Portunol
The portuñol (in Portuguese spelling: portunhol, portanhol) is a group of linguistic varieties with characteristics from both Portuguese and Spanish. It occurs among the speakers of some border linguistic areas between those of those languages; This occurs in some parts of South America —areas of the current borders of Brazil with Latin American countries (Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay)— and in the Iberian Peninsula —areas of the borders of Spain with Portugal —; In addition, from a historical point of view, this exchange occurred in the Canary Islands, specifically on La Palma, until the end of the XIX century.
Informally, it is also called portuñol or portañol to what a Portuguese-speaking person who tries to speak Spanish speaks, and vice versa.
American portugal
Riverside Portuñol
The best-known case of Portuñol occurs on the Brazil-Uruguay border, where it is 250 years old, wide-ranging, and is spoken by most of the inhabitants of northern and border cities due to the integration that occurs between the two towns in regions such as the Border of Peace. It is also known as bayano, portuñol riverense or fronterizo, and technically as DPU (Portuguese Dialects of Uruguay), although the locals generally call it portuñol to dry.
Portuñol points in South America
Uruguay-Brazil border
The portuñol from the Uruguay-Brazil border has legal recognition. The General Education Law calls it Uruguayan Portuguese.
- Artigas - Quarai
- Bella Unión - Barra do Quarai
- Chuy - Chuí
- Rio Branco - Yaguarón
- Aceguá - Acegua
- Rivera - Santana do Livramento, Frontera de la Paz
- On this border we speak the oldest port of call of America and one of the most studied and known of the continent, called portuñol riverense.
Venezuela-Brazil border, La Línea
- St. Helena de Uairén - Pacaraima -
In Caracas and in general the central region of Venezuela there is also portuñol, due to the influence of Portuguese immigration (mainly from Madeira) in the 1960s and 1970s. of the large Portuguese community that settled here.
Colombia-Brazil-Peru Border, Three Borders
- Leticia-Tabatinga-Santa Rosa de Yavarí
- Portuñol Leticiano
Peru-Brazil border
- Iñapari - Assis Brazil
- Pucallpa - Boqueirāo
- Iceland – Benjamin Constant
- Puerto Amelia - Atalaia do Norte
- Colonia Angamos - Palmeiras do Javari
- Puerto Esperanza – Santa Rosa do Purus.
Colombia-Brazil border
- Tarapacá – Ipiranga
- La Pedrera – Vila Bittencourt
- Taraira – Querarí
- Yavareté – Iauaretê
- Nazaré – Molo Franco
- Mitú – Puraquê
- Pana Pana - Pana Pana
- La Guadalupe – Cucaí
- Leticia – Tabatinga (known as portuñol leticiano).
Peru-Brazil-Bolivia Border, Bolpebra Triple Border
- Iñapari-Assis Brazil-Bolpebra
Bolivia-Brazil border
- Cobija-Brasiléia
- The Cobijeño portuñol (speaked by almost all the inhabitants of Cobija) is a Portuguese with grammar and phonetic from the Pandin Spanish. Among its most important features are:
- the use of five vowels,
- the aspiration of all 's' final,
- does not differentiate between 's' and 'z',
- does not differentiate between 'b' and 'v' and
- He doesn't have nasal diptongos.
- Guayaramerín-Guajará-Mirim
- Villa Bella-Vila Murtinho
- In Villa Bella there was the presence of portuñol in the centuryXIX among the settlers brought by the exploitation of the rubber. Today, with the decay of the population, it has become extinct.
Paraguay-Brazil-Argentina Border, Triple Border
- There is an art movement called Portuñol Salvaje that promotes the literature in Portuguese.
Paraguay-Brazil border
- Bella Vista Norte - Bela Vista
- Pedro Juan Caballero - Ponta Porã
- Captain Bado - Colonel Sapucaia
- Salto del Guará - Mundo Novo y Guaíra
- Ciudad del Este - Foz do Iguaçu
Argentina-Brazil border
- Sao Tome - São Borja
- Paso de los Libres - Uruguaiana
- Alvear - Itaquí
- Eastern populations of the Province of Missions - Border cities of the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande del Sur (Brazil).
Iberian Peninsula
Barranqueno
On the Iberian Peninsula there are only isolated cases of mixing Spanish and Portuguese. The most important is the barranqueño from the Portuguese town of Barrancos, close to the Spanish border on the border between Extremadura and Andalusia, east of the Guadiana; It is a Portuguese dialect heavily influenced by the Andalusian dialect. It is commonly accepted that the Portuguese contribution to this linguistic hybrid is greater than the Spanish-Andalusian one.
Country of Olivenza
In the Extremadura region of Olivenza, where in the past only Portuguese was spoken, there are also remains of a mixture of Spanish and Portuguese.
Elvas and Badajoz
One place where the mixture of Spanish and Portuguese is frequent is in the cities of Elvas, in Portugal, and Badajoz, in Spain, [citation required] very close each other; It is frequent that in many shops in both cities a kind of portuñol is used to be able to understand each other.
Mirandés
Mirandés is currently spoken by around 15,000 people in the councils of Miranda do Douro and Vimioso, in the area of Trás-os-Montes, in the northeast of Portugal, next to the Spanish border; however, it is not a mixture of Spanish and Portuguese but a variant of Astur-Leonese. For centuries it was relegated to the rural and family environment, stigmatizing it as belonging to a border population that did not speak Portuguese or Spanish.
Strict studies were necessary for the Portuguese parliament to recognize it as a co-official language in these councils at the end of 1998. In 2003, the Instituto de la Lhéngua Mirandesa (Institutu de la llingua Mirandesa in Asturian or Instituto de la Lengua Mirandesa in Spanish) was established, in charge of representation, research, promotion, standardization and dissemination of Mirandés and was later registered in the register of the European Committee for Minority Languages. Thus, after centuries of marginalization, it is recognized as a Romance language with its own identity, belonging to the trunk of the Asturian-Leonese languages, and its false status as portuñol is rejected, because they are two totally different things..
Canary Islands
A mixed Spanish-Portuguese dialect came to be used in some parts of the Canary Islands after the conquest, but disappeared early in the century XX on the island of La Palma. Currently in the Canarian dialect we can find a large number of Lusitanisms.