tensions subsided, and the The college campus expanded. Maclean became president in 1854 and led the college during the American Civil War. When Nassau Hall burned down again in 1855, Maclean raised funds and used the money to rebuild Nassau Hall and run the college with an austere budget during the war years. With a third of the university's students coming from the South, enrollment declined. Once many of the southerners left, the campus became a strong supporter of the Union, even awarding an honorary degree to President Lincoln.
James McCosh became president of the university in 1868 and brought the institution out of a period of slump brought on by the war. During his two decades of service, he revised the curriculum, oversaw the expansion of research in the sciences, hired distinguished faculty, and oversaw the addition of a series of Victorian-Gothic buildings to the campus. Many extracurricular activities were also created and expanded during McCosh's tenure, including the Princeton Glee Club, the Triangle Club, the first intercollegiate football team, and the first permanent eating clubs, as well as the elimination of fraternities and sororities. In 1879, Princeton awarded its first doctorates to James F. Williamson and William Libby, both members of the promotion. from 1877.
Francis Patton became president in 1888, and while his election was not greeted with unanimous enthusiasm, it was well received by college students. Patton's administration was marked by great change, as enrollment and faculty Princeton had doubled. At the same time, the university was experiencing great expansion, and social life was changing, reflecting the growth of eating clubs and the burgeoning interest in athletics. In 1893, the honor system was established, allowing examinations to be taken. without correction. In 1896, the college officially became a university, and as a result, it officially changed its name to Princeton University. In 1900, the Graduate School was formally established. Even with such achievements, the Patton administration remained lackluster with its administrative structure and towards its educational standards. Due to profile changes on the board of trustees and the unhappy with his management, he was forced to resign in 1902.
20th century
Following Patton's resignation, Woodrow Wilson, a former student and popular professor, was elected the university's 13th president. Noting declining academic standards, Wilson orchestrated significant changes to the curriculum, in which freshmen and sophomores followed a unified curriculum, while juniors and seniors concentrated on the study of one discipline. Ambitious seniors were allowed independent work, which would end up giving shaped Princeton's emphasis on practice for the future. Wilson further reformed the educational system by introducing the preceptory system in 1905, a concept then unique in the United States that augmented the standard teaching method of lectures with a form more personal in which small groups of students, or precepts, could interact with a single instructor, or preceptor, in their field of interest. The changes brought many new professors and cemented the Princeton academic system for the first half of the 20th century. Due to the tightening of academic standards, enrollment declined severely until 1907. In 1906, Lake Carnegie Reservoir was created by Andrew Carnegie, and the university became officially non-sectarian. Before leaving office, Wilson strengthened the scientific program to focus on "pure" and broke the Presbyterian lock on the board of trustees. However, he failed to win support for the permanent location of the Graduate School and the elimination of the eating clubs, which he proposed replacing with quadrilaterals, a precursor to the residential college system. Wilson also continued to keep Princeton closed to admit black students. When an aspiring black student wrote a letter to Wilson, he got his secretary to write back telling him to attend a university where he would be more welcome.
John Grier Hibben became president in 1912 and would remain in office for two decades. Princeton University Graduate College opened on October 2, 1913. When the United States entered World War I in 1917, Hibben committed all resources available from the University to the government. As a result, military training schools were opened on campus, and laboratories and other facilities were used for research and operational programs. In all, more than 6,000 students served in the armed forces, and 151 died during the war. After the war, enrollment skyrocketed, and administrators established the selective admissions system in 1922. From the 1920s to the 1930s, the student body numbered many high school students, zero black students, and declining Jewish enrollment due to quotas. In addition to running Princeton during World War I, Hibben introduced the senior thesis in 1923 as part of the New Curriculum. He also led to a great expansion of the university, with the creation of the School of Architecture in 1919, the School of Engineering in 1921, and the School of Public and International Affairs in 1930. At the end of his presidency, the endowment had increased by 374%, the total area of the campus doubled, the faculty experienced an impressive growth and the enrollments doubled.
Hibben's successor, Harold Willis Dodds, would lead the university during the Great Depression, World War II, and the Korean Conflict. With the Great Depression, many students were forced to withdraw for financial reasons. At the same time, Princeton's reputation in the field of physics and mathematics skyrocketed, as many European scientists fled to the United States due to the uncomfortable strain caused by Nazi Germany. In 1930 the Institute for Advanced Study was founded to give accommodate the influx of scientists, such as Albert Einstein. Many Princeton scientists would work on the Manhattan Project during the war, including the entire physics department. During World War II, Princeton offered an accelerated program for students to graduated before entering the military. Student enrollment fluctuated from month to month, and many professors were forced to teach assignments. unknown tours. Even so, Dodds maintained the academic level and established a program for the military, so that they could resume their education after discharge.
1945 to present day
The postwar years saw academics renew broken ties through numerous conventions, campus expansion, and the introduction of distribution requirements. This period saw the desegregation of Princeton, spurred by changes in the New Jersey constitution. Princeton began to take a sharper approach to research in the postwar years, with the construction of the Firestone Library in 1948 and the establishment of the Center for Forestry Research in the 1950s. Government-sponsored research increased considerably, particularly in the physics and engineering departments, and much of it was conducted at the new Forrestal campus. However, over the years, scientific research in the Forrestal campus declined, and in 1973, some of the land was converted to commercial and residential spaces.
Robert Goheen would unanimously succeed Dodds and serve as president until 1972. Goheen's presidency was characterized as more liberal than previous presidents, and his presidency would see an increase in black applicants, as well as eventual coeducation from the university in 1969. During this period of increased diversity, the Third World Center (now known as the Carl A. Fields Center) was dedicated in 1971. Goheen also oversaw a major expansion of the university, with a increased surface area by 80%.
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Princeton experienced unprecedented activism, largely focused on the Vietnam War. While Princeton's activism initially remained relatively timid compared to other institutions, Protests began to grow with the founding of a local chapter of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) in 1965, which organized many of Princeton's later protests. In 1966, SDS gained prominence on campus after picketing against a speech by President Lyndon B. Johnson, which garnered front-page coverage in the New York Times. A notable point of contention on campus was the Institute for Defense Analysis (IDA) and would stage multiple protests, some of which required police action. Over the years, the program of the The protests expanded to include investment in South Africa, environmental issues, and women's rights. In response to these widening protests, the Princeton Community College Council (CPUC) was founded to serve as a method for give students a greater voice in governance. Activism culminated in 1970 with a general strike by students, faculty and staff members, for the university to become an "institution against the expansion of war";. The Princeton protests would subside later that year, with The Daily Princetonian saying that "Princeton 1970-71 was an emotionally burned university".
In 1982, the residential college system was officially established under Goheen's successor William G. Bowen, who would serve until 1988. During his presidency, Princeton's endowment increased from $625 million to $2 billion, and a major fundraising campaign known as "A Campaign for Princeton" was carried out. President Harold T. Shapiro would succeed Bowen and remain president until 2001. Shapiro would continue to increase the endowment, expand academic programs, increase student diversity, and oversee the largest number of renovations in Princeton's history. In 2001, Princeton changed financial aid policy to a system that replaced all loans with scholarships. That same year, Princeton elected its first female president, Shirley M. Tilghman. Before retiring in 2012, Tilghman expanded the financial aid offer and completed several major construction projects, including the Lewis Center for the Arts and a sixth residential college. Tilghman also led initiatives for more global programs, the creation of an office of sustainability, and investments in science.
Princeton's 20th president Christopher Eisgruber was elected in 2013. In 2017, Princeton University released a large-scale public history inquiry into its historical involvement with slavery called Princeton & Slavery Project. The project saw the publication of hundreds of primary sources, 80 academic essays, an academic conference, a series of short plays, and an art project. In April 2018, members of the university's board of trustees announced that they would appoint two public spaces honoring James Collins Johnson and Betsey Stockton, enslaved people who lived and worked on the Princeton campus and whose stories were spread by the project. In 2019, large-scale student activism re-entered the mainstream in connection with the school's enforcement of federal Title IX policy regarding sexual assault on campus. The activism consisted of sit-ins in response to the disciplinary sentence of a student.
Coeducation
The roots of coeducation at university date back to the 19th century. Founded in 1887, the Evelyn College for Women in Princeton provided education for the daughters of professors and the sisters of Princeton students. Although a legal relationship never existed, many Princeton professors taught there, and several Princeton administrations, such as Francis Patton, served on its board of trustees. It closed in 1897 after the death of its founder, Joshua McIlvaine.
In 1947, three female library staff enrolled in beginning Russian courses to cope with an increase in Russian literature in the library. In 1961, Princeton admitted its first graduate student, Sabra Follett Meservey, who would become the first woman to earn a master's degree at Princeton. Eight more women enrolled the following year in the Graduate School, and in 1964, T'sai-ying Cheng became the first Princeton woman to receive a Ph.D. The first female undergraduates arrived in 1963, when five women came to Princeton to study "critical languages." They were considered regular students during their year on campus, but were not candidates for a degree from Princeton. Following unsuccessful talks with Sarah Lawrence College to move the women's college to Princeton and merge it with the university in 1967, the administration commissioned a report on the admissions of women. The final report was published in January 1969, endorsing the idea. That same month, trustees voted 24-8 in favor of coeducation and began preparing the institution for transition. The university finalized these plans in April 1969. and announced that there would be coeducation in September. Eventually, 101 freshmen and 70 transfer students enrolled at Princeton in September 1969. Those admitted were housed in Pyne Hall, a fairly secluded dormitory; a security system was added, although the women deliberately broke it in one day.
In 1971, Mary St. John Douglas and Susan Savage Speers became the first women councilors, and in 1974 dues for men and women were eliminated. Following a 1979 lawsuit, eating clubs had They became coeducational in 1991 after an appeal to the US Supreme Court was denied. In 2001, Princeton elected its first female president.
Old Nassau
"Old Nassau" it has been the anthem of Princeton University since 1859. These words were written that year by a freshman, Harlan Page Peck. However, Old Nassau does not just refer to the University's anthem. It can also refer to Nassau, a building that was built in 1756 named in honor of William III of England or refer to a chemical reaction that is known as the "Nassau Reaction" because the solution turns orange and black.