Pink
The Rosa genus is made up of a well-known group of generally thorny and flowering shrubs, the main representatives of the Rosaceae family. The flower of the members of this genus is called rose and rosal the plant.
The number of species is around 100, most of them native to Asia and a small number native to Europe, North America and northwest Africa. Both species and cultivars and hybrids are cultivated as ornamentals for the beauty and fragrance of their flower; but also for the extraction of essential oil, used in perfumery and cosmetics, medicinal uses (phytotherapy) and gastronomy.
There is a huge variety of rose cultivars (more than 30,000) from various hybridizations, with new ones appearing every year.
The parent species most involved in the cultivars are: Rosa moschata, Rosa gallica, Rosa × damascena, Rosa wichuraiana< /i>, Rosa californica and Rosa rugosa. Rose growers or rosalistas of the 20th century focused on size and color, to produce large, attractive flowers, although with little or no scent. Many wild and "old-fashioned" roses, by contrast, have a strong, sweet fragrance.
Rose flowers are among the most common flowers sold by florists.
The rose bush is one of the most popular plants in gardens, there are even specific gardens called rose gardens, where only the members of the genus are exhibited, whose variety is so extensive that it ranges from miniature rose bushes 10 or 15 cm in height, up to large shrubs, climbers that reach several meters in height or creepers used as ground cover.
Regarding the species of roses that produce rose hips used for edible purposes, the rosehip (Rosa eglanteria), wild rose (Rosa canina), and the chestnut rose (Rosa roxburghii).
Etymology
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In Spanish —and in other Romance languages as well—, the term «rosa» comes directly and unchanged from the Latin rosa, with the meaning we know: «la rosa» or «la flor del rosebush"; derived from the previous word rodia [ródja] —for a similar change as in: Clausus for Claudius—. This last Latin archaism is, in turn, borrowed —through the Oscan— from the ancient Greek ρόδον [rhódon] «the rose», «the flower of the rosebush» or better rhodéa, "the stem of the rose," "the support of the flower."
From ancient Greek, the possible meaning of rhódon is alluded to as «fragrant effluvium», «what is fragrant», or «what gives off odor»; originated as a compound term: from ροήdon or but also from wrodion [bródion] in Old Aeolian dialect, roots corresponding to Old Persian vereda or v'reda (and its dialects: Avestan warda, Sogdian ward and Parthian wâr), as a Iranian voice transferred from southern Armenia to Phrygia and from there to Greece. And previously of an origin as old as Aramaic wurrdā and even Assyrian wurtinnu.
As for the base, the nucleus derives from an Indo-European root vardh- [wardh], vradh- [wradh], «to grow», «to stand up»)”; where in Sanskrit wardh-as, means "germinating", and wardhati, "to rise", "to prosper".
On the other hand, it may be a derivative of a Greco-Latin root vrad-, "to fold", "to become flexible". And there also from the Greek rodanós, rádinos, and the Aeolian bradinós, “soft” or “flexible”. Light color.
Rosa is also a coincidental term with several Germanic names that have the root hrod, meaning "glory".
Description
Rose bushes are shrubs or climbers (sometimes hanging), generally thorny, that reach two to five meters in height, sometimes they can reach 20 m climbing on other plants.
They have semi-woody stems, almost always erect (sometimes creeping), some with a rough and scaly texture. They present notable persistent, well-developed epidermal formations of various shapes, known as spines or stingers.
The leaves can be evergreen or deciduous, petiolate and imparipinnate with five to nine leaflets with serrated edges and basal stipules. The presence of annexed glands, odoriferous or not, on the margins is frequent.
The flowers, generally aromatic, are grouped in racemose inflorescences, forming corymbs. They are complete flowers, hermaphroditic, regular, with radial symmetry (actinomorphic). The perianth is well developed. The prominent urn-shaped hypanthus or floral receptacle (deep concave thalamus).
The calyx is dialysepal, with five green pieces. Sepals can be simple or sometimes complex in shape with stylized lateral lobes. Corolla dialipétala, symmetrical, formed by five regular petals (or multiples of 5), sometimes notched, and of various striking colors or only white. The corolla is usually "double" or "full" due to the transformation of the stamens into petals, this occurs mostly in cultivars.
The androecium is made up of numerous stamens arranged in a spiral (several whorls), generally in multiples of the petals (5x).
The apocarpic gynoecium (composed of several separate pistils). Nectary present, which attracts insects to favor pollination, predominantly entomophilous. Perigina (middle ovary), numerous uniovulate carpels (one seed primordium for each carpel), thus each carpel produces an achene.
The fruit is known as rose hip, which corresponds to a type of infructescence called cinorrodón. It is composed of multiple small dried fruits or achenes (polyachene), separated and enclosed in a fleshy receptacle (hypanthium) and of a showy reddish color when ripe.
Phytochemistry
The essential oil of Rosa × damascena is composed of terpenes and fatty acid derivatives, such as citronellol (30.31%), geraniol (16.96%), phenethyl alcohol (12, 60%), Nerol (8.46%), Hexacosane (3.70%), Nonadecane (2.7%), Linalool (2.15%), β-Ionone (1.00%), Eicosane (1, 65%), Docosane, (1.27%), Farnesol (1.36%), Neryl Acetate (1.41%), Citronellyl Propionate (1.38%), Geranial (1.35%), α -pinene (0.60%), myrcene (0.46%), cis rose oxide (0.55%), decanal (0.51%), terpinen-4-ol (0. 55%), β-caryophyllene (0.81%), isoborneol (0.57%), and heptadecane (0.92%).
The fruit of the rose bush, the rose hip, has a high content of vitamin C: between 1700-2000 mg per 100 g of dry product, which makes it one of the richest vegetable sources of this vitamin. It also contains vitamins A, D and E, and antioxidant flavonoids. The high content of tannins is causing constipation.
Classification
From the point of view of gardening practice, and schematically, rose bushes are classified into four groups:
- Wild roses: are those who without being cultivated grow in nature.
- Ancient roses: are the types of roses that existed before 1867, the year when the first appeared Tea HybridAn artificial hybrid.
- Modern rosettes: are the rosettes after 1867 until today; sometimes this group divides it into generations.
- Other types: this group includes special types of rosettes.
Wild Roses
Some of the most representative wild species of the genus:
Old rose bushes
Modern rose bushes
Other types of roses
- Rosal tall or vara
- Rosal weep or fall
- Pink landscape or landscape
- Roses of David Austin
- Cut flower roses (grams)
- See also at:List of Rosa species
Cultivation
Pruning
Roses bloom continuously year-round from spring to early winter (or longer in warmer climates). For this to happen, withered roses must be cut. A popular technique is to follow the stem of the dried rose until you find the first five-leafed branch and cut immediately above it. Then, late in the winter, radical pruning is done, leaving only four or five branches of a span from the main trunk. Half pruning can also be done in the middle of the season to keep the rose bush at a medium size. This is not necessary for the health of the plant or for it to flourish more.
The cuts must be made with well-sharpened scissors so that they are clean, that is, without pecks. They must be slanted, avoiding straight cuts and fibers must not be left in them. It should be cut half a centimeter above the outer bud, slanting inwards (sloping) so that when it rains or the plant is irrigated, the water runs off and does not concentrate on the bud, harming floral growth.
The standing rose should be shaped like a wine glass to allow good access to light to the entire plant.
Roses should be pruned when the leaves have finished sprouting.[citation needed]
Propagation
Roses can be reproduced in the fall in four ways:
- By seeds, extracting them from the skinny, putting them in water about 12 hours before sowing them.
- For cuttings.
- For cuddle.
- For graft.
Diseases (98% fungi, bacteria, viruses)
- Oidio, mildiu, roya, black point, botritis, bold, chancro, infecc. by soil fungi, anthracnosis, neck tumors, mosaic virus.
Problems and pests
Most tend to be common to other garden plants and are related to the geographical area.
Some of them are:
- Lack of iron, pink flar (Macrosiphum rosae), which produce an abundant melace that is taken advantage of by ants, two-pointed mite (or red spider), white flies, white worms (on the ground), cochinilla, leaf cutter bee, Tortrix pink, pink fly (Arge rosae), cetonia, green mosquito (Empoasca lybica), tijeretas, trips, snails and slugs, leaf miner, grasshoppers, nematodes.
One solution for the plague would be to use chlorpyrifos as an insecticide.
Roses in culture
History
Its cultivation is very old [...] The first hybrids were made between European species, which were gradually incorporated into the genomes of Asian species. The first image of a species of Rosa is found on the Island of Cnossos, Greece, and corresponds to the sixteenth century BC. The island of Rhodas, also in Greece, received that name for the cultivation of roses; there are coins of that island, from 4000 a. C, with images of them. Roses were also cultivated in the famous Babylonian gardens (2845 BC). They were very popular also between Greeks and Romans. In the "Iliada", Afrodita embalsama with rose oil the dead body of Héctor. In Sybaris (populated by the Sibarites, who liked to have a good time) the wealthy inhabitants filled their mattresses with rose petals, hence the current expression of being raised in a "rosebed".
Since ancient times, the cultivation of rose bushes was widespread, both as ornamental plants and also for the benefit of their medicinal and aromatic properties (perfumery and cosmetics).
The first data on its ornamental use date back to Crete (XVII century BC). The rose was considered a symbol of beauty by Babylonians, Syrians, Egyptians, Romans and Greeks. In Egypt and Greece it had a special relevance, and much more in Rome. The Romans intensively cultivated the rose, its petals being used for ornament, as well as the plant in gardens in an area called Rosetum. After the Middle Ages, where its cultivation was restricted to Monasteries, the passion for the cultivation of Rosal reappeared. An example of this passion was the Empress Josefina who from 1802 in her Malmaison Palace came to possess a collection of 650 rose bushes. The collections of roses have multiplied since then.
In the late 1700s, it was introduced to Europe, R. semperflorens, known as Rose of Bengal, with small clustered flowers. By the early 1800s, it was introduced to Europe, R. indicates var. fragrans, known as the Tea Rose, native to China (also known as R. chinensis).
The modern era of roses began in 1867 with the creation of the first hybrid tea specimen by the French producer Guillot, who called it: "La France". The invention arose by chance, when Guillot was trying to enhance an orange rose. The result was a very fragrant flower with a long flowering period, different in size and characteristics from the roses that existed until then. The original tea rose, predating the hybrids that followed Guillot of France's invention, was smaller, almost odorless, and produced in a sparse color palette: white, pink, and red.
During the XIX century, varieties from the Far East began to arrive, where their cultivation was also very relevant to ancient gardeners Chinese (there are data on the cultivation of rose bushes around 3000 BC).
Culture
In Catholicism, the rose is a symbolic component of the Rosary; It is said that while he was praying the rosary in the street, Blessed Angelico saw the Virgin with a group of angels who are offering songs and praises by composing a crown of roses. Surprised with the vision, he interrupted his prayer and the angels stopped; starting to pray again he saw the angels compose the crown of roses to offer to Mary.
The rose has been highly celebrated at all times by poets and has lent material to mythologies and legends; from Solomon who saw a rose in the wife of the Song of Songs, Sappho and Anacreon to the delicate comparison of Malherbe:
It was a rose and the roses lived the space of one morning.
In the Novel of the Rose, this is the prize of love and courage. In Apuleius's The Golden Ass, the donkey becomes a man by eating roses and poets have persistently depicted Aurora as a young woman scattering roses. In Indian mythology, the rose represents either the Sun, or the Aurora, or the evening Twilight.
One of the three graces in Greece carried a rose in her hand and it was said that the rose had sprouted from the foot of Venus when a few drops of blood came out of a sting that had been caused by a thorn. The fable also said that the rose was initially white and had become red when it was dyed with the blood of Adonis (alluding to the passage from the white light dawn to the rosy light dawn). In the same way that Venus and Flora, whose statues were adorned with garlands of roses, this flower belonged to Bacchus and in one of his dithyrambs he invites Pindar to be crowned with roses in honor of Dionysus. Many Slavic peoples call the spring festival rusdija or festival of roses.
In some Italian legends, the rose is a symbol of virginity. On the contrary, the courtesans of Rome celebrated their festival on April 23, consecrated to Venus Ericina and were shown adorned with roses and myrtle; on Saint George's day in Barcelona, it is also customary to give roses and books. At the great Roman banquets, the guests were crowned with roses, believed to protect them from drunkenness. In other countries, the rose is a funerary symbol and that is why, according to some, cypresses and rose bushes are planted in cemeteries.
Various symbologies
Roses are ancient symbols of love and beauty. It was sacred to goddesses (female deities) of ancient times, and is often used as a symbol of the Virgin Mary. Roses are so important that terms such as the color pink are derived from them in different languages.
- Symbol by color
- Blue: represents miracles and new possibilities
- Red: love, passion
- Rose: tolerance, respect, sympathy
- Dark rose: gratitude
- Clear rose: admiration, condolence, tenderness.
- White: innocence, purity, pristinity, the soul (see also: White Rose)
- Yellow: love disappearing, envy, jealousy, pride, shame, infidelity (although it can also mean friendship)
- Orange: exalted passion
- Burgundy: beauty and elegance
- Grey: disease or old age
The rose is also the symbol of two English royal dynasties: the House of Lancaster (red rose) and the House of York (white rose) that faced each other in the so-called War of the Roses.
In addition, it is the emblem of the England rugby team, which is known as "the XV of the rose".
The red rose (generally held in the fist) is the symbol of democratic Socialism, in memory of Rosa de Luxemburg, thinker and martyr of socialist thought. It is used by the majority of groups of this ideology, such as the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party with the left fist or the Socialist_Party_(France) with the right fist.
Its main producer and exporter is Ecuador. The geographical situation of the country allows for microclimates and a light that provides unique characteristics to the flowers such as: long, thick and totally vertical stems, large buds and bright colors. Its main markets: the United States, the Netherlands (it imports flowers to later re-export them to other countries of the European Union), Italy, Germany, Russia, Canada, Argentina, Spain, France, Switzerland and Ukraine. Also Chile, China and Brazil. The total area of plantations is 3,300 ha, with an availability of 85,000 tons per year. 98% of production is exported.
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