PlayStation (console)
PlayStation (プレイステーション Pureisutēshon, officially abbreviated as PS1, PS or PSX) is the first console video games developed, marketed, and discontinued by Sony Computer Entertainment. It was released in Japan on December 3, 1994, in North America on September 9, 1995, in Europe on September 29, 1995, and in Australia on November 15, 1995. As a fifth-generation console, PlayStation competed primarily with Nintendo 64 and the Sega Saturn.
Sony began development of the PlayStation after an unsuccessful venture with Nintendo to create a CD-ROM peripheral for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in the early 1990s. The console was primarily designed by Ken Kutaragi and Sony Computer Entertainment in Japan, while further development was outsourced to the UK. Emphasis was placed on 3D polygon graphics at the forefront of the console's design. PlayStation game production was designed to be streamlined and inclusive, attracting support from many third-party developers.
The console proved popular for its extensive library of games, popular franchises, low retail price, and aggressive youth marketing that heralded it as the console of choice for teens and adults. Premier PlayStation franchises included Gran Turismo, Crash Bandicoot, Tomb Raider and Final Fantasy, all of which spawned numerous sequels. PlayStation games continued to be sold until Sony ceased production of the PlayStation and its games on March 23, 2006, more than eleven years after its release and less than a year before the debut of the PlayStation 3. A total of PlayStation 3 games were released. 3,061 PlayStation games, with cumulative sales of 967 million units.
The PlayStation marked Sony's rise to power in the video game industry. It received praise and sold strongly; in less than a decade, it became the first computer entertainment platform to ship more than 100 million units. Its use of compact discs heralded the game industry's transition from cartridges. The success of the PlayStation led to a line of successors, beginning with the PlayStation 2 in 2000. In the same year, Sony released a smaller, cheaper model, the PSOne.
History
Background
The PlayStation was conceived by Ken Kutaragi, a Sony executive who ran a hardware engineering division and was later dubbed "the father of the PlayStation". Kutaragi's interest in working with video games arose from seeing his daughter to play on Nintendo's Famicom. Kutaragi convinced Nintendo to use his SPC-700 sound processor in the Super Nintendo Entertainment System—SNES—through a demonstration of the processor's capabilities. His willingness to work with Nintendo it stems from both his admiration for the Famicom and his belief that video game consoles should become the main entertainment systems for home use. Although Kutaragi was nearly fired because he worked for Nintendo without Sony's knowledge, President Norio Ohga recognized the potential of Kutaragi's chip and decided to keep it protected.
The start of the PlayStation can be traced back to a 1988 joint venture between Nintendo and Sony. Nintendo had produced floppy disk technology to complement cartridges in the form of the Family Computer Disk System and wanted to continue this complementary storage strategy for the SNES. Since Sony had already been contracted to produce the SPC-700 sound processor for the SNES, Nintendo contracted Sony to develop a CD-ROM plug-in, tentatively titled "Play Station" or "SNES-CD".
Sony was eager to gain a foothold in the rapidly expanding video game market. Having been the primary manufacturer of the ill-fated MSX home computer format, Sony wanted to use its expertise in consumer electronics to produce its own video game hardware. Although the initial agreement between Nintendo and Sony was to produce a CD-ROM plug-in, Sony had also planned to develop a Sony-branded console compatible with the SNES. This iteration was intended to be more of a home entertainment system, playing both SNES cartridges and a new CD format called "Super Disc", which would be engineered by Sony. Under the agreement, Sony would retain exclusive international rights to all Super Disc titles sold, which would give the company a high degree of control despite Nintendo's leadership position in the video game market. In addition, Sony would also be the sole beneficiary of licenses related to < music and movie i>software that I had been aggressively pursuing as a secondary application.
The PlayStation was to be announced at the 1991 Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas. However, former Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi was wary of Sony's increasing leverage at this point and found the original contract unacceptable. from 1988 realizing that it was essentially giving Sony control of all games written on the SNES CD-ROM format. Although Nintendo dominated the video game market, Sony possessed a superior research and development department. Wanting to protect Nintendo's existing licensing structure, Yamauchi canceled all plans for the Nintendo-Sony SNES bundled CD without telling Sony. He sent Nintendo of America President Minoru Arakawa—his son-in-law—and President Howard Lincoln to Amsterdam to form a more favorable contract with the Dutch conglomerate Philips, Sony's rival. This contract would give Nintendo full control over its licenses on all machines produced by Philips.
Kutaragi and Nobuyuki Idei, Sony's director of public relations at the time, found out about Nintendo's actions two days before CES began. Kutaragi phoned numerous contacts, including Philips, to no avail. On the first day of CES, Sony announced its partnership with Nintendo and its new console, the PlayStation. At 9 a.m. the next day, in what has been called "the biggest betrayal ever seen" in the industry, Howard Lincoln took the stage and revealed that Nintendo was now in league with Philips and would be abandoning its work with Sony.
Description
- Form: It has the shape of a gray rectangular prism and stands out for its compact and lightweight design. With the release of the PSOne, the PlayStation further reduced its size and weight, the extreme edges were curved more and the color was a lighter grey compared to the original.
- Upper part: There is the disk reader, the on and off buttons and the restarting button are located (reset), finally there is the button to open the CD reader cap. In the PlayStation One version, the reboot button is corrected as it was known on the original PlayStation and this button is re-located on the ignition part.
- Front part: On the front of the console, there is a pair of slots to connect the commands and on the top there are two slots to insert the Memory Cards (Memory Cards in English). In the fifth generation of video games, many long games appeared; it was already a requirement to have memory cards to save the advances of the games or any customization of a game.
- Rear: In that place there is a parallel port (which Sony eliminated in the latest versions of the console, allegedly to combat the piracy of its games because there are accessories that, once connected to it, allow to elude the protections of the system and run non-original games), a serial port, the power input and the A/V output. When they removed it, they thought they managed to combat piracy, which did not work and could be fought for other systems (by implanting chips or connecting internal cables, that in case the chip was compatible with all pirate games).
- Side parts: The console has small ventilation grids that allow heat dissipation. It was recommended to leave the free side parts of an object that obstructs ventilation so as to avoid overheating.
- Lower: At the bottom there are ventilation grids; also the screws that hold the housing are located and finally, there are the information tags of the console.
Technical specifications
- Processor: R3000A, 32-bit RISC with a clock frequency at 33,8688 MHz. It was developed by LSI Logic Corp with Silicon Graphics licensed technology and contains, on the same chip, the Geometric Transfer Motor and Data Decompression Engine
- Calculation capacity of 30 MIPS
- 132 megabytes bus bandwidth per second
- 4 kilobytes instruction cache
- Data cache of 1 kilobytes
- Geometric Transfer Motor (GTE): It is within the processor chip; it is responsible for rendering the three-dimensional graphics
- Calculation capacity: 66 MIPS
- Graphic processing capacity:
- 360,000 flat shading polygons per second.
- 180,000 polygons with texture mapping per second.
- Data Compression Engine: Also located within the processor chip; is responsible for decompression of gaming information
- Compatible with MPEG-1 and H.261 files
- Calculation capacity: 80 MIPS
- Directly connected to the CPU bus (computer)
- Graphical processor: separate from the processor; it is responsible for processing all graphic information in two dimensions.
- Color palette: 16.700,000 colors
- Resolutions: from 256×224 to 640×480
- Adjustable Buffer Frame
- Unlimited color search tables
- Graphic processing capacity: 4000 sprites of 8×8 pixels, with individual scale and turn
- Can handle simultaneous environments
- Can make flat hat or gouraud hat, and mapped textures
- Sound processing unit (SPU): Charge of processing the sound
- You can handle ADPCM sources with 24 channels and up to 44.1 kHz
- You can process digital effects like:
- Tone Modulation (Pitch)
- Cover
- Link
- Digital reverberation
- It can process up to 512 kilobytes of samples waveforms
- Support for MIDI Instruments
- Memory:
- Central RAM memory: 2 MB
- RAM video memory: 1 megabyte
- Sound RAM: 512 kilobytes
- CD-ROM Buffer: 32 kilobytes
- Memory ROM of the BIOS: 512 kilobytes
- Type and capacity of standard memory cards (Memory Card): 128 kilobytes EEPROM
- CD-ROM reading unit:
- Reading speed of 2 times (300 kilobits per second maximum in data transfer)
- Compatible with CD-XA format
Physical specifications
- Dimensions: 270 mm (wide) x 60 milímetors (height) x 188 millimeters (phone)
- Weight: 1.2 kg
- Entry/Departure:
- A CD-ROM drive
- Pair of ports for control commands
- A parallel port, located in the back (closed in the last models of the console)
- A serial port, located at the back of the console
- Pair of slots for memory cards
- A multiple-use analog output, RF, Composite, S-Video and RGBs
- An alternating current power input of 220-240 V (120 volts in the American version and 100 in the Japanese version)
- Consumption: 10 watts (17 in SCPH-100x and SCPH-550x models)
Accessories and peripherals
- DualDigital Command (officially nicknamed PlayStation Controller): At first, the PlayStation did not have an analog command because there were very few 3D games. Later, after appearing the Nintendo 64 on the market and its command with central joystick, Sony developed an analog command for 3D games. It was manufactured with a larger size than the original, was equipped with a pair of analog pads one for movement and the other to observe the environment of the game, along with the vibration function in its next nicknamed DualShock version.
- DualAnalog Command: was the second official command for the PlayStation (not to confuse with DualShock). He added the 2 analogous joysticks, and also had vibration, but it is last malfunctioning in some units, and it does not have the L3 or R3 buttons. He was removed from the market in mid-1998.
- Memory Card: Created to store the games of various games, like the games were very long and it took a lot to complete them. Memory Card was fundamental to players. In addition, this only had a limited space of 120 kilobytes, but as time passed, versions of third-party companies of more capacity were launched.
- Multitap: It was created to play more than 2 players together in one game. It has a cable that has an output equal to that of the controls and has 4 control inputs (A, B, C and D). It is placed in the same slots where the controls are connected, usually no matter the slot that is (1 or 2), connected in the slot 1 the command appears as 1-A,1-B,1-C and 1-D being the same in the slot 2, 2-A,2-B,2-C and 2-D serving this to distinguish some commands from others, so connecting up to 8 of them. Each control slot that contains has a Memory Card entry, this for each player to load their settings. It works on both consoles (PlayStation and PlayStation One). Few games can be played with four players. Among them, they stand out:
- Crash Bash
- Crash Team Racing
- Micro Machines V3
- Street Racer
- Winning Eleven
- WWE
- Pro Evolution Soccer and FIFA Football
Video game catalog
The last video game published for the PlayStation was FIFA Football 2005, on October 12, 2004 in the United States, Hugo: Black Diamond Fever in 2005 for Europe, and Legendary Hits: Dewprism in 2007 (although it's a 1999 game) for Japan.
Versions
- Original PlayStation: In gray colour, it understood in a relatively large device and rectangular design, ports for a pair of control commands, a pair of memory cards, a serial port, a parallel port, analogue output of Audio/Video and a slot for radio frequency modulators. Abbreviated PS0. Because of the name of the prototype made for Nintendo, called PlayStation X, it is easily confused with the PS0 (not confusing with the PSX multimedia system that Sony would later publish in Japan).
- PlayStation Video CD: In 1997, Sony launched the SCPH-5903 console model, which included the ability to play disks in VideoCD 2.0 format (VCD). It was only distributed in Asia.
- PlayStation Net Yaroze (DLT-H300x): A little more expensive than the original and black instead of the usual gray. It had tools and instructions that allowed you to program games and apps for PlayStation without the need for a full development kit, which could cost several times the price of such a console, as well as needing Sony permission.
- PSOneSony gives more life time to its PlayStation product as a result of the great success achieved. It also releases a cheaper version to the market, decreasing the size of the team, something similar to what Nintendo did with NES and SNES. It was launched for sale in 2000 along with its successor, PlayStation 2. The PSOne has less weight and dimensions, has the same buttons and ports for memory cards and action buttons in control controls. However, it no longer has the serial port or the parallel port of the original. In addition, the power supply becomes external to further reduce the size of the console, the button was also removed. Reset and its function only works when pressing the button Power twice. Even so, this model apart from leaving in 2000 together with PS2, is compatible with the commands DualShock 2 in all its versions.
- PlayStation Classic: Miniature version of the original PlayStation that has 20 preloaded video games, two game commands and a HDMI connection slot. It is 45% smaller than the original console, and was launched internationally on December 3, 2018. Some of the video games vary according to the region.
Arcade systems based on system architecture
- Sony (ZN-1) and (ZN-2)
- Namco (Namco System 11) and (Namco System 12)
- Taito FX-1
- Konami SYSTEM 573
- Konami BEMANI Systems
- Tecmo TPSI-7 (Tecmo Play System)
Most common software encodings
- SLES (Sony Computer/Licensed Europe Software) PAL (Europe).
- SLUS (Sony Computer/Licensed United States) NTSC-U (United States).
- SCUS (Sony Computer/Licensed All Regions) MultiSelector (PAL/NTSC).
- SLPM (Sony Computer/Licensed PlayStation) NTSC-J (Japan).
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