Picidae

Pájaro carpintero cabecirrojo (Melanerpes erythrocephalus).

The picidae (Picidae) are a large family of birds of the order Piciformes that includes 218 species popularly known as woodpeckers, woodpeckers, picapalos, (Uruguay) whistles, picas, woodpeckers, picatroncos, great woodpeckers, saapsuckers and wrynecks. They have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the exception of Australia, Madagascar, and the extreme polar regions. They can be sedentary or migratory; many species remain in the same area for years, while others travel great distances from their breeding grounds to their wintering grounds.

The largest species are found in southern Europe, housing only in the Doñana nature reserve, in Andalusia, three different species of these birds that have been studied up to now, without counting the migration that they may carry out the woodpecker, since it is an environment where many species of birds make their stop in times of long migrations.

Description

The size of the birds of this family varies between 20 and 60 cm. The plumage of most species is predominantly bright green, purple, and orange, although many woodpeckers show some amount of yellow and pink. In woodpeckers many species show red and buffy parts on the head and abdomen. Members of the Picidae family have strong beaks, for drilling and drumming in trees, and fine, pointed tongues with small bristles, for extracting food. The beaks of woodpeckers are usually stronger, longer and sharper than those of woodpeckers and wrynecks, although their morphology is very similar.

Both woodpeckers and woodpeckers and wrynecks living in Africa have zygodactyl feet, that is, with four toes, two pointing forwards and two backwards. This distribution of the fingers is very useful for clinging to the branches and trunks of the trees in which they live.

The acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus), to have food in winter, keeps a supply of sufficient acorns, for which it makes holes in the trees, where it keeps only one acorn in each hole, in such a way that they practice thousands of holes in the trunks of the trees. They also forcefully stick the food into the wood and watch that other birds do not steal it.

The black woodpecker (Dryocopus martius) is one of the largest woodpeckers in the world. It can drill up to 15cm into wood looking for food.

The imperial woodpecker (Campephilus imperialis) was the largest bird in the world of this family. It measured 60 cm, fed on worms, larvae and insects and inhabited the Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico. This bird, today probably extinct, was once considered endemic, until the indiscriminate felling of the trees where it lived led to its disappearance.

Species in this family have the ability to peck twenty times a second and twelve thousand times a day in total; they can do this because they have a bone behind their beak and in front of their brain that allows them to spring. Likewise, they have a hyoid bone connected to the nostrils that covers their skull and that has a seat belt function, and thus they do not suffer abnormalities when pecking.

Conduct

Food

They feed on insects, worms, and grubs that they can find throughout the year, capturing them under the bark or boring into trees or fallen logs. The invertebrates that make up the majority of their diet are termites, ant larvae, and beetle larvae.

Playback

A carpenter bird feeds a chick in the forest Bitsevsky

All species of the family Picidae nest in cavities. Woodpeckers and woodpeckers dig their own nests. Dug nests are normally only lined with the bits of wood produced while the hole was being built. Many species of woodpecker excavate one nest per season. It takes about a month to finish the job. Abandoned nests are used by many other birds and animals.

Members of the family Picidae are typically monogamous. The pair works together to build the nest, incubate the eggs, and raise the chick. However, in most species, the male does most of the excavation of the nest, and does the night shift when incubating the eggs. A clutch typically consists of 2 to 5 eggs, which are white and round. The eggs are incubated for 11 to 16 days before hatching. Then the chick will take 18 to 30 days before it is ready to leave the nest.

Subfamilies - genera and species

Subfamily Jynginae (wrynecks)

Jynx

• Jynx torquilla - Euro-Asian neck;
• Jynx ruficollis - African crook;

Euro-Asian neckline drawing (Jynx torquilla).

Subfamily Picumninae (woodpeckers)

Picumnus

• Picumnus innominatus - Moteado carpenter;
• Picumnus aurifrons - Amazon carpenter;
• Picumnus pumilus - Orinoco carpenter;
• Picumnus lafresnayi - carpenter of Lafresnaye;
• Picumnus exilis - telegraphist carpenter;
• Picumnus nigropunctatus - punctured carpenter;
• Picumnus sclateri Ecuadorian carpenter;
• Picumnus squamulatus - Squamous carpenter;
• Picumnus spilogaster Ventriblanco carpenter;
• Picumnus minutissimus - carpenter of Guayana;
• Picumnus pygmaeus - brushed carpenter;
• Picumnus steindachneri - doggy carpenter;
• Picumnus varzeae - carpenter of the Várzeas;
• Picumnus cirratus Variable carpenter;
• Picumnus dorbygnianus Bolivian carpenter;
• Picumnus temminckii - cuellican carpenter;
• Picumnus albosquamatus - albiescamoso carpenter;
• Picumnus fuscus - Cuellirufo carpenter;
• Picumnus rufiventris Ventrirufo carpenter;
• Picumnus fulvescens Cinnamon carpenter;
• Picumnus limae - Ceará carpenter;
• Picumnus nebulosus Uruguayan carpenter;
• Picumnus castelnau - soft carpenter;
• Picumnus subtilis - Cuzco carpenter;
• Picumnus oliveceus - olival carpenter;
• Picumnus granadensis - Colombian carpenter;
• Picumnus cinnamomeus - chestnut carpenter;

Sasia

• African Sasia African carpenter;
• Sasia abnormis - Malay carpenter;
• Sasia ochracea - cejiblanco carpenter;

Nesoctites

• Micromegas nesoctites - Antillan carpenter;

Subfamily Picinae (woodpeckers)

Melanerpes

Sphyrapicus nuchalis.

Carpenter habado Melanerpes rubricapillus

• Melanerpes candidus - white carpenter;
• Melanerpes lewis - Lewis carpenter;
• Melanerpes herminieri - carpenter of the Guadalupe;
• Melanerpes portoricensis - Puerto Rican carpenter;
• Melanerpes erythrocephalus - head carpenter;
• Melanerpes formicivorus - acorner carpenter;
• Melanerpes pucherani - Central American carpenter;
• Melanerpes chrysauchen - nuquigual carpenter;
• Melanerpes cruentatus - blue carpenter;
• Melanerpes flavifrons - archiris carpenter;
• Melanerpes cactorum - cardboard carpenter;
• Melanerpes striatus - carpenter of the Spanish;
• Melanerpes radiolatus Jamaican carpenter;
• Melanerpes chrysogenys Cariamarillo carpenter;
• Melanerpes hypopolius - carpenter pechigrís;
• Melanerpes pygmaeus - Yucateco carpenter;
• Melanerpes rubricapillus - chonnirrojo carpenter;
• Melanerpes uropygialis - Gila carpenter;
• Melanerpes carolinus - Carolina carpenter;
• Melanerpes superciliaris - Antillan carpenter;
• Melanerpes aurifrons - braking carpenter;
• Melanerpes hoffmannii - Hoffmann carpenter;

Sphyrapicus (chupasavias)

• Sphyrapicus varius - northern sucker;
• Sphyrapicus nuchalis - Nuquirrel sucking;
• Sphyrapicus ruber - cocksucking;
• Sphyrapicus thyroidus - dark-sucking;

Xiphidiopicus

• Xiphidiopicus percussus - carpenter tajá;

Campethera

• Puncture campethera - splashed dick;
• Campethera nubica - nub pyth;
• Campethera bennettii - Bennett's dick;
• Campethera scriptoricauda - pyth of Tanzania;
• Campethera abingoni - humming pyth;
• Campethera mummbassica Mombasa's dick;
• Campethera notata - Knysna's dick;
• Campethera maculosa - duck of Guinea;
• Campethera cailliautii - Pito de Cailliaud;
• Campethera tullbergi - Tullberg's dick;
• Campethera nivosa - nevado duck;
• Campethera caroli - pito orejipardo;

Geocolaptes

• Geocolaptes oliveceus - land pyth;

Dendropicos

• Dendropicos obsoletus - dorsipardo peak;
• Dendropicos elachus - Sahelian pythose;
• Dendropicos poecilolaemus - cuellipinto;
• Dendropicos abyssinicus - pito abisinio;
• Dendropicos fuscescens - Cardinal pyth;
• Dendropicos lugubris - gloomy pyth;
• Dendropicos gabonensis - dick of Gabon;
• Dendropicos stierlingi - Stierling's dick;
• Dendropicos namaquus - namaqua pito;
• Dendropicos pyrrhogaster - ventrirrojo pyth;
• Dendropicos xantholophus - crowned dick;
• Dendropicos elliotii - Elliot's dick;
• Dendropicos goertae - western grey pyth;
• Dendropicos spodocephalus - oriental grey pyth;
• Dendropicos griseocephalus - olival pyth;

Yungipicus

• Yungipicus temminckii - Célebes peak;
• Yungipicus nanus - crestipared peak;
• Yungipicus canicapillus - crestigrís peak;
• Yungipicus maculatus - Filipino peak;
• Yungipicus ramsayi - Sulu peak;
• Yungipicus moluccensis - beak of the Sonda;
• Yungipicus kizuki Kizuki peak;

Leuconotopicus

• Leuconotopicus borealis - Florida peak;
• Leuconotopicus fumigatus - Smoked carpenter;
• Leuconotopicus arizonae - Arizona beak.
• Leuconotopicus stricklandi - Strickland's peak;
• Leuconotopicus villosus - hairy peak;
• Leuconotopicus albolarvatus - Cabeciblanco peak;

Leiopicus

• Leiopicus mahrattensis - mahratta peak;

Dendrocoptes

• Dendrocoptes dorae Arab peak;
• Dendrocoptes auriceps - fried beak;
• Dendrocoptes medius Medium peak;

Dryobates

• Dryobates nuttallii - Nuttall peak;
• Dryobates pubescens pubescent peak;
• Dryobates scalaris - Mexican peak;
• Dryobates minor - lower peak;
• Dryobates cathpharius - Pechirrojo beak;
• Dryobates pernyii - Pechicarmesi peak;

Dendrocopos

• Dendrocopos hyperythrus - ventrirufo peak;
• Dendrocopos macei - Macé peak;
• Dendrocopolysis - pechimotean peak;
• Dendrocopos atratus - striated peak;
• Dendrocopos darjellensis - Darjeeling peak;
• Dendrocopos himalayensis - Himalaya peak;
• Dendrocopos assimilis - Sind peak;
• Dendrocopos syriacus Syrian peak;
• Dendrocopos major - picapino peak;
• Dendrocopos leucopterus - aliblancho peak;
• Dendrocopos auriceps - fried beak;
• Dendrocopos noguchii - Okinawa peak;
• Dendrocopos leucotos - dorsiblanco peak;

Biggest hair carpenter (Picoides villosus).

Picoids

• Picoid tridactylus - Euro-Asian triadactyl peak;
• Picoids dorsalis - American triadactyl peak;
• Picoids arcticus Arctic peak;

Veniliornis

• Veniliornis callonotus - Scarlet carpenter;
• Veniliornis dignus - ventriamarillo carpenter;
• Veniliornis nigriceps - ventribar carpenter;
• Veniliornis passerinus - boy carpenter;
• Veniliornis frontalis - carpenter of the Yungas;
• Veniliornis spilogaster - stained carpenter;
• Veniliornis lignarius - large sweet carpenter;
• Veniliornis mixtus - carpenter bataraz boy;
• Veniliornis sanguineus - blood carpenter;
• Veniliornis kirkii - carpenter culirrojo;
• Veniliornis chocoensis - Chocó carpenter;
• Veniliornis cassini - carpenter zebra;
• Veniliornis affinis - carpenter dyed;
• Veniliornis maculifrons - orexigual carpenter;

Piculus

• Piculus simplex - carpenter alirrufo;
• Piculus callopterus - Panamanian carpenter;
• Piculus litae - Lita carpenter;
• Piculus leucolaemus - Gorgiblanco carpenter;
• Piculus flavigula - Gorgigual carpenter;
• Piculus chrysochloros - verdiamarillo carpenter;
• Piculus aurulentus - cejigualdo carpenter;

Collapses

• Colaptes aricollis - Peruvian carpenter;
• Puctiguous chops - Carpenter milled;
• Colaptes melanochloros - real carpenter;
• Colaptes auratus - scapular carpenter;
• Colaptes chrysoides - California carpenter;
• Colaptes fernandinae - Churky carpenter;
• Colaptes pitius - Beep carpenter;
• Collapses rupicola - Andean carpenter;
• Colaptes campestris - campestre carpenter;
• Colaptes rubiginosus - olival carpenter;
• Colaptes rivolii - carpenter chandelier;
• Headsets - head carpenter;

Celeus flavescens.

Celeus

• Celeus loricatus Canelo carpenter;
• Celeus grammicus - reddish carpenter;
• Celeus undatus - wavy carpenter;
• Celeus castaneus - chestnut carpenter;
• Celeus elegans - elegant carpenter;
• Celeus lugubris - gloomy carpenter;
• Celeus flavescens - yellow carpenter;
• Celeus flavus - yellow carpenter;
• Celeus spectabilis - head carpenter;
• Celeus torquatus - carpenter pechinegro;
• Celeus obrieni - caatinga carpenter;

Micropternus

• Micropternus brachyurus - ruffian carpenter;

Black duck (Dryocopus martius).

Dryocopus

• Dryocopus galeatus - caricanyl choppers;
• Dryocopus pileatus - American picamaderos;
• Dryocopus lineatus Listed choppers;
• Dryocopus schulzi - Tiny picamaderos;
• Dryocopus javensis - ventriblan choppers;
• Dryocopus hodgei - Andaman stings;
• Dryocopus martius - black picamaderos;

Campephilus

• Campephilus pollens - powerful stings;
• Campephilus haematogaster - ventrired picamaderos;
• Campephilus rubricollis - quarrels;
• Campephilus robustus - Robust choppers;
• Campephilus guatemalensis - Pychiclean picamaderos;
• Campephilus melanoleucos - Barbinegro choppers;
• Campephilus gayaquilensis - picamaderos of Guayaquil;
• Campephilus leucopogon - dorsiblanco picamaderos;
• Campephilus magellanicus - Magellan picamaderos;
• Campephilus imperialis - imperial picamaderos (probably extinct);
• Campephilus principalis - picomarfil picamaderos (he believed it extinct - but was seen in Arkansas — the United States — in 2004);

Chrysophlegma

• Chrysophlegma miniaceum - miniature dick;
• Chrysophlegma mentale - gargantilla stew;
• Chrysophlegma flavinucha - nuquigual pyth;

Picus

• Picus chlorolophus - Crescent pyth;
• Picus puniceus - pito alirrojo;
• Picus viridanus - pito verdoso;
• Picus vittatus - colinegro pyth;
• Picus xanthopygaeus - culigual pito;
• Picus squamatus - squamous dick;
• Picus awokera - Japanese dick;
• Picus viridis - royal dick;
• Picus sharpei - Iberian pyth;
• Picus vaillantii - Levaillant's dick;
• Picus rabieri - Vietnamese pythose;
• Picus erythropygius - pito cabecinegro;
• Picus canus - pito cano;

Dinopium

• Dinopium rafflesii - dorsioliva;
• Dinopium shorii - Shore's dick;
• Dinopium javanense - pyto culirrojo;
• Dinopium benghalense - Bengali pyth;

Chrysocolaptes

• Chrysocolaptes festivus - dorsiblanco pyth;
• Chrysocolaptes lucidus - sultan pito;

Gecinulus

• Gecinulus grantia - pyth of the northern bamboo;
• Gecinulus viridis - Southern bamboo stew;

Sapheopipo

• Sapheopipo noguchii - Okinawa's dick;

Blythipicus

• Blythipicus rubiginosus - herrumbrous pyth;
• Blythipicus pyrrhotis - orejirrojo pine;

Reinwardtipicus

• Reinwardtipicus validus - dorsinaranja pito;

Meiglyptes

• Meiglyptes tristis - sad dick;
• Meiglyptes jugularis - whitening pyth;
• Meiglyptes tukki - pito tukki;

Hemicircus

• Hemicircus concretus - hummingbird;
• Hemicircus canente - pyth of hearts;

Mulleripicus (pictures)

• Mulleripicus fulvus - Célebes picatroncos;
• Mulleripicus funebris - Filipino picatroncos;
• Mulleripicus pulverulentus - slate spicy stews;