Physical exercise

U.S. Marine coming out of the water for a triathlon.

Physical exercise is any physical activity that improves and maintains a person's physical fitness, health and well-being. It has advantages such as muscle strengthening, improving the cardiovascular system, developing athletic skills, sports, fat loss or maintenance, emotional well-being, among others.

The different actions carried out by car engines are seen by the need to develop some physical quality such as knowing how to manage strength, speed, resistance, coordination, elasticity or flexibility. Physical exercise can be aimed at solving a specific motor problem.

Physical exercise improves mental function, autonomy, memory, speed, body image and the sensation of well-being, producing stability in the personality characterized by optimism, euphoria and mental flexibility.

Increased physical activity can lead to longer life and improved health. Exercise helps prevent heart disease , and many other problems.

In addition, exercise increases strength, provides more energy and can help reduce anxiety and tension. It's also a good way to turn your appetite around and burn calories. However, it is advisable to carry out physical exercise, adapting it to the physical capacity of each organism, since the practice of sport also implies a series of health risks.

When starting a physical exercise activity, you must be aware of your own physical limitations and choose a sport that does not put an overload on your body. Physical exercise is a basic element for the formation of ourselves that helps us to be strong and healthy, which is the most important thing...

Physical activity programs should provide relaxation, endurance, muscle strength, and flexibility. In the interaction of the body with space and time through movement, many lessons of the human being are built. This construction is carried out through a succession of educational experiences that are promoted through exploration, practice and internalization, thus structuring the so-called body schema.

It is estimated that between 9 and 16% of deaths in developed countries can be attributed to a sedentary lifestyle. In the state of health of a person, this is a fundamental factor that is combined with other important determinants such as genetic endowment, age, nutritional status, hygiene, health, stress and tobacco.

Practicing physical exercise consumes energy and therefore requires the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues.

Physical exercise practiced regularly and frequently stimulates the immune system helping to prevent the so-called diseases of civilization, such as coronary disease, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity. It also improves mental health, helps prevent depressive states, develops and maintains self-esteem, and even increases libido and improves body image.

Childhood obesity is a growing health problem, and physical exercise is one of the first-line remedies to treat some of the effects of childhood and adult obesity.

Doctors refer to physical activity as the wonder drug, alluding to the wide variety of proven benefits it provides.

Etymology

The word «exercise» comes directly from the Latin exercitium, which is the effect of the verb exercitare in Spanish «to exercise». Both had the same meaning in Latin as in Spanish. Exercitare was the frequentative of exercere ("to set in motion" or "to do a job") from which it derives its meaning by adding the nuance of frequency, that is, performed in repeated form. The word is related to army, originally "exercise" and later a group of people trained and trained for war. The original etymology of the word is a compound of ex plus the verb arcēre ("to lock up, contain"). So it can be understood as ceasing to be locked up. Other words related to arcēre are arcón (ark, closed drawer) or arcane.

Effects of physical exercise on health

People who have gymnastic lifestyle, usually sleep better, and show less anxiety and tension. They're practically immunized against stress.

Physical exercise is useful for maintaining physical condition, and can positively contribute to maintaining a healthy weight, developing and maintaining bone density, muscle strength, and joint mobility; promotes numerous biological processes (eg metabolism, immune system) providing a healthy physiological system, which reduces surgical risks; reduces cortisol levels, which cause numerous physical and mental health problems.

The general recommendation is to get 2 hours and 30 minutes to 5 hours or more of exercise a week. Pregnant women, the elderly or people with disabilities or illnesses should consult a doctor before starting and also take special measures.

According to Internal Medicine specialist John Duperly, "Physically active people reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hormone-related tumors by 50% compared to sedentary people." The practice of moderate to vigorous exercise would activate nearly 800 genes, including some capable of suppressing the growth of tumors, such as prostate, ovarian, breast, and colon tumors, and DNA repair.

Frequent and regular physical activity has been shown to be effective in preventing or treating serious and life-threatening chronic diseases such as hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, insomnia and depression. According to the WHO, lack of physical activity contributes to to 17% of heart disease and diabetes, 12% of falls in the elderly, and 10% of breast and colon cancer cases.

There is evidence that vigorous exercise (90-95% VO2max) induces a greater degree of cardiac hypertrophy than moderate exercise (40-70% VO2max), but whether this has any effect on morbidity is unknown or general mortality. Some studies have shown that intense exercise performed by healthy individuals secretes opioid peptides, known as endorphins, which in conjunction with other neurotransmitters are responsible for inducing states of euphoria and well-being, with addictive characteristics. They also stimulate the secretion of testosterone and growth hormone. These effects are less intense with moderate exercise.

Both aerobic and anaerobic work increase the mechanical efficiency of the heart by increasing heart volume (aerobic training) or myocardial thickness (strength training). These changes are generally beneficial and healthy if they occur in response to exercise.

Not everyone benefits equally from exercise. There is great variation in the individual response to training, conditioned by genetic factors, with most of the population seeing a moderate increase in aerobic endurance—some individuals up to twice their oxygen consumption—while others will never be able to increase it. However, hypertrophic muscular endurance training is determined, at least in large part, by diet and testosterone levels. This genetic variation that causes different responses in different individuals explains the physiological differences between elite athletes and the general population. Studies show that exercise in youth and adults leads to improved physical and physiological ability and condition in later stages of development. life.

The exercise:

1. It improves and strengthens the osteomuscular system (bones, cartilages, ligaments, tendons) contributing to the increase of quality of life and degree of independence especially among older people.
2. It prolongs the person's socially useful time; by improving his physical, cardiovascular, bone and muscle capacity he elevates his productive levels, so it delays the changes of old age. It ensures greater work capacity and ensures longevity by favouring the elimination of toxins and oxidants.
3. Improves the physical appearance of the person.
4. Improves the immune system.
5. Regulates all indexes related to hypertension, glucose, and blood fats.
6. It generates feeling of pleasure or well-being, because the body produces hormones called endorphins.
7. Improves sleep quality.
8. Physical exercise reduces cardiovascular risk factors such as arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity or diabetes.
9. In addition, it reduces the risk of degenerative lesions of the locomotive apparatus and reduces the incidence of depression or anxiety.

Diseases in which physical exercise has been shown to be beneficial are, among others: asthma, pregnancy stress, heart attack, diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes; obesity, high blood pressure, osteoporosis and different types of cancer, such as prostate cancer and colorectal cancer.

Studies show a strong relationship between the practice of sport and the improvement of emotional aspects such as self-esteem (Rosenberg Scale) and physical aspects such as weight loss, optimization of motor skills and joint mobility. There is a very close relationship between body and mind.

Mental Health

It is the state of balance between a person and their socio-cultural environment that guarantees their work, intellectual and relationship participation to achieve well-being and quality of life. Mental health concepts include subjective well-being, autonomy and emotional potential, among others. However, the details of the World Health Organization establish that there is no official definition of what Mental Health is.

Physical activity shifts the person's mind in more positive directions regardless of any healing effects. An adequate exercise program strengthens the human psyche, producing moderate but positive and continuous effects on certain depressive states, anxiety and stress, and promotes psychological well-being. A person who exercises through sports will positively affect their mental health. Aerobic exercise is considered ideal to obtain all these benefits and reduce stress and anxiety.

Research suggests that physical fitness training improves mood, self-concept, self-esteem, social skills, cognitive functioning, attitude at work; It enhances sleep quality; reduces anxiety and stress, relieves depressive symptoms; Useful supplement for alcoholism and substance abuse rehabilitation programs.

Regular exercise is associated with a lower prevalence of anxiety disorders and depression.

Effects on the brain and cognitive functions

A 2008 review of enrichment strategies to slow or reverse cognitive decline concluded that "physical activity, and aerobic exercise in particular, improves cognitive function in older adults."

Regular practice of an exercise program generates new neural networks and improves cognitive functions by increasing synaptic plasticity, metabolism, and cerebral blood circulation. It improves intellectual capacity and school performance in children and adolescents. In experiments with mice, exercise promotes cognitive function through hippocampal development-dependent spatial learning, and enhancement of synaptic plasticity and adult neurogenesis. In addition, physical activity has neuroprotective effects in many neurodegenerative and neurodegenerative diseases. neuromuscular disorders. For example, it may reduce the risk of developing dementia. Furthermore, anecdotal evidence suggests that regular exercise can reverse alcohol-induced brain damage.

The possibilities of why exercise is beneficial for the brain are as follows:

• increasing the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain;
• increasing neuronal growth factors that help create new nerve cells and promote synaptic plasticity (in a recent research it was found that exercise increases the expression of the neurotrophic factor derived from the BDNF brain, mediated by the irisine hormone);
• increasing brain neurotransmitters that help cognition, such as dopamine, glutamate, noradrenaline and serotonin.

Physical activity is believed to have other beneficial effects related to cognition, as it increases levels of nerve growth factors, which support the survival and growth of a number of neuronal cells.

Immune System

Immunomodulation and immunoregulation were a particular focus of early myokine research, as, according to Dr. Bente Klarlund Pedersen and colleagues, "the interactions between exercise and the immune system provided a unique opportunity to assess the role of underlying endocrine and cytokine mechanisms".

In 1976, Pelletier demonstrated that in the midget mouse, a model in which pituitary function is abnormal, circulating thymic peptide levels decline prematurely. The results of pioneering studies such as these led to the hypothesis that normal development of the immune system depends on factors produced by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Several pituitary hormones (eg, prolactin, growth hormone, and ACTH) have been shown to act as immunomodulatory factors.

The discovery of cytokines (glycoproteins with molecular masses of 15,000 to 30,000 Da) and their immunoregulatory functions were followed by studies that demonstrated that they were involved in a complex communication network between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. In fact, it seemed that cytokines can also modulate the secretion of the hypopituitary-hypothalamus axis and that an important neuroendocrine-immunological role. In an attempt to understand the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced changes in the distribution and concentrations of lymphocyte subpopulations, our laboratory and others focused on cytokines and their potential roles as a link between muscle contractions and cellular immune changes..

Our research was originally driven by curiosity as to whether exercise-induced cytokines would provide a mechanistic explanation for exercise-induced immunological changes. However, the identification of skeletal muscle as a cytokine-producing organ soon led to the discovery that not only could muscle-derived cytokines explain the immune changes associated with exercise, but also that these muscle-derived cytokines played a role. in mediating reactions associated with exercise, metabolic changes, as well as post-training adaptation metabolic changes. Although there have been hundreds of studies on physical exercise and the immune system, there is little direct evidence on its connection to disease. Epidemiological evidence suggests that moderate exercise has a beneficial effect on the human immune system; an effect that is modeled on a J curve. Moderate exercise has been associated with a 29% decrease in the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), but studies of marathon runners found that their prolonged high-intensity exercise was associated with an increased risk of developing infections. However, another study found no effect. Immune cell functions are impaired after acute bouts of prolonged, high-intensity exercise, and some studies have found that athletes are at increased risk of infections. Studies have shown that intense stress over prolonged periods, such as marathon training, can suppress the immune system by lowering the concentration of lymphocytes. The immune systems of athletes and non-athletes are generally similar. Athletes may have a slightly elevated NK cell count and cytolytic action, but these are unlikely to be clinically significant.

Vitamin C supplementation has been associated with a lower incidence of upper respiratory tract infections in marathon runners.

Biomarkers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein, which are associated with chronic disease, are reduced in active compared to sedentary individuals, and the positive effects of exercise may be due to its anti-inflammatory effects. In people with heart disease, exercise interventions reduce blood levels of fibrinogen and C-reactive protein, an important marker of cardiovascular risk. Depression in the immune system after acute bouts of exercise may be one mechanism for this. anti-inflammatory effect (myokin).

Exercise induces regulatory T lymphocyte, M2 macrophage, plasmacytoid dendritic cells for the prevention and/or treatment of autoimmune diseases, induces and stimulates efferocytosis which promotes the resolution of inflammation by Cortisol, Resolvins D1, TGF-beta,etc. and also stimulates phagocytosis.

In vaccinated individuals, moderate-intensity exercise is known to increase lymphocyte migration to the site of vaccine administration through increased antigen recognition and processing; increased numbers of circulating monocytes and dendritic cells; and increased migration of cells found in the antigen sites towards the lymphoid nodules, a condition that favors the production of antibodies. For example, older women who participated in a physical education program for 12 months produced higher levels of anti-influenza antibodies (IgM and IgG) compared to sedentary women. Another study showed that elderly subjects who performed 10 months of physical exercise (25 to 30 minutes/day, 3 times/week) also demonstrated increased influenza antibody production due to physical activity. In addition to the influenza vaccine, moderate-intensity physical activity was also effective in potentiating the effects of the pneumococcal vaccine. Young adults immunized with the pneumococcal vaccine, after 15 minutes of moderate physical exercise, demonstrated increased antibody production compared to individuals who did not exercise.

Exercise induces acute stress, in turn, is recognized by immunoprotection. This is because in an alert situation (fight or flight), acute stress prepares the immune system for alterations (injury or infection) that can occur through confrontation (for example, attack by predators). As an example, acute restraint stress activated mast cells in Wistar rats. In humans, acute stress increased serum IL-6 levels and increased the activity and number of natural killer cells in the peripheral blood.

Exercise also generates immune cells in the bones (bone marrow).

A specialized type of bone progenitor cell has been identified in the bone marrow and has been shown to support the generation of immune cells called lymphocytes in response to movement.

Shen et al. have identified a population of bone cell progenitors that resides alongside blood vessels called arterioles in the bone marrow of mice and that expresses the leptin receptor (LepR) and osteonectin (Oln) proteins. Movements, such as exercise, lead to mechanical stimulation of the bones, activating the Piezo1 mechanosensitive ion channel on the surface of these LepR+Oln+ cells. This has two effects. First, it triggers cell differentiation, which leads to bone formation. Second, it leads to the expression and secretion of a signaling molecule called stem cell factor (SCF), which helps keep common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) in close proximity. Maintaining CLP populations makes them readily capable of differentiating into immune system cells called lymphocytes that can fight bacterial and viral infections.

Shen and colleagues then engineered mutant mice to lack the gene encoding SCF in Oln+ cells. The resulting lack of SCF in Oln+ cells did not affect hematopoietic stem cells or most other types of hematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow.

However, it did lead to a significant reduction in the number of a special type of hematopoietic progenitor: the common lymphoid progenitor (CLP), which gives rise to immune cells called lymphocytes.

In support of the idea that Oln + cells help to generate and maintain CLP, the authors demonstrated that Oln + and CLP cells reside together in the bone marrow. They then infected the mutant mice with a disease-causing bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes, which is usually cleared from the body by lymphocytes.

The mutant animals eliminated the pathogen much less efficiently than the controls. The animals simply did not produce enough lymphocytes to do the job, due to the reduced number of CLPs. Mechanical stimulation of bone, which occurs during exercise, is known to promote bone formation. In a final set of experiments, Shen et al. they placed mice in cages that had running wheels, and found that running led to increased numbers of Oln+ and CLP cells in the bone marrow. The group found that Oln+ cells express the Piezo1 mechanosensitive ion channel protein, and showed that CLP numbers are abnormally low in mice engineered to lack this protein. Therefore, the authors have discovered a previously unknown pathway by which exercise, sensed via the mechanosensitive protein Piezo1, triggers SCF expression in osteogenic progenitors to help maintain CLPs, thereby controlling part of the system's function. immune.

The signal induced by exercise causes cells to start dividing to create more material for bone.

Therefore, load exercises, a series of routines that combine aerobic training with strength training, would be ideal for different reasons. Not only are they recommended for maintaining weight at any age, as well as for cardiovascular and bone health, but they would also benefit from this newly identified mechanism to enhance the activity of the immune system.

These cells also secrete factors (SCF) that help create new lymphocytes.

Exercise also induces leukocytosis due to stress hormones (eg, Cortisol, Catecholamines, Adrenaline, Noradrenaline, etc.).

Cancer

Regular physical activity is recommended to reduce the risk of developing various tumors. Cytokines derived from exercise-conditioned mouse serum or electrically stimulated muscle cells can inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Exercise-dependent mobilization of natural killer cells plays a central role in reducing tumor growth, and the myokines IL-6, IL-15, catecholamines, adrenaline, and norepinephrine regulate natural killer cell maturation and redistribution. Furthermore, studies in mice support a role for exercise-induced SPARC in suppressing colon tumorigenesis by enhancing apoptosis in colon cells.

The myokine oncostatin M has been shown to inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation and the replacement of old neutrophils with new, more functional ones and limit M1 macrophage-induced inflammation and M2 macrophage (anti-inflammatory) induced increase.

Anti-inflammatory and hypertrophy of skeletal muscle

Since the first report on the production and release of proinflammatory cytokines by skeletal muscle contraction, the notion that exercise induces muscle damage and inflammation has been contested. An important paracrine function of these cytokines in muscle is to attract immune cells to control inflammatory processes and support muscle regeneration after exercise. CCL2, also known as monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and fractalkine, also known as chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 (CX3CL1), regulate the migration and infiltration of monocytes and macrophages. These factors are involved in the recruitment of macrophages and other immune cells into muscle and are important for tissue repair after injury. IL-10 and IL-1 receptor antagonist are part of the anti-inflammatory response that counteracts the function of other cytokines at multiple levels. In addition, muscle-specific overexpression of IL-10 prevents diet-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. The anti-inflammatory potential of exercise is reflected in decreased systemic concentrations of several inflammatory cytokines after training interventions, which it is particularly seen in chronic diseases that are associated with a low-grade systemic inflammatory state such as obesity and insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative disorders. The reduction in systemic levels of proinflammatory cytokines is mediated by multiple mechanisms including a reduction in visceral fat mass, increased production and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, downregulation of toll receptor signaling, a change in populations of monocytes in the blood to a less proinflammatory phenotype, and activation of regulatory T cells.

Other myokines such as IL-7 or CHI3L1 may also contribute to anti-inflammatory effects, but the specific contribution of individual myokines to the anti-inflammatory effect of exercise is difficult to disentangle due to their multiple sources and tightly interacting network.

Exercise-induced release of proinflammatory cytokines can be seen as a hormonal mechanism, that is, a beneficial response to a stress-inducing condition involved in enhancement of exercise capacity, substrate oxidation, and anti-inflammatory action. Effect of regularly performed exercise, in this regard, interfering with exercise-induced inflammation by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the acute increase in skeletal muscle protein synthesis and satellite cell activation; but studies investigating the effect of chronic NSAID use during training on gains in muscle mass or strength have shown no interference or even beneficial effect in older adults. In rodent studies, NSAID treatment generally has negative effects on muscle regeneration, muscle hypertrophy, but also on mitochondrial adaptations. These data support a role for the exercise-induced inflammatory response beyond immunomodulatory functions. The importance of cellular stress signals in the health-promoting effects of exercise is further emphasized by the adverse effects of antioxidant treatments during training, which reduce muscle mitochondrial function enhancement and insulin sensitivity, which implies the generation of reactive oxygen species as mediators of adaptations to exercise. Whether an altered myokine response is involved in the unwanted effects of NSAIDs and antioxidant treatment during exercise remains to be tested.

Factors secreted by resident or infiltrating cells in skeletal muscle

The complexity of skeletal muscle is often underestimated, and therefore previous efforts to identify factors mediating training adaptation have focused primarily on the myofiber secretome. However, in addition to syncytial myofibers, skeletal muscle harbors a variety of mononuclear cell populations, including satellite cells (SC), fibroadipogenic progenitors (FAP), macrophages, neutrophils, EC, B cells, T cells, and glial cells.

Exercise can induce changes in the ratio of these cell types, as well as affect activation, polarization, and secretory profiles. Muscle-resident mononuclear cells contribute to the skeletal muscle secretome, and adaptation to physical training may depend on coordinated communication between different cell types and muscle fibers, similar to developmental and regenerative processes.

For example, IL-13 is secreted by type 2 innate lymphoid cells in endurance exercise and induces signaling in myofibers that promotes a high-endurance oxidative phenotype. Consequently, in addition to reduced treadmill running ability at baseline, training-induced oxidative fiber type switching, improvements in mitochondrial respiration, endurance capacity, and glucose tolerance they were abolished in mice deficient for the Il13 gene.

In addition, intramuscular administration of IL-13 recapitulated resistance training-induced metabolic reprogramming and increased exercise performance.

Second, in recent years, histamine has emerged as a potentially important mediator of the exercise response, both in acute and chronic situations. In humans, histamine is released locally within exercised muscles and, although it is not entirely clear, degranulating mast cells are a likely source of post-exercise histamine. Histamine-driven alterations in skeletal muscle gene expression could represent > 25% of the transcriptome response to acute resistance exercise. Pharmacological inhibition of histamine H1 and H2 receptors during 6 weeks of interval cycling training in healthy men resulted in poor improvements in exercise capacity, glycemic control, and vascular function.

Finally, macrophage-derived growth differentiation factor 3 (GDF3) and EC-secreted lactate help in muscle regeneration after injury, which could contribute to training adaptation.

Histamine and exercise

The human response to exercise includes altered expression of thousands of protein-coding genes, and part of this response appears to be histamine-driven. Exercise (aerobic or weight-bearing) causes mast cell degranulation and histamine release within skeletal muscle tissue.

In humans, histamine is a molecular transducer of physical activity responses, and anthistamines modify more than 25% of the genes that respond to exercise.

Therefore, exercise meets the criteria for being a localized anaphylactoid reaction within exercised skeletal muscle tissue, rather than an allergic reaction, histamine released during training is a fundamental element of exercise, appears to comprise a reaction anaphylactoid and not an allergic reaction to exercise. It is given as a result of the degranulation of mast cells, as well as the novo synthesis of histamine.

Histamine has real potential to promote the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) through the upregulation of pro-angiogenic signals, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), this I refer to but it is widely known for example in the context of wound healing, vasodilation, pregnancy, or tumor growth, affects glucose availability by skeletal muscle, its uptake, and insulin sensitivity after exercise, but exerts a profound influence on the human transcriptome response to exercise by partly regulating the response respond to exercise.

Exercise and wellness

Reduces the feeling of fatigue, lowers cholesterol levels, and strengthens the blood's ability to dissolve clots that can lead to thrombosis. It is also extremely effective in psychological disorders linked to depressive emotions.

Releases endorphins, morphine-like secretions produced by the brain; endorphins dampen pain in the body and facilitate feelings of pleasure and even euphoria.

Physical exercise helps reduce the effects of aging and provides beneficial effects from the physiological, psychological and social point of view. When physical activity continues throughout life, the appearance and frequency of different chronic diseases, both physical and mental, decreases. There are no age limits to the benefits of exercise.

To improve the cardiorespiratory system, aerobic exercise is recommended. To strengthen joints and muscles, calisthenics is prescribed and, more advanced, to increase strength, exercises with apparatus and weights. For a good exercise, it is not recommended to do more than 20 minutes the first few weeks. As the body becomes a habit of physical exercise, you can add more exercise time.

Exercise and health in the workplace

In a pioneering study published in 2012 by the Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD) to verify the benefits of implementing a plan to promote sports activities for the workers of the Mahou-San Miguel company, it was observed that the 94% noted an improvement in their health and physical condition, 86% in their psychosocial state of health, 71% declared themselves more motivated and with a more positive attitude in their work, 93% noted greater personal and individual satisfaction and self-esteem, 42% reduced the consumption of medicines and 91% reported a general improvement in their health, considering it good or very good. Absenteeism also decreased, productivity increased, and social cohesion among workers. The cardiovascular profile of the participants with lower cholesterol levels improved, with an increase in HDL, an improvement in the basal glycemic index, lower blood pressure figures and a better triglyceride profile.

Contraindications of physical exercise

Although physical exercise is considered a positive and healthy phenomenon, one must consider how much physical exercise is healthy for one's health and what kind of exercise should be practiced. A rather incorrect widespread idea that one has of the practice of physical exercise, which sometimes seems to implicitly emerge from the benefits that are proclaimed at the popular level on health, is that said positive effects are produced merely by its practice, without explaining precisely what the contents, volume and intensity of said practice should be, according to the characteristics and circumstances of the individual, which are the factors that must be specified in a prescription. Simplistically, there is a belief that the more physical exercise you do, the greater the benefits in terms of health and body image. Therefore, incorrect topics have been created as a sport. Thus, physical exercise can have a series of negative effects as a counterpart, especially when it is carried out inappropriately due to imprecision regarding the type of physical exercise, volume, frequency and intensity of its performance and the objectives that we are going to achieve.

Oxidative stress

Despite the multiple benefits that physical exercise provides, it is suggested that the increase in oxygen consumption during its execution, especially high-intensity physical exercise, gives rise to the appearance of oxidative stress, there is no evidence in if this affects sports performance in the short term, however it may not necessarily have negative consequences for health in the long term, regular exercise can strengthen antioxidant defenses to deal with the same oxidative stress, and thus prevent the diseases that result from it. derive; It is being studied whether the consumption of some vitamins such as vitamin E could have some benefit in the adaptive response to exercise by antioxidant defenses.

Insomnia

Doing physical exercise in the 2-4 hours before going to sleep is not recommended, since the production of exciting hormones such as endorphins can interfere with sleep conciliation.

Over-exercising

The pressure exerted by the media and advertising on the ideal physical appearance of a person is not only reflected in eating disorders in women, such as bulimia and anorexia, but is also affecting men through a variety of disorders called "TANE" (non-specific eating disorder). These pathologies are associated with excessive exercise, which can lead to vigorexia, a mental disorder characterized by contempt for one's own body and the compulsive obsession of exercising to improve this supposed deficient appearance.