Pinidae

The conifers (taxon Pinidae, Coniferophyta or others) are the most important group of gymnosperms from an ecological and economic point of view. Phylogenetically they are a paraphyletic group with respect to gnetals. At one time conifers were dominant in plant communities around the world. At present they are displaced in many places by angiosperms, but they are still dominant in many forests (coniferous forests).

Examples of conifers include pine, fir, spruce, cypress, cedar, redwood, juniper, juniper, larch, yew, and monkey puzzle.

Features

Members of this group are called conifers because most bear their seeds in specialized structures called cones. The cones protect the ovules and later the seeds, and facilitate pollination and dispersal. These cones consist of an axis bearing highly modified short branches, the ovuliferous scales (evidence that they are branches comes from the inverted orientation of the vasculature and from intermediate fossils between present-day conifers and fossil conifers, and from another fossil called Cordaites). These scales are supported by bracts, which can be large and conspicuous as in some Pinaceae, or very small, as in other Pinaceae, or small to large and more or less fused to the scale, as in Cupressaceae, in most cones. the ovuliferous scales are much larger than the bracts. The seeds are associated with the scales. The cone scales of most members of the Pinaceae and Cupressaceae are woody or leathery. Juniperus has more or less juicy and brightly colored scales, turning into berry-like cones, and dispersed by animals. In Podocarpaceae the cones are rather reduced, with highly modified, juicy, brightly colored scales with only one ovule. Taxaceae bear solitary seeds partially or completely surrounded by a juicy aril. In Pseudotsuga the bracts are elongated and can be seen on the outside of the ovuliferous scales. The seeds are typically winged, an adaptation for seed dispersal by wind.

Conifers comprise a perhaps monophyletic group of highly branched trees or shrubs with simple leaves, this is a possible apomorphy of the group. Coniferous leaves are linear, acicular (needle-like), or awl-shaped. In some conifers the leaves are grouped on short branches, in which the adjacent internodes are very short. An extreme case is the fascicle, as in some Pinus species, which is a short specialized branch consisting of stem tissue, one or more needle-like leaves, and persistent basal bud scales. A second coniferous apomorphy, apparently shared with the gnetids, is the loss of sperm motility. This distinguishes conifers from other gymnosperms, which have flagellated sperm. Conifers, like all living spermatophytes, are siphonogamous, that is, the male gametophyte develops a pollen tube. As in cycads and Ginkgo, this tube is haustorial, consuming the tissues of the nucellus (megasporangium) for about a year after pollination. One difference, however, (probably related to sperm non-motility) is that the coniferous male gametophyte delivers sperm cells more directly into the egg by growth of the pollen tube into the archegonia chamber, where it makes contact. with the female gametophyte on or near the archegonia. The non-swimming sperm cells are then released from the pollen tube, make contact with the egg cell of the archegonia, and fertilize the nucleus of the oosphere (female gamete). As there is more than one archegonia per seed, multiple fertilization events can occur, resulting in multiple young embryos, but usually only one survives into the mature seed.

Reproductively, conifers produce male and female cones, in the same individual (monoecious plants) or less commonly in separate individuals (dioecious plants). As in all vascular plants, the reproductive structure contains leaves bearing sporangia (these leaves are called sporophylls). As in cycads, the male strobila bears microsporophylls, or male sporophylls, which bear the male sporangia, or microsporangia, which produce pollen grains. Coniferous pollen grains are interesting because most have two "sacca", two vesicles that evaginate from the pollen wall. These structures, like air bladders, can function to transport pollen more efficiently by wind. They can also function as flotation devices, to aid in the capture and transport of pollen grains by the pollination droplet produced in all gymnosperms.

Conifers date back to the Carboniferous, about 300 million years ago. Many of the current families developed in the late Triassic or early Jurassic, and some contemporary genera appeared in the mid-Jurassic. Today, conifers remain important in cooler climates, such as the boreal forests of North America and Asia, where their species dominate the vegetation. Other conifers (particularly Araucariaceae, Cupressaceae, and Podocarpaceae) are prominent in the cooler regions of the Southern Hemisphere. Conifers are valuable as ornamentals, and their wood is used for paper, construction, and many other purposes. They are often called "evergreen" by the persistent foliage of most of its species, or of "softwood

Pollination is by wind. Most conifers, like most non-angiosperm spermatophytes, use a pollination droplet, which is a sticky fluid exuded from the ovule at pollination, to trap airborne pollen. The pollen grains of most Pinaceae bear two "saccas": small, wing-like appendages that may serve to float the pollen grain in the pollination drop toward the ovule, or to orient it properly during the germination. Alternatively, the pollen can be trapped in more or less sticky structures in the vicinity of the ovule. The pollen then germinates and grows through a pollination tube toward the ovule (sperm do not have flagella).

Coniferous trees are often monopodous with a dominant central trunk or stem. Over time the apex may branch irregularly. The branches are often whorled, at least when the plant is young. Conifers comprise 6 families, with about 600 species.

Uses

Food

Among the food uses, the best known is the collection of the pine nut, which is the edible seed typical of the species of the genus Pinus (family Pinaceae); and the collection of the Patagonian pine nut, of the species of the genus Araucaria (family Araucariaceae), mainly of the species Araucaria araucana (the Araucaria).

The Common Juniper (Juniperus communis), a species of the genus Juniperus (family Cupressaceae), whose "berries" They are sold dried to be used as a spice, and with them to season meats, sauces and fillings; and to flavor the gin.

The Kaya (Torreya nucifera), whose seeds, after treatment, can be eaten as nuts.

Regarding the species that produce edible fleshy structures, similar to fruits, we can find:

The Lleuque (Prumnopitys andina), whose seeds are oval in shape and are surrounded by a soft, edible pulp with a good flavor; with which a jam is prepared, and other culinary preparations.

The Inugaya (Cephalotaxus harringtonia) in which the fleshy covering that covers the seed is also edible.

The Kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides), whose fleshy aril or "koroi" was an important source of food for the Maoris; and was served at parties in large quantities

The Kusamaki (Podocarpus macrophyllus), the Illawarra (Podocarpus elatus), and the mañio (Podocarpus nubigenus), among other podocarpus, whose fleshy arils of the mature cone are edible (the rest of the plant being toxic).

Synonymy

The conifers form a taxon that has received various names according to classification systems, such as Coniferae (Jussieu 1774, Eichler, Engler 1886-1924, Wettstein), Pinopsida (Burnett 1835, Kubitzki, Ehrendorfer, Ruggiero et al 2015), Coniferopsida (Sporne, Bierhorst, eol), Strobilophyta (Bessey), Coniferales (Coulter & Chamberlain), Coniferophyta (Johnson, Pant, Taylor, Cronquist, Margulis, ITIS), Coniferophytina / Pinicae (Cronquist et al), Pinatae (Kubitzki), Pinales (Stevens APG, APWeb) and Pinidae (Chase & Reveal 2009, Christenhusz et al 2011, NCBI). It is popular Pinophyta (Reveal 1996) and Coniferidae and Taxopsida have also been used. On the other hand, Cole & Hilger (2013) differentiate the Pinales clade from the conifers (conifers), which form a paraphyletic group with respect to the gnetals.

Phylogeny

According to the most up-to-date phylogeny, an important difference can be found between the clade and what we traditionally know as conifers, the latter being a paraphyletic group. The most diverse and up-to-date genetic analyzes place the gnetids or gnetals as a sister clade to the Pinaceae (gnepin hypothesis), so the relationships thus established between gymnosperms are summarized in the following cladogram:

Other hypotheses are older, have less support in genetics, and do not relate gnetals to pinals. Gnetals were never considered coniferous due to their morphological differences.

The "coniferous and related species" it is sometimes called gnetiferas (neologism of conifers + gnetales) or also Pinales (Cole & Hilgher 2014). It presents characteristics such as immobile male gametes, the function of the pollen tube is to transport these sperm cells, and there is no archegonial chamber. There is branching, pycnoxylic wood (with little or no parenchyma in the xylem), tracheid with torus-margo, auxiliary buds at least in some nodes, microsporangiophores, and abaxial microsporangium.

Clads

The clade gnepinos (Gnetales + Pinaceae) is supported by multiple phylogenetic analyses, however, modern taxonomic systems have preferred not to assign it a taxon that becomes highly controversial due to the important morphological differences between both groups and maintain the classification in the four traditional gymnosperm taxa. Paleobotany seems to support these results chronologically, since while conifers, ginkgos and cycads originated about 310 million years ago (with fossils from almost 300 Ma), they were found pinaceae from 155 Ma and gnetal macrofossils from only 120 Ma.

The clade cupressophytes (Araucariales + Cupressales) (APWeb) is also called the conifer II clade (Bowe et al 2000) or Cupressopsida (Simpson 2010), it presents common characteristics at the xylem and phloem. It is made up of five families phylogenetically grouped as followsː {(Araucariaceae + Podocarpaceae) [Sciadopityaceae (Cupressaceae + Taxaceae)]}.

Taxonomy

Theoretical Introduction in Taxonomy

According to Christenhusz et al. 2011 and adopted by the NCBI, provides a linear sequence of gymnosperms through genus:

SUBCLASS IV. Pinidae Cronquist, Takht. & Zimmerm., Taxon 15: 134 (1966). Type: Pinaceae. Synonyms: Taxidae Ehrend. ex Reveal, Phytologia 79: 71 (1996). Type: Taxaceae. Podocarpidae Doweld & Reveal, Phytologia 84: 366 (1999). Type: Podocarpaceae. Araucariidae Doweld, Tent. syst. Pl. Vasc.: xx (2001). Type: Araucariaceae. Cupressidae Doweld, Tent. syst. Pl. Vasc.: xix (2001). Type: Cupressaceae.

• ORDER F. Pinales Gorozh, Lekts. Morf. Sist. Archegon.: 88 (1904). Type: Pinaceae. Synonyms: Abietales Link, Handbuch 2: 474 (1829). Type: Abietaceae.
  • Family 7. Pinaceae Spreng. ex F.Rudolphi, Syst. Orb. Veg.: 35 (1830), Nom. cons. Type: Pinus L. Synonyms: Cedraceae Vest, Anleit. Stud. Bot.: 265, 280. 1818. Type: Cedrus Trew. Abietaceae Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 222, 223. (1822), Nom. cons. Type: Abis Mill. Piceaceae Gorozh., Lekts. Morf. Sist. Archegon.: 79. (1904). Type: Picea A.Dietr.

    11 genera, about 225 species, Tempered Eurasia to Tropical, Sumatra, Philippines, South America to Nicaragua, West Indias. The phylogenetic tree published by Liston et al. (2003) has been used to create this sequence.

    • 7.1. Cedrus Trew, Cedr. Lib. Hist, Apol. Mant. 1: 6 (1757), Nom. cons., non Duhamel (1755, No.), non Mill. (1757, = Cedrela P.Browne, Meliaceae). Type: C. libani A.Rich. (≡ Pinus cedrus L.)
    • 7.2. Pinus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1000 (1753). Type: P. sylvestris L. Synonyms: Pinea Wolf, Gen. Pl.: 156 (1776). Type: not designated. Strobus (Sweet ex Spach) Opiz, Lotos 4: 94 (1854). Type: S. weymouthiana Opiz (≡ Pinus strobus L.) Caryopitys Small, Fl. S. E. U.S.: 29 (1903). Type: C. edulis (Engelm.) Small (≡ Pinus edulis Engelm.) Apinus Neck. ex Rydb, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 597 (1905). Type: Pinus cembra L. Leucopitys Nieuwl, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 69 (1913), nom. illeg. (≡ Strobus (Sweet) ex Spach) Opiz) Ducampopinus A.Chev., Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 24: 30 (1944). Type: D. krempfii (Lecomte) A.Chev. (≡ Pinus krempfii Lecomte)
    • 7.3. Cathaya Chun & Kuang, Acta Bot. No. 10: 245 (1962). Type: C. argyrophylla Chun " Kuang
    • 7.4. Picea A.Dietr, Fl. Berlin 1(2): 794 (1824). Type: P. rubra A.Dietr. nom. illeg. (≡ Picea abies (L.) H.Karst., ≡ Pinus abies L.) Synonyms: Veitchia Lindl, Gard. Chron. 1861: 265 (1861) No. non Veitchia H.Wendl., (1868, Arecaceae), Nom. cons. Type: V. japonica Lindl.

      Note: This is ambiguously synonymous with Picea; the identity of the kind is unknown.

    • 7.5. Pseudotsuga Carr., Traité Conif., ed. 2: 256 (1867). Type: P. douglasii (Sabine) ex D.Don) Carr. (≡ Pinus douglasii Sabine ex D.Don. P. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. Synonym: Abietia A.H.Kent, Man. Conif., ed. 2: 474 (1900), nom. illeg.
    • 7.6. Larix Mill, Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4: [no page number.] (1754). Type: L. decidua Mill. (≡ Pinus larix L.)
    • 7.7. Pseudolarix Gordon, Pinetum: 292 (1858), Nom. cons. Type: P. kaempferi Gordon [right name] P. amabilis (J.Nelson) Rehder Synonyms: Laricopsis A.H.Kent, Man. Conif., ed. 2: 403 (1900), nom. illeg., non Fontaine (1889). Type: L. kaempferi (Gordon) Pseudolarix kaempferi Gordon). Chrysolarix H.E.Moore, Baileya 13: 133 (1965). Type: C. amabilis (J.Nelson) H.E.Moore (≡) Larix amabilis J.Nelson)
    • 7.8. Tsuga (Endl.) Carr., Traité Conif.: 185 (1855). Type: T. sieboldii Carr. (≡ Abies tsuga Siebold & Zucc.) Synonyms: Hesperopeuce Lemmon, Bienn. Rep. Calif. State Board Forest. 3: 126 (1890). Type: H. pattoniana (J.Jeffrey) ex A.Murray) Lemmon (≡ Abis patonian J.Jeffrey ex A.Murray)
    • 7.9. Nothotsuga Huex C.N.Page, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 45: 390 (1989). Type: N. longibracteata (W.C.Cheng) C.N.Page (≡) Tsuga longibracteata W.C.Cheng)
    • 7.10. Keteleeria Carr, Rev. Hort. 37: 449 (1866). Type: K. fortunei (A.Murray) Carr. (≡ Picea fortunei A.Murr., like ‘fortuni’).
    • 7.11. Abis Mill, Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4, vol. 1: [no page number] (1754). Type: A. alba Mill. (≡ Pinus picea L.) Synonym: Picea D.Don ex Loud, Arbor. Frut. Brit. 4: 2329 (1838), nom. illeg., non A.Dietr. (1824).

• ORDER G. Araucariales Gorozh, Lekts. Morf. Sist. Archegon.: 72 (1904). Type: Araucariaceae. Synonyms: Podocarples Pulle ex Reveal, Novon 2: 239 (1992). Type: Podocarpaceae. Saxegothaeales Doweld " Reveal, Phytology 84: 365 (1999). Type: Saxegothaeaceae. Falcatifoliales Melikian & A.V.Bobrov, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 85(7): 61 (2000). Type: Falcatifoliaceae. Parasitaxales Melikian & A.V.Bobrov, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 85(7): 61 (2000). Type: Parasitaxaceae. Microstrobales Melikian " A.V.Bobrov ex Doweld " Reveal, Novon 11: 396 (2001). Type: Microstrobaceae.
  • Family 8. Araucariaceae Henkel & W.Hochst., Syn. Nadelhölz.: xvii, 1 (1865), Nom. cons. Type: Araucaria Juss. Synonyms: Dammaraceae Link, Abh. Konigl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1827: 157 (1830), nom. illeg. Type: Dammara Link. Agathidaceae (Vierh.) Baum.-Bodenh. ex A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Komarovia 4: 61 (2006). Type: Agathis Salisb.

    3 genera, 41 species, Southeast Asia and the Philippines to Australasia, Pacific, South America.

    • 8.1. Araucaria Juss., Gen. 413 (1789). Type: A. imbricata Pav., nom. illeg. (≡ Pinus araucana Molina) Dombeya Lam., Encycl. Meth., Bot. 2: 301 (1786), nom. illeg., non L’Hér. (1785), No. Type: D. chilensis Lam. nom. illeg. (≡ Pinus araucana Molina) Synonyms: Columbea Salisb, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 317 (1807), nom. illeg. Type: C. quadrifaria Salisb, nom. illeg. (≡ Pinus araucana Molina) Eutassa Salisb, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 316 (1807). Type: E. heterophylla Salisb. (≡ Araucaria heterophylla). Eutacta Link, Linnaea 15: 543 (1842). Type: E. cunninghamii (Aiton ex A. Cunn.) Link (type designated here by Mill & Farjon) (≡ Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex A.Cunn.). Quadrifaria Manetti ex Gordon, Pinet. Suppl. 14 (1862). Type: Q. imbricata (Pav.) Manetti ex Gordon (≡) Araucaria araucana). Marywildea A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Komarovia 4: 57 (2006). Type: M. bidwillii (Hook.) A.V.Bobrov & Melikian (≡) Araucaria bidwillii Hook.). Titanodendron A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Komarovia 4: 60 (2006). Type: T. hunsteinii (K.Schum.) Araucaria hunsteinii K.Schum.).
    • 8.2. Wollemia W.G.Jones, K.D.Hill & J.M.Allen, Telopea 6: 173 (1995). Type: W. nobilis W.G.Jones, K.D.Hill & J.M.Allen
    • 8.3. Agathis Salisb, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 311 (1807), Nom. cons. Type: A. loranthifolia Salisb, nom. illeg. (≡ Pinus dammara (Lamb.) L.C.Rich.) Synonyms: Dammara Link, Enum. Pl. Horti Berol. 2: 411 (1822), nom. illeg., non Gaertner (1790). Salisburyodendron A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Komarovia 4: 62 (2006). Type: S. australis (Lamb.) Agathis australis Salisb.).
  • Family 9. Podocarpaceae Endl., Syn. Conif.: 203 (1847), Nom. cons. Type: Podocarpus L’Hér. ex Pers. Synonyms: Phyllocladaceae Bessey, Nebraska Univ. Stud. 7: 325 (1907). Type: Phyllocladus Rich. ex Mirb. Phyllocladaceae E.L.Core ex H.Keng, Taiwania 18(2): 142 (1973), nom. illeg. Type: Phyllocladus Rich. ex Mirb. Pherosphaeraceae Nakai, Tyosen-Sanrin 158: 15 (1938). Type: Pherosphaera W.Archer bis. Nageiaceae D.Z.Fu, Acta Phytotax. No.: 522 (1992). Type: Nageia Gaertn. Acmopylaceae Melikian & A.V.Bobrov, Proc. Intern. Conf. Plant Anat. Morph. (St. Petersburg) 1997: 93 (1997). Type: Acmopyle Pilg. Saxegothaeaceae Gaussen ex Doweld & Reveal, Phytology 84: 365. (1999). Type: Saxegothaea Lindl., Nom. cons. Microcachrydaceae Doweld " Reveal, Phytology 84: 365 (1999). Type: Microcachrys Hook.f. Bracteocarpaceae Melikian & A.V.Bobrov, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 85(7): 60 (2000). Type: Bracteocarpus' Melikian & A.V.Bobrov. Dacrycarpaceae Melikian & A.V.Bobrov, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 85(7): 59 (2000). Type: Dacrycarpus from Laub. Falcatifoliaceae Melikian & A.V.Bobrov, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 85(7): 61 (2000). Type: Falcatifolium from Laub. Halocarpaceae Melikian & A.V.Bobrov, Bot. Zhurn.(Moscow & Leningrad) 85(7): 60 (2000). Type: Halocarpus Quinn. Lepidothamnaceae Melikian & A.V.Bobrov, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 85(7): 63 (2000). Type: Lepidothamnus Phil. Microstrobaceae Doweld & Reveal, Novon 11: 396 (2001). Type: Microstrobos J.Garden & L.A.S.Johnson. Parasitaxaceae Melikian & A.V.Bobrov, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 85(7): 61 (2000). Type: Parasitaxus de Laub. Prumnopityaceae Melikian & A.V.Bobrov, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 85(7): 58 (2000). Type: Prumnopitys Phil.

    19 genera, about 180 species, mountains of tropical Africa, Japan to Australia and New Zealand, Southwest Pacific, South America, Central America, Caribbean Islands. The phylogenetic analyses that follow here are those of Kelch (1997, 1998), Conran et al. (2000) and Sinclair et al. (2002).

    • 9.1. Phyllocladus Rich. ex Mirb., Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 13: 48 (1825), Nom. cons. Type: P. billardieri Mirb, nom. illeg. (≡ Podocarpus aspleniifolius Labill.) [right name: Phyllocladus aspleniifolius (Labill.) Hook.f.] Synonyms: Podocarpus Labill, Novae Holl. Pl. Spec. 2: 71, t. 221 (1806), No. (≡ Phyllocladus by definition). Thalamia Spreng, Anleit, ed. 2, 2: 218 (1817), nom. illeg. Type: T. aspleniifolia (Labill.) Spreng. (≡ Podocarpus aspleniifolius Labill.). Brownetera Rich. ex Tratt, Gen. Nov. Pl.: adt. [14] (1825), nom. illeg. Type: B. aspleniifolia (Labill.) Tratt. (≡ Podocarpus aspleniifolius Labill.)
    • 9.2. Lepidothamnus Phil., Linnaea 30: 730 (1861). Type: L. fonkii Phil.
    • 9.3. Prumnopitys Phil., Linnaea 30: 731 (1861). Type: P. elegans Phil. P. Andean (Poepp. ex Endl.) from Laub.] Synonyms: Stachycarpus (Endl.) Tiegh., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 38: 163 (1891). Type: S. andinus (Poepp. ex Endl.) Tiegh., as ‘Andean’ (≡ Prumnopitys andina (Poepp. ex Endl.) of Laub., ≡ Podocarpus andinus Poepp. ex Endl., like ‘Andean’). Stachypitys A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 85(7): 58 (2000) nom. illeg., non Schenk (1867, fossil). Type: S. ferrugineus (G.Benn. ex D.Don) A.V.Bobrov & Melikian (≡) Prumnopitys ferruginea (G.Benn. ex D.Don) from Laub., ≡ Podocarpus ferrugineus G.Benn. ex D.Don). Van-Tieghemia A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 85(7): 58 (2000) nom. illeg., non Vantieghemia Kuntze (1891, fungus). Type: V. montana (Humb. " Bonpl. ex Willd.) Prumnopitys montana (Humb. " Bonpl. ex Willd.) of Laub., ≡ Podocarpus montanus Humb. " Bonpl. ex Willd. " Botryopitys Doweld, Turczaninowia 3(4): 37 (2001). Type: B. Mountain (Humb. " Bonpl. ex Willd.) Doweld (≡) Prumnopitys montana (Humb. " Bonpl. ex Willd.) of Laub., ≡ Podocarpus montanus Humb. " Bonpl. ex Willd. "
    • 9.4. Sundacarpus (J.Buchholz & N.E.Gray) C.N.Page, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 45: 378 (1989). Type: S. amarus (Blume) Podocarpus amarus Blume, like ‘amara’)
    • 9.5. Halocarpus Quinn, Austral. J. Bot. 30: 317 (1982). Type: H. bidwillii (Hook.f. ex Kirk) Quinn (≡) Dacrydium bidwillii Hook.f. ex Kirk)
    • 9.6. Parasitaxus from Laub, Fl. Nouv. Calédonie 4: 44 (1972). Type: P. usta (Vieill.) of Laub, as ‘ustus’ (≡ Dacrydium ustum Vieill.)
    • 9.7. Lagarostrobos Quinn, Austral. J. Bot. 30: 316 (1982). Type: L. franklinii (Hook.f.) Quinn Dacrydium franklinii Hook.f.)
    • 9.8. Manoao Molloy, New Zealand J. Bot. 33: 196 (1995). Type: M. colensoi (Hook.) Molloy Dacrydium colensoi Hook.)
    • 9.9. Saxegothaea Lindl, J. Hort. Soc. London 6: 258 (1851), as ‘Saxe-Gothaea’, nom. & orth. cons. Type: S. conspicua Lindl. Synonym: Squamataxus J.Nelson, Pinaceae 168 (1866), nom. illeg. Type: S. albertiana J.Nelson, nom. illeg. (≡ Saxegothaea conspicua Lindl.)
    • 9.10. Microcachrys Hook.f., London J. Bot. 4: 149 (1845). Type: M. tetragona (Hook.) Hook.f. (≡ Athrotaxis tetragona Hook.)
    • 9.11. Pherosphaera W.Archer bis, Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc 2: 52 (1850). Type: P. hookeriana W.Archer bis. Synonym: Microstrobos J.Garden & L.A.S.Johnson, Contr. New South Wales Natl. Herb. 1: 315 (1951). Type: M. fitzgeraldii (F.Muell.) Pherosphaera fitzgeraldii F.Muell.)
    • 9.12. Acmopyle Pilg. in H.G.A. Engler, Nat. Pflanzenr. IV. 5 (Heft 18): 117 (1903). Type: A. pancheri (Brongn. " Gris) Pilger (≡) Dacrydium pancheri Brongn. " Gris)
    • 9.13. Dacrycarpus from Laub, J. Arnold Arbor. 50: 315 (1969). Type: D. dacrydioides (A.Rich.) from Laub. (≡ Podocarpus dacrydioides A.Rich.) Synonyms: Bracteocarpus A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir. Otd. Biol., ser. 2, 103(1): 58 (1998). Type: B. imbricatus (Blume) A.V.Bobrov & Melikian (≡) Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub., ≡ Podocarpus imbricatus Blume). Laubenfelsia A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 85(7): 60 (2000). Type: L. vieillardii (Parl.) A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, non rite publ. (≡ Dacrycarpus vieillardii (Parl.) of Laub.

      Note: Although the name of the only species Laubenfelsia was an invalid publication, the name of gender Laubenfelsia has been considered valid (R.K. Brummitt, pers. comm. a Mill, 19 February 2001).

    • 9.14. Dacrydium Lamb, Descr. Pinus 1: 93 (1807). Type: D. cupressinum Sol. ex Lamb. Synonyms: Corneria A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 85(7): 62 (2000), nom. illeg., non Cornera Furtado (1955, Arecaceae). Type: C. elata (Roxb.) Dacrydium elatum (Roxb.) Wall. ex Hook. ≡ Juniperus elata Roxb.) Gaussenia A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 85(7): 62 (2000). Type: G. lycopodioides (Brongn. " Gris) A.V.Bobrov & Melikian (≡) Dacrydium lycopodioides Brongn. & Gris). Metadacrydium M.G.Baum.-Bod. ex Melikian & A.V.Bobrov, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 85(7): 63 (2000). Type: M. araucarioides (Brongn. " Gris) M.G.Baum.-Bod. ex Melikian " A.V.Bobrov (≡) Dacrydium araucarioides Brongn. " Gris)
    • 9.15. Falcatifolium from Laub, J. Arnold Arbor. 50: 308 (1969). Type: F. falciforme (Parl.) from Laub. (≡ Podocarpus falciformis Parl.)
    • 9.16. Retrophyllum C.N.Page, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 45: 379 (1989). Type: R. vitiense (Seem.) Podocarpus vitiensis Seem.). Synonyms: Decussocarpus from Laub, J. Arnold Arbor. 50: 340 (1969), nom. illeg. Type: D. vitiensis (Seem.) from Laub. (≡ Retrophyllum vitiense (Seem.) C.N.Page ≡ Podocarpus vitiensis Seem.)
    • 9.17. Nageia Gaertn, Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 191 (1788). Type: N. japonica Gaertn., nom. illeg. (≡ N. nagi (Thunb.) Kuntze, ≡ Myrica nagi Thunb.)
    • 9.18. Afrocarpus (J.Buchholz & N.E.Gray) C.N.Page, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 45: 383 (1989). Type: A. falcatus (Thunb.) C.N.Page, as ‘falcata’ (≡ Taxus falcata Thunb.)
    • 9.19. Podocarpus L’Hér. ex Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: 580 (1807), Nom. cons. Type: P. elongates (Aiton) L’Her. ex Pers. (≡ Taxus elongata Aiton, typ. cons.Synonym: Margbensonia A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir. Otd. Biol., ser. 2, 103(1): 59 (1998). Type: M. macrophylla (Thunb.) Podocarpus macrophyllum Sweet, ≡ Taxus macrophylla Thunb.)

• ORDER H. Cupressales Link, Handbuch 2: 470 (1829). Type: Cupressaceae. Synonyms: Taxal Link, Handbuch 2: 470 (1829). Type: Taxaceae. Taxodiales Schimp., Traité Paléont. See 2*: 309 (1870). Type: Taxodiaceae. Cephalotaxales Takht. ex Reveal, Phytology 74: 175 (1993). Type: Cephalotaxaceae. Sciadopityales Takht. ex Reveal, Phytology 75: 176 (1993). Type: Sciadopityaceae. Actinostrobales Doweld, Tent. Syst. Pl. Vasc: xx (2001). Type: Actinostrobaceae. Athrotaxidales Doweld, Tent. Syst. Pl. Vasc: xix (2001). Type: Athrotaxidaceae. Cunninghamials Doweld, Tent. Syst. Pl. Vasc: xix (2001). Type: Cunninghamiaceae.
  • Family 10. Sciadopityaceae Luerss., Grundz. Bot.: 265 (1877) Type: Sciadopitys Siebold & Zucc.

    1 genus with one species in Japan.

    • 10.1. Sciadopitys Siebold & Zucc., Fl. Jap 2: 1 (1842). Type: S. verticillata (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc. (≡ Taxus verticillata Thunb.)
  • Family 11. Cupressaceae Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 222. (1822), Nom. cons. Type: Cupressus L. Synonyms: Juniperaceae J.Presl & C.Presl, Delic. Prag.: 142 (1822). Type: Juniperus L. Thujaceae Burnett, Outl. Bot.: 502, 1149 (1835). Type: Thuja L. Cunninghamiaceae Siebold & Zucc., Fl. Jap 2: 1, 3 (1842). Type: Cunninghamia R.Br. Taxodiaceae Saporta, Ann. Sci. Nat, bot, be. 5: 4: 44 (1865), Nom. cons. Type: Taxodium Rich. Sequoiaceae C.Koch ex Luerss., Grundz. Bot.: 265 (1877). Type: Sequoia Endl. Cryptomeriaceae Gorozh., Lekts. Morf. Sist. Archegon.: 88 (1904). Type: Cryptomeria D.Don. Thujopsidaceae Bessey, Nebraska Univ. Stud. 7: 325 (1907). Type: Thujopsis Siebold & Zucc. ex Endl. Actinostrobaceae Lotsy, Vortr. Bot. Stammesgesch. 3**: 98 (1911). Type: Actinostrobus Miq. Callitridaceae Seward, Fossil Pl. 4: 124, 151, 336 (1919). Type: Callitris Vent. Limnopityaceae Hayata, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 46: 25. 1932. Type: Taxodium Rich. Taiwaniaceae Hayata, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 46: 26 (1932). Type: Taiwan Hayata. Tetraclinaceae Hayata, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 46: 27 (1932). Type: Tetraclinis Masters. Microbiotaceae Nakai, Tyosen-Sanrin 165: 13 (1938). Type: Microbiota Komarov. Metasequoiaceae S.Miki ex Hu & W.C.Cheng, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., be. 2, 1: 154 (1948). Type: Metasequoia Hu & W.C.Cheng. Athrotaxidaceae Doweld, Prosyllab. Tracheophyt.: xix (2001). Type: Athrotaxis D.Don. Libocedraceae Doweld, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 33: 42 (2001). Type: Libocedrus Endl. Neocallitropsidaceae Doweld, Prosyllab. Tracheophyt.: xx (2001). Type: Neocallitropsis Florin. Widdringtoniaceae Doweld, Prosyllab. Tracheophyt.: xx (2001). Type: Widdringtonia Endl. Arceuthidaceae A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Komarovia 4: 79 (2006). Type: Arceuthos Antoine & Kotschy. Diselmaceae A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Komarovia 4: 96 (2006). Type: Diselma Hook.f. Fitzroyaceae A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Komarovia 4: 80 (2006), ‘Fitz-Royaceae’. Type: Fitzroya Hook.f. ex Lindl. Pilgerodendraceae A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Komarovia 4: 87 (2006). Type: Pilgerodendron Florin. Platycladaceae A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Komarovia 4: 97 (2006). Type: Platycladus Spach

    29 genera, about 130 species, almost cosmopolitan. This sequence is based on the phylogenetic trees of Gadek et al. (2000) and Little et al. (2004).

    • 11.1. Cunninghamia R.Br. in L.C.M. Richard, Comm. Bot. Conif. Cycad. 149 (1826), Nom. cons., non Schreb. (1791), No. Type: C. sinensis R.Br., nom. illeg. (≡ C. lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook., ≡ Pinus lanceolata Lamb.) Synonyms: Belis Salisb, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 315 (1807), No. Type: B. jaculifolia Salisb, nom. illeg. (≡ Pinus lanceolata Lamb.) Jacularia Raf., Gard. Mag. & Reg. Rural Domest. Improv. 8: 247 (1832), nom. illeg. Raxopitys J.Nelson, Pinaceae: 97 (1866) Type: R. cunninghamii J.Nelson, nom. illeg. (≡ Pinus lanceolata Lamb.)
    • 11.2. Taiwan Hayata, J. Linn. Soc, Bot. 37: 330 (1906). Type: T. cryptomerioides Hayata
    • 11.3. Athrotaxis D.Don, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 234 (1838). Type: A. selaginoids D.Don
    • 11.4. Metasequoia Hu & W.C.Cheng, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., ser. 2, 1(2): 154 (1948), Nom. cons., non Miki (1941, No. = fossil). Type: M. glyptostroboides Hu & W.C.Cheng, Nom. & typ cons.
    • 11.5. Sequoia Endl, Syn. Conif.: 197 (1847), Nom. cons. Type: S. sempervirens (D.Don) Endl. (≡ Taxodium sempervirens D.Don)
    • 11.6. Sequoiadendron J.Buchholz, Amer. J. Bot. 26: 536 (1939), Nom. cons. prop. Type: S. giantum (Lindl.) J.Buchholz (≡) Giant Wellingtonia Lindl.) Synonyms: Wellingtonia Lindl, Gard. Chron. 1853: 823 (1853), nom. illeg., non Meisn. (1840). Type: Giant W. Lindl. Americus Hanford, Great Calif. Tree: 6 (1854), Nom. Type: A. Giant (Lindl.) Hanford Sequoiadendron giantum (Lindl.) J.Buchholz ≡ Giant Wellingtonia Lindl.) Washington Winslow, Calif. Farmer 2: 58 (1854), Nom. inadmis., non Raf. ex J.M.Coulter (1900), Nom. cons. Type: W. californica (≡ Sequoiadendron giantum (Lindl.) J.Buchholz ≡ Giant Wellingtonia Lindl.)
    • 11.7. Cryptomeria D.Don, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 233 (1838). Type: C. japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) Cupressus japonica Thunb. ex L.f.)
    • 11.8. Glyptostrobus Endl, Syn. Conif.: 69 (1847). Type: Taxodium japonicum Brongn., nom. illeg., non (L.f.) Brongn. (CHUCKLES) G. pensilis (Staunton ex D.Don) K.Koch
    • 11.9. Taxodium Rich., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 16: 298 (1810). Type: T. distichum (L.) Rich. (≡ Cupressus disticha L.) Synonyms: Schubertia Mirb. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 3: 123 (1812), No. Type: S. disticha (L.) Mirb. (≡ Cupressus disticha L.) Cuprespinnata J.Nelson, Pinaceae: 61 (1866), nom. illeg. Type: C. Disticha (L.) J.Nelson Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. ≡ Cupressus disticha L.)
    • 11.10. Papuacedrus H.L.Li, J. Arnold Arbor. 34: 25 (1953). Type: P. papuana (F.Muell.) Libocedrus papuana F.Muell.)
    • 11.11. Austrocedrus Florin & Boutelje, Acta Horti Berg. 17(2): 28 (1954). Type: A. chilensis (D.Don) Pic.Serm. & Bizzarri (≡) Thuja chilensis D.Don)
    • 11.12. Libocedrus Endl, Syn. Conif.: 42 (1847). Type: L. doniana Endl. nom. illeg. (≡ L. (D.Don) Sarg. ≡ Dacrydium plumosum D.Don) Synonym: Stegocedrus Doweld, Novit. Syst. Pl. Vasc. 33: 42 (2001). Type: S. austrocaledonica (Brongn. " Gris) Doweld (≡) Libocedrus austrocaledonica Brongn. & Gris).
    • 11.13. Pilgerodendron Florin, Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 24: 132 (1930). Type: P. uviferum (D.Don) Florin (≡ Juniperus uvifera D.Don)
    • 11.14. Widdringtonia Endl, Gen. Pl. Suppl. 2: 25 (1842). Type: W. cupressoides (L.) Endl. (chuckles) Thuja cupressoides L.) Synonyms: Pachylepis Brongn, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 30: 189 (1833), nom. illeg., non Less. (1832). Type: P. cupressoides (L.) Brongn. (≡ Widdringtonia cupressoides (L.) Endl. ≡ Thuja cupressoides L.) Parolinia Endl, Gen. Pl. Suppl. 1: 1372 (1841), nom. illeg., non Webb (1840, Brassicaceae). Type: Thuja cupressoides L.
    • 11.15. Diselma Hook.f., Fl. Tasmaniae 1(5): 353 (1857). Type: D. archeri Hook.f.
    • 11.16. Fitzroya Hook.f. ex Lindl., J. Hort. Soc. London 6: 264 (1851), as ‘Fitz-Roya’, Nom. & orth. cons. Type: F. patagonica Hook.f. ex Lindl. (CHUCKLES) F. cupressoides (Molina) I.M.Johnst. ≡ Pinus cupressoides Molina) Synonym: Cupresstellata J.Nelson, Pinaceae: 60 (1866). Type: Cupresstellata patagonica (Hook.f. ex Lindl.) Fitzroya patagonica Hook.f. ex Lindl.)
    • 11.17. Callitris Vent., Decas Gen. 10 (1808). Type: C. rhomboidea R.Br. ex Rich. " A.Rich. Synonyms: Frenela Mirb, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 13: 30, 74 (1825), nom. illeg. Type: Frenela rhomboidea (R.Br. ex Rich & A.Rich.) Endl, by typing (≡ Callitris rhomboidea R.Br. ex Rich. & A.Rich.) Cyparissia Hoffmanns, Preis-Verzeichn. Pfl, ed. 7: 20 (1833), nom. illeg. Type: C. australis (Pers.) Hoffmanns. (≡ Cupressus australis Pers. = Callitris rhomboidea R.Br. ex Rich. & A.Rich.) Octoclinis F.Muell., Trans. " Proc. Philos. Inst. Victoria 2(1): 21 (1857). Type: O. macleayana F.Muel l. Laechhardtia Gordon, Pinetum Suppl.: 40 (1862). Type: L. macleayana Gordon, nom. illeg. (≡ Frenela variabilis Carr.) Nothocallitris A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Komarovia 4: 85 (2006). Type: N. sulcata (Parl.) Callitris sulcata Parl.).
    • 11.18. Actinostrobus Miq. in J.G.C. Lehmann, Pl. Preiss. 1: 644 (1845). Type: A. pyramidalis Miq.
    • 11.19. Neocallitropsis Florin, Palaeontographica, Abt. B, Paläophytol. 85B: 590 (1944). Type: N. araucarioides Florin (Compton) Callitropsis araucarioides Compton) Synonym: Callitropsis Compton, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 45: 432 (1922), nom. illeg., non Oersted (1864). Type: C. araucarioids Compton
    • 11.20. Thujopsis Siebold & Zucc. ex Endl., Gen. Suppl. 2: 24 (1842), Nom. cons. Type: T. dolabrata (Thunb. ex L.f.) Siebold & Zucc. (≡ Thuja dolabrata Thunb. ex L.f.) Synonym: Dolophyllum Salisb, J. Sci. Arts (London) 2: 313 (1817), No. Type: Thuja dolabrata Thunb. ex L.f.
    • 11.21. Thuja L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1002 (1753). Type: T. Westernis L. Thya Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 480 (1763), nom. illeg.
    • 11.22. Fokienia A.Henry & H.H.Thomas, Gard. Chron., be. 3. 49: 67 (1911). Type: F. hodginsii (Dunn) A.Henry & H.H.Thomas (≡) Cupressus hodginsii Dunn)
    • 11.23. Chamaecyparis Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. Phan. 11: 329 (1841). Type: C. sphaeroida Spach, nom. illeg. (≡ C. thyoids (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. ≡ Cupressus thyoids L.). Synonyms: Retinispora Siebold & Zucc., Fl. Jap 2: 36 (1844). Type: R. obtusa Siebold & Zucc. Shishindenia Makino ex Koidz, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 9: 101 (1940). Type: S. ericoides (Boehm.) Makino ex Koidz. (≡ Chamaecyparis obtusa var. ericoides Boehm.).
    • 11.24. Cupressus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1002 (1753). Type: C. sempervirens L. Synonyms: Callitropsis Oerst, Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1864: 32. (1864), Nom. Type: C. nootkatensis (D.Don) Florin (≡ Cupressus nootkatensis D.Don). Xanthocyparis Farjon & T.H.Nguyên, Farjon et al.Novon 12: 179 (2002), Nom. cons. prop. Type: X. vietnamensis Farjon & T.H.Nguyên. Tassilicyparis A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Komarovia 4: 72 (2006). Type: T. dupreziana (A.Camus) A.V.Bobrov & Melikian (≡) Cupressus dupreziana A.Camus). Platycyparis A.V.Bobrov & Melikian, Komarovia 4***: 73 (2006). Type: P. funebris (Endl.) Cupressus funebris Endl.). Hesperocyparis Bartel " R.A.Price, Phytology 91: 179 (2009). Type: H. macrocarpa (Hartw. ex Gordon) Bartel (≡ Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. ex Gordon) Neocupressus de Laub., Novon 19: 301 (2009), nom. illeg. Type: N. macrocarpa (Hartw. ex Gordon) from Laub. (≡ Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. ex Gordon)

      Note: Adams et al. (2009) Cupressus formed two nails: the clay of the Old World Cupressus was brother of Juniperuswhile the claw of the new world Cupressus (Hesperocyparis) including Xanthocyparis vietnamensis and Callitropsis nootkatensis. However, Mao et al. showed that (2010) Cupressus in its wider sense including Xanthocyparis and Callitropsis It's monophytic with weak sustenance. Until the resolution of the phylogenetic position of Cupressus, here you take a conservative option and you decide to position Cupressus in broad sense, including Callitropsis, Hesperocyparis and Xanthocyparis.

    • 11.25. Juniperus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1038 (1753). Type: J. communis L. Synonyms: Sabina Mill, Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4, 3 (1754). Type: S. vulgaris Antoine (≡ Juniperus sabina L.) Cedrus Duhamel, Traité Arb. Arbust. 1: xxviii, 139. t. 52 (1755), No. Type: Not designated. Thujiaecarpus Trautv, Pl. Imag. 11 (1844). Type: T. juniperinus Trautv., nom. illeg. (chuckles) Juniperus oblonga M.Bieb. = J. communis var. saxatilis Pall.). Arceuthos Antoine & Kotschy, Westr. Bot. Wochenbl. 4: 249 (1854). Type: A. drupacea (Labill.) Antoine & Kotschy (≡) Juniperus drupacea Labill.) Sabinella Nakai, Tyosen-Sanrin 165: 14 (1938). Type: S. phoenicea (L.) Nakai (≡ Juniperus phoenicea L.)
    • 11.26. Calocedrus Kurz, J. Bot. 11: 196 (1873). Type: C. macrolepis Kurz Sinónimo: Heyderia C.Koch, Dendrologie 2(2): 177 (1873), nom. illeg., non Link (1833, fungus). Type: H. decurrens (Torrey) Calocedrus decurrens (Torrey) Florin ≡ Libocedrus decurrens Torrey).
    • 11.27. Tetraclinis Masters, J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 14: 250 (1892). Type: T. joint (Vahl) Masters Joint Thuja Vahl)
    • 11.28. Platycladus Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. Phan. 11: 333 (1841). Type: P. stricta Spach, nom. illeg. (chuckles) P. Orientalis (L.) Franco ≡ Eastern Thujais L.) Synonyms: Biota (D.Don) Endl., Syn. Conif.: 46 (1847), nom. illeg., non Cass. (1825). Type: B. Orientalis (L.) Endl. (≡ Eastern Thujais L.)
    • 11.29. Microbiota Komarov, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada RSFSR 4(23/24): 180 (1923). Type: M. decussata Komarov
  • Family 12. Taxaceae Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 222, 226 (1822), Nom. cons. Type: Taxus L. Synonyms: Cephalotaxaceae Neger, Nadelhölzer 23, 30 (1907). Type: Cephalotaxus Siebold & Zucc. ex Endl. Amentotaxaceae Kudô & Yamam., in Kudô, J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 3: 110 (1931). Type: Amentotaxus Pilg. Austrotaxaceae Nakai, Tyosen-Sanrin 158: 14 (1938). Type: Austrotaxus Compton Torreyaceae Nakai, Tyosen-Sanrin 158: 14, 23 (1938). Type: Torreya Arnott

    6 genera, 28 species, Eurasia a Malesia, North Africa, New Caledonia, North America to Central America. This sequence follows the philgenetic trees of Hao et al. (2008). Taxaceae is monophyllic when Cephalotaxus and Amentotaxus are included (Price 2003). It can be argued that Hao's philgenetic results et al. (2008) support an alternative classification in 3 families (Taxaceae, Cephalotaxaceae and Amentotaxaceae), but here it was opted for a wider circumscription of Taxaceae rather than those small families.

    • 12.1. Austrotaxus Compton, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 45: 427 (1922). Type: A. spicata Compton
    • 12.2. Pseudotaxus W.C.Cheng, Res. Notes Forest. Inst. Natl. Centr. Univ. Nanking, Dendrol, be. 1: 1 (1948). Type: P. chienii (W.C.Cheng) W.C.Cheng (≡) Taxus chienii W.C.Cheng) Synonym: Nothotaxus Florin, Acta Horti Berg. 14: 394 (1948), nom. illeg.
    • 12.3. Taxus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1040 (1753). Type: T. baccata L. Synonym: Verataxus J.Nelson, Pinaceae: 168 (1866). Type: Taxus communis J.Nelson (≡ T. baccata L.)
    • 12.4. Cephalotaxus Siebold & Zucc. ex Endl., Gen. Pl. Suppl. 2: 27 (1842). Type: C. pedunculata Siebold & Zucc. ex Endl., nom. illeg. (chuckles) C. harringtonii (Knight ex J.Forbes) K.Koch ≡ Taxus harrringtonii Knight ex J.Forbes)
    • 12.5. Amentotaxus Pilger, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54: 41 (1916). Type: A. argotaenia (Hance) Pilger (≡ Podocarpus argotaenia Hance)
    • 12.6. Torreya Arnott, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 130 (1838), Nom. cons., non Raf. (1818, Lamiaceae), non Raf. (1819, Cyperaceae), non Spreng (1820, Verbenaceae), non A.Eaton (1929, Loasaceae), all nom. Type: T. taxifolia Arnott. Synonyms: Tumion Raf., Good Book: 63 (1840), nom. illeg. Type: T. taxifolium (Arnott) Greene (≡) Torreya taxifolia Arnott) Struvea Rchb., Deutsche Bot. Herbarienbuch: 222, 236 (1841), No. Type: Torreya taxifolia Arnott Caryotaxus Zucc. ex Henkel & Hochst., Syn. Nadelhölzer: 365 (1865), nom. illeg. Type: C. Nucifera (L.) Henkel & W. Hochst. (≡ Taxus nucifera L. ≡ Torreya nucifera (L.) Siebold & Zucc.) Foetaxus J.Nelson, Pinaceae: 167 (1866), nom. illeg. Type: F. montana J.Nelson, nom. illeg. (≡ Torreya taxifolia Arnott)