Pastuso Spanish

Pastuso Spanish is a dialect of the Spanish language spoken in southern Colombia (Nariñense highlands, southern Cauca, western Putumayo) and Ecuador (Carchi province). It corresponds to the northernmost dialect of Andean Spanish, a variety also spoken in the mountains (highlands) of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile and Northwestern Argentina.

Influence and varieties

The northernmost isogloss (limit) of Pastuso Spanish is found in the Patía River valley, although its dialect influence can also be felt in the Colombian cities of Popayán and Florencia (including the south of the Huila department), where it is mixed with Vallecaucano Spanish and Tolimense Spanish, respectively.

To the west, the limit is marked by the foothills of the Western Cordillera, which separates it from the Spanish Chocoano region of the Colombian Pacific. However, its influence is perceptible on the Nariño coast due to the Pashto colonization in the Mira and Telembí rivers.

The colonization of the Amazon foothills has also extended Pastuso Spanish to the middle and lower basin of the Putumayo River, with the easternmost isogloss located in the municipality of Puerto Leguízamo.

The southernmost isogloss is found in the valley of the Chota River, which marks the limits between the Ecuadorian provinces of Carchi and Imbabura.

In general, two subdialects can be identified within Pastuso Spanish:

• The variety of the highlands, spoken in the Andean region of Nariño, the High Putumayo, the Nude of Almaguer and the province of Carchi;
• And the variety of the lowlands, spoken in the piedemonte of Putumayo and in the Caucasus Boot.

Phonology

1. It presents sesseo, that is, as it occurs in all varieties of American Spanish, the s, z and c are pronounced as /s/: Cook and sewing They sound the same.
2. The /s/ has three main forms: laminoalveolar (common throughout America), apicodental (with perceptible elongation, similar to the interior of Mexico or Peru) and apicoalveolar (with a sound similar to that of sh).
3. The /s/ tends to sound /z/ in intervocálic position (between vowels): past ▪ Passado, return ▪ back
4. Yeism is absent, distinguishing between the sound of the letter and (/)/) and the digit ll (/λ/ o/o/post/ in some cases): Shut up. and ♪ differ in the traditional dialect.
5. The "j" is pronounced palatal or watch /x/ strong, like Mexico, Argentina or Peru, and not as the glotal or lighthouse /h/ soft of the rest of Colombia.
6. The /n/ end is alveolar and does not watch as in coastal or coastal areas.
7. The realization is common dragged of the rr and r end, mainly in rural areas. I mean it is pronounced as /řř/. This trait is considered hidden on the side of Colombia, but it is accepted in Ecuador.
8. As in central Mexico and the rest of the Andean region, some speakers tend to weaken the vocals and give greater emphasis to the consonants.
9. As it occurs in some Spanish variants, the /d/ final in the oxytonous words mainly finished in /a/ are usually encircled: Truth ▪ See, reality ▪ royalty.
10. On the contrary, the /d/ in intervocálic position is never weakened: words like: Nothing., beloved and party are pronounced clearly. Likewise the sounds /b/ and /g/ never get omitted.
11. In contrast to the dialects of the coastal areas, the /s/end of a word is never weakened.
12. In Nariño, unlike some speakers from the rest of Colombia, the /s/intervocálica never aspires or elide: us. is pronounced clearly, never nohotros.

Morphology

• The second person of the plural is Youas in all forms of Spanish in America.
• The voseo is common, although it does not enjoy prestige, becoming mixed with the tuteo as it happens in some areas of northern Argentina, You have. In its most traditional form, the voseo pastuso shows similarity with the Chilean voseo, although it does not present the elision of /s/ common in this last dialect.

• As in the Caribbean basin and unlike other Andean dialects, the diminutives are formed with the -ic and -ic ending when the last syllable of a word begins by /t/: cat ▪ gatico.
• Unlike the Ecuadorian Sierra, leism is not a widespread phenomenon.
• Just as in other American dialects, the use of the simple preterito predominates, although the composite preterito is quite widespread.
• Perhaps because of the influence of Quechua grammar, it is common to use the gerundium in exchange for the past participle, as in the expressions "I come by breakfast" or "I leave it signed" by "vine desay" or "I leave it signed", respectively.
• It is also common to use the subjunctive present in exchange for the imperfect subjunctive by recounting orders or requests made in the past, as in these expressions: "I asked him to come" for "I asked him to come".
• There are verbal peripherals of probable Quechua substrate: to boot, leave, send, give + gerundium. The latter means "to do for the benefit of someone [what the verb indicates]" and is frequently used to soften a request: "Give me the door, please."
• Also with the purpose of smoothing petitions, the future of indicative is used instead of the imperative, with the pronominal cytices posposed to the verb in the affirmative form: "lamaraslo" (you will call it + what), with the meaning of "Call it" in present or in the near future.

Lexicon

The historical isolation of the Pastos knot led to the preservation of a series of terms that have disappeared in other Spanish dialects, known as archaisms. Likewise, voices of indigenous origin have been incorporated, especially Quechua, since these territories constituted the northernmost limit of the Inca Empire. Some are typical of rural areas and are declining, while others are fully maintained. Among the common terms in the region we find:

• achichay: to express cold.
• achichucas: to express heat.
• chipped: embarrassed.
• aco: corn or wheat flour mixed with sugar.
• amarcar/mark: load, especially a child.
• tatay: to express repugnance.
• auca: child who dies without being baptized.
• Land: homosexual, clumsy, coward.
• Catch: friend.
• cachicar: carcomer.
• catiro: blond.
• changar: intertwine the legs.
• chum: drunk.
• chumbo: turkey.
• ♪: corner.
• Cocha: lagoon.
• Cueche: rainbow.
• Cool.: baby, girl or child (small).
• Cool.: place of warm weather.
• Wow.: teen or puber.
• guango: wood or other item.
• Cool.: small, low height.
• lluspir: slip.
• minacuro: firefight.
• Molo: potato pure.
• MorochoMazamorra.
• a lot.: kiss.
• Tulpa: firewood.
• puppy: navel.
• pully: person with rough hair.
• churoso/a: person with crespo or wavy hair.
• bander: go for a walk on the public road to be seen.
• machucar: press, tighten, crush.
• as: collaborator, solidarity; committal: quality of the eater.
• Dismantled: person who shows a form of unrestricted dress or a careless look.