Pamplona

Pamplona (officially Pamplona/Iruña; in Basque according to Euskaltzaindia, Iruñea) is a Spanish municipality and city, capital of Navarra.

Pamplona is located in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, and in the center of the Pamplona basin. It extends to both banks of the Arga river and two other rivers run through it, the Elorz (a tributary of the Arga) and the Sadar (a tributary of the Elorz). It has a population of 203,944 inhabitants (INE, 2020) spread over an area of 25.9 km², according to data from the municipal registry. Its metropolitan area reaches 334,830 inhabitants distributed over an area of 488.6 km².

Traditionally it has been believed that the city was founded in 74 B.C. C. by the Roman general Pompey as Pompaelo or Pompelo on a pre-existing town, of supposed Basque origin, perhaps called Bengoda, although no source classical history collects this data; Strabo does allude, without specifying details, that the foundation of Pamplona was the work of Pompey. Since then, the city would become one of the most important towns in the territory of the Basques. After the invasions of the Germanic peoples of the VI century, the Visigothic kingdom of Toledo established itself briefly in Pamplona, but maintaining continuous campaigns against the Basques. The subsequent Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the VIII century achieved the submission of the territory of Pamplona, although it did not completely dominate the Basque territory.

During the first half of the IX century, the local nobility, with the alliance of the Banu Qasi family, achieved the consolidation of a nucleus of independent power led by Íñigo Arista, who turned Pamplona into the capital of the Kingdom of Pamplona which, late in the Middle Ages, would become the Kingdom of Navarre. In 1423 Carlos III of Navarre issued the Privilege of the Union that unified the three boroughs of Pamplona into a single city. In 1512 it was occupied by the troops sent by Fernando el Católico, under the command of the Duke of Alba, although it was later recovered in 1521 by the loyalists. With the definitive defeat of the Navarrese in Noáin, it was annexed to the Hispanic Monarchy together with the peninsular part of the old kingdom. It is also considered the historical capital of Euskal Herria.

Its historical and monumental heritage, as well as various celebrations that take place throughout the year, make it a city that receives national and international tourism. The Sanfermines festival stands out, of international fame, filling its streets with thousands of foreigners from all over the world. The festivities begin with the launch of the chupinazo (rocket) from the balcony of the town hall at noon on July 6, and end at midnight on July 14 with the Poor me, a farewell song. Their worldwide fame is a recent phenomenon, also linked to the diffusion that Ernest Hemingway gave them with his novel Fiesta.

Among its most representative monuments are the Cathedral of Santa María, the Church of San Saturnino, the Church of San Nicolás, the Citadel or the Chamber of Comptos, all of them declared Assets of Cultural Interest.

It is the financial and commercial center of Navarra, in addition to also constituting the administrative center of the community because it is the headquarters of the institutions of the foral administration and of the territorial administration of the State. It is also an important center of industrial activity, specializing in the production of construction materials, metallurgy, paper and graphic arts, and meat processing. The Volkswagen automobile company, located in the Landaben industrial estate, is the industrial factory that generates the most jobs in the Pamplona basin, with a workforce of approximately 5,000 workers in 2009.

It also highlights the commercial activity, both wholesale and retail.^{[citation required]}

The city has three university centers: the University of Navarra (since 1952), the Associated Center of the National Distance Education University - UNED (since 1973) and the youngest Public University of Navarra (since 1987). The first, founded in 1987, had 7,276 students in the 2007-08 academic year and ranks as the 28th university in Spain by number of students according to the classification of the newspaper El Mundo. The second, founded in 1952, is owned by private and owned and managed by Opus Dei; In the 2007-08 academic year, it had 13,490 students and ranked 8th in Spain. In the health field, it has the Navarra Hospital Complex, made up of the public hospitals Hospital de Navarra and Hospital Virgen del Camino, and several private centers such as the San Miguel Clinic (IMQ), San Juan de Dios Hospital or the University of Navarra Clinic.

Toponymy

The place name Pamplona derives from Pompelon, a Latin name used in Ancient Roman times by classical authors such as the Greek geographer Strabo (64 BC-14), to whom we owe the oldest known reference to the city. In his work, Strabo briefly referred to Pompelon as the most important city of the Basque people, and Pompeios polis, that is, the "city of Pompey" in allusion to the name of the lineage of the Roman general Cneo Pompeyo Magnus (106-48 BC), a version that is the most commonly accepted about its meaning. In ancient and medieval works it is have used the spellings Pampejopolis, Pampelo, Pampelona, Pampilona, Pampalona, Pampelone, Pampeluna, Pampelune, Pampilo, Pamplon, Pamplona, Pompelo or Pompilone.

The traditional place name of Pamplona in Basque is Iruña which has been documented since the X century and, consequently, It is recognized as the official name of Pamplona in that language. However, the Royal Academy of the Basque Language rejects the traditional and official place name of Iruña and prefers instead the linguistic form Iruñea.

Etymologically, the linguistic forms Iruña and Iruñea are related to the root derived from the noun uri, iri/hiri, idi or ili, meaning city. Some of the spellings used in medieval and modern texts for the Basque place-name of Pamplona are: Iruña, Erunga, Ironía, Irunga, Irunia, Irunna, Irunnia, Irunpa, Orunia, Urunia, Yronia, Yrunea, Yrunia, Yruynna or Irunia . The demonyms for the Basque denomination are: iruñar, uruñar, iruindar, irunxeme or iruinxeme.

In the 17th century, chroniclers such as Father José Moret and Arnaud Oihenart pointed out that the name in Basque was that of pre-Roman settlement, although the most accepted hypothesis^{[citation required]} is the one that establishes the etymological origin of the Basque name "Iruña" from the contraction of "iru ona" (three good ones), alluding to the union of the three Burgos that until 1423 formed what from then on was a single city. Other hypotheses, based on numismatic studies, have identified this settlement with the name of "Bengoda", that of "Olcairum" or that of "Bentian".

The use of place names in Spanish and Basque are recognized by Provincial Decree 338/1990 of December 20, "by which the official names of the Capital of the Foral Community are established" in its sole article:

The official denominations of the capital of the Foral Community of Navarra are Pamplona and Iruña. Such denominations shall be legal for all purposes.

Symbols

The emblem of the city of Pamplona, a silver lion and a ducal herald crown, decorate a very common public roof

The Pamplona flag and coat of arms are its official symbols. The history of both dates back to the Privilege of the Union, the City's Founding Charter granted by King Carlos III the Noble on September 8, 1423 and which formalized the union of the three medieval towns.

Flag

The flag of Pamplona is green and has proportions of 2 to 3, with the municipal coat of arms in the center in its colors. It was declared official by the City Council in 1930, after being used for the first time in 1923, on the occasion of the fifth centenary of the Privilege of the Union. Although this document determined the use of the blue color for the city banner, the blue and white colors were used until the adoption of green, and the reasons for this change have not yet been documented.

Coat of arms

The Pamplona coat of arms has preserved the elements of the coat of arms that was granted to the city in 1423, which is distinguished by the figures of a lion in a passing position and a crown, to which were added the chains, the then emblem of the Navarrese kingdom and its sovereign. Its heraldic description is as follows:

In azur field, a silver passerby lion, lamped and armed with gules, and surmounted by a royal crown of gold. Bordura de Navarra, which is of gules, loaded with a gold chain.

The official description also refers to the use of a ducal crown, and it is usually represented in the form of a shield with a pointed outline. This coat of arms is also shared with the Colombian sister city of Pamplona, while the neighboring municipality of Arbizu uses a variant with the lion in opposite or "altered" position.

Motto

Currently the city holds the titles of Very noble, very loyal and very heroic granted by three different monarchs:

• Very noble, by Carlos III the Noble, already listed on the occasion of the promulgation of the so-called Privilege of the Union, of September 8, 1423.
• Very loyal., by Catherine I of Foix and John III of Albret, whose first reference is dated September 25, 1486, where it is mentioned as "noble and loyal" on the occasion of granting it the so-called "Privilege of the mere and mixed empire", that is, civil and criminal jurisdiction. In the New Chapters granted by Fernando the Catholic on June 12, 1513, this treatment of "noble and loyal" is also collected in the so-called Codex of the Privilege of the Union, of 1533, prepared by Fernando de Ilarregui as "Very Noble and Very Leal City of Pamplona".
• Very heroic, by Fernando VII, through Real Cédula of 18 August 1824, "in award for his faithfulness, constancy and sacrifices after the military blockade" suffered the previous year by the French army. The mention already included the triple degree: Very Noble, Very Leal and Very Heroica City of Pamplona.

Geography

View of Pamplona from Mount Ezcaba or San Cristobal

The municipality of Pamplona is located in the north of Spain, in the central area of Navarra and in the geographic environment of the Pamplona Basin, the traditional name of the region in the form of a vast circus surrounded by elevations that opens towards the south and the upper valley of the Ebro river, towards which the water network that has formed it also flows. The municipality extends over an area of 25.14 km² and borders to the north with: Berrioplano, Berriozar, Ansoáin and Ezcabarte; to the east with: Villava, Burlada, Valle de Egüés and Aranguren; to the south with: the Cendea de Galar, the Cendea de Cizur and Zizur Mayor; and to the west with Barañáin, the Cendea de Olza and Orcoyen.

Northwest: Berrioplano	North: Berriozar and Ansoáin	Northeast: Ezcabarte and Villava
West: Barañáin, Cendea de Olza and Orcoyen		This: Burlada y Valle de Egüés
Southwest: Cendea de Cizur y Zizur Mayor	South: Cendea de Galar	Sureste: Aranguren

Climate

Pamplona is located in a region of climatic transition between the Mediterranean and Atlantic types. According to the Köppen climate classification, the climate of Pamplona is oceanic of the Cfb type. During the period 1981-2010, the Pamplona airport reference station of the State Meteorological Agency (AEMET) recorded mean annual temperature values of 12.9 °C and mean rainfall of 674 mm. In that same period, the mean annual number of clear days was 59, the mean annual number of frosty days was 39, while the number of hours of sunshine was 2,240.

Average climatic parameters of Observatorio del Aeropuerto de Pamplona (municipio de Esquíroz) (459 m. n. m.) (Reference period: 1981-2010, extremes: 1953-2016 at the Pamplona observatory at 450 m. n. m.)
Month	Ene.	Feb.	Mar.	Open up.	May.	Jun.	Jul.	Ago.	Sep.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Annual
Temp. max. abs. (°C)	19.5	23.6	30.0	29.6	33.5	41.3	41.6	40.6	38.8	30.0	27.0	20.0	41.6
Average temperature (°C)	9.1	10.9	14.6	16.4	20.8	25.2	28.2	28.3	24.5	19.3	13.1	9.7	18.4
Average temperature (°C)	5.2	6.3	9.1	10.9	14.7	18.6	21.2	21.4	18.2	14.1	9.0	6.0	12.9
Temp. medium (°C)	1.2	1.6	3.7	5.3	8.6	11.9	14.2	14.5	12.0	8.9	4.8	2.2	7.4
Temp. min. abs. (°C)	-12.4	-15.2	-9.0	-2.2	-0.2	3.8	7.0	4.8	3.4	-1.0	-6.6	-14.2	-15.2
Total precipitation (mm)	77.1	69.8	63.8	74.4	60.4	56.1	32.9	48.0	63.8	68.1	85.0	72.1	770.1
Precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)	9.7	9.0	7.7	9.7	9.2	5.8	4.3	4.7	5.7	8.6	9.6	10.1	93.5
Days of snow (≥)	2.0	2.6	1.4	0.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	1.5	9.5
Hours of sun	93	125	177	185.	228	268	310	282	219	164	108	88	2240
Relative humidity (%)	78	72	66	65	63	59	57	58	62	69	76	78	67
Source: State Meteorology Agency

At the Pamplona-Airport observatory, the extreme temperature values were recorded on July 8, 1982 (+41.2 °C) and on January 12, 1985 (-16.2 °C). The maximum precipitation in one day recorded reached 107.4 L/m² on October 9, 1979.

In general, the climate of Pamplona is relatively pleasant, but being in a transition zone it has somewhat more peculiar characteristics and is more unstable and fickle. There are some very hot days during the summer that can sometimes exceed 39 °C. During the winter, there are very cold days, in which sometimes negative values of up to -15 °C have been reached in some parts of the capital. Rainfall is regular, although the most significant values are recorded between the months of October, November and December, the latter normally being the rainiest. The rains are relatively scarce during the summer, especially in mid-July and especially during the month of August. The days in which precipitation appears are usually in the form of electrical storms and showers that can reach strong and even very strong intensity on some occasions and be accompanied by hail. If we are getting closer to the winter months, the days of snow and frost are concentrated between the end of November and March, although on some occasions snowfalls have been recorded in the month of May. The north wind, the north wind, and the south wind, are the typical winds of the area. Although days of weak and calm winds predominate, there are days when significant gusts can be reached.

Relief

Mount Ezcaba or San Cristobal, elevation of 895 msnm.

The geophysical environment of the city is that of the wide Pamplona Basin, shaped by erosion and surrounded by a mountainous belt where spacious gently undulating valleys open up, such as those of Aranguren, Juslapeña or Valle de Egüés. Among the series of elevations close to the city are Mount San Cristóbal or Ezcaba (895 m a.s.l.), Mendurro (935 m a.s.l.), Sollaundi (854 m a.s.l.), and Larragueta (662 m a.s.l.). The fluvial sedimentation regime has given rise to a system of terraces and gentle slopes or glacis in the middle course of the rivers of the basin and it is precisely, on a terrace of the Arga river of Quaternary origin formed by conglomerates, where the city is located.. The soil is of the allochthonous type, where the boulders that denote the fluvial origin are mainly sandstone, limestone, quartzite and ophites. These sediments accumulate on Biarritzian or tafa marls, formed in the Middle Eocene of the Tertiary Era.

Hydrography

The Arga River at your pass through Pamplona

The hydrographic network in which Pamplona is located is made up of a main river, the Arga, whose basin delimits the hydrological transition between the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains. Its flow, of the oceanic or Atlantic pluvial type, undergoes seasonal variations with high flows in March and April, a consequence of melting snow. In the neighborhoods of Arrotxapea and Txantrea, the river forms small meanders as it passes, and whose banks have traditionally been used for horticultural crops. The Elorz and Sadar rivers also flow through the municipality of Pamplona. The city has an irrigation system through streams, gullies or small ditches, through which the water is conducted to the orchards and gardens, such as those called "Santa Lucía", "San Macario", "Lezkairu", "Garitón de Ripalda" or that of "Municipal Nurseries".

Flora

Biogeographically, the city is located in the Navarro-Alavés district of the European Atlantic province, in the Eurosiberian Region. Regarding the bioclimate, the entire region belongs to the lower subtemperate bioclimatic zone of humid ombroclimate where the potential vegetation corresponds to Quercus pubescens oak groves, especially in the form of transition series between beech groves and Quercus pubescens oak groves. >Quercus pyrenaica. However, the landscape has suffered great alterations due to human action (anthropism). In the plains and depressions there are areas for orchard and intensive cultivation, surrounded by pastures and bushes and specific examples of Ulmus minor corresponding to the original vegetation. The agricultural areas of the municipality include 611 hectares dedicated to intensive work, 124 to orchards and irrigated herbaceous crops, and smaller extensions to meadows, broad-leaved, gall oaks, pastures and conifers.

In 2009, Pamplona had 144,000 trees, of which 26,000 are in parks and gardens, 25,500 in urban areas and more than 92,000 distributed throughout the municipal area. In total, its council manages 479.56 hectares of green area.

The most numerous ornamental tree species are: the plane tree; the platanoides, negundo, country, real and pseudoplatano maples; the excelsior and angustifolia ash trees; the horse chestnut; hackberry; the poplar; the cypress; the white, black and trembling aspens; elm and Caucasian elm; the Japanese ginkgo biloba; the tulip tree; the cedars of the Atlas and Lebanon; the weeping willow; fir and false fir; and the silver lime.

Wildlife

Common Comadreja (Common Comadreja)Mustela nivalis)

Its geographical situation is favorable for mammals as it is surrounded by mountains and has a river that runs through it. In the non-urban areas of the municipality you can find a wide variety of mammals such as weasels, martens, genets, European mink, otters, badgers, foxes, and wild boars have even been detected in the urban center itself. At night, the animals of the mountain go down to the city looking for the river bank. As for birds, there are 94 different species registered that inhabit parks and buildings in the city. The most frequent are the blackbird, the magpie, the black starling, the house sparrow, the wagtail and the rock pigeon.

Environment

One of the causes of air pollution in the city is road traffic. The dispersion of pollutants is, in general, good, but since the wind speed is normally low it reduces their horizontal dispersion, tending to accumulate the pollutants generated in the urban core. The contamination is below the levels recommended by the latest directives of the European Union and the World Health Organization and the levels of contamination have been decreasing between 1990 and 1999.

Agenda 21

The Agenda 21 program is designed to improve the environment and sustainable development in cities. The City Council assumed the realization of its own Agenda 21.

Climogram of Pamplona. Airport observatory data

Sustainability indicators

The 21 sustainability indicators are classified into four categories: social, economic, environmental and institutional, and 12 thematic areas. The following indicators are included in the environmental category:

• Uses of the territory. Mobility and transport. Natural resources. Waste. Atmospheric pollution. Global sustainability. Environmental education:.

Demographics

Pamplona is the most populous city in Navarre, with a population in 2017 of 197,138 inhabitants. The metropolitan area of Pamplona, made up of eighteen municipalities, had a total population of 334,830 inhabitants, which places it among the 25 most populous agglomerations in Spain. The distribution of the population pyramid by sex and age registers 94,588 men (48% of the total) and 102,687 women (52%). 48% of the population is under forty years of age, those under twenty years of age account for 18% of the total, while those over sixty years of age are 24%. Therefore, where the largest percentage of the population is concentrated is in the section between 20-40 years, which amounts to 31%. This structure, typical of the modern demographic regime, presents an evolution towards the progressive aging of the population, aggravated by the decrease in the annual birth rate.

The evolution of the demographic growth of Pamplona, exponential between 1920 and 1980, practically doubled the population between 1960 and 1980, slowing down from then until the beginning of the century XXI. Between 2001 and 2008, the demographic rise and immigration raised the percentage of the population with foreign nationality to 11.83% of the total population (23,343 people), a value situated in the national average. The nationalities with the largest number of residents are Ecuadorian (4,078 people), Bolivian (2,256 people), Bulgarian (2,362 people) and Romanian (1,524 people).

Graphic of demographic evolution of Pamplona between 1900 and 2017

Population of Law (1900-1991) or resident population (2001) according to population censuses of the INE. Population according to the 2017 municipal plan of the INE.

History

The conditions of its basin have favored human settlement since the beginning of time. The finds of lithic industry (stone tools) that have been made on the terraces of the Arga River bear witness to the human occupation of these lands 75,000 years ago. During the excavation in the years 2001-2003 of the Plaza del Castillo, a menhir was found that has not been dated.

About the first millennium BC, in the current city of Pamplona there was a Basque town that, according to some, already received the name Iruña. It has also been considered and is more Probably, that the denomination Bengoda is Basque and that it corresponded to the current Pamplona, capital of the Basque territory. This territory minted its own coin, on the back of which appeared the legend Bascunes or Barscunes and on the obverse, although not always, that of Bengoda which, according to the historian and numismatist Antonio Beltrán Martínez, corresponded to the mint and capital of the Basques. Chronologically they could correspond to the second half of the II century a. C. or at I a. C..

The foundation of Pompaelo

Partial view of the Citadel

Under the rule of the Roman Republic, in the year 75 B.C. C. the general Cneo Pompeyo Magno converted the town of Bengoda into the civitas of Pompaelo. This small city, built by Roman legionaries, was built according to the Roman urban model and served as a strategic link between the peninsula and Europe.

The characteristics of the land where Bengoda was located were favorable for the establishment of a population of greater rank. Located at a certain height and surrounded by the river Arga, it allowed easy defense with the only obligation to build a section of walls on one of its flanks. The fertile lands that surrounded Pompaelo allowed a series of valuable resources to be obtained and its location in the passage between the peninsula and the rest of the continent made it a strategic enclave.

The urban layout of the civitas was typical Roman, with the forum in the middle of the urban framework. It had baths and other services that were destroyed despite the citizen mobilization.

Pompaelo became the main city of the Basques as mentioned by Strabo:

...after, above Lacetania, towards the North, is the nation of the Basques, which has as its main city Pompelon.

Relations between the Basques and the Romans were good, and there was a client relationship between Pompey and a Basque chief, as confirmed by the fact that nine people from the Basque city of Segia received Roman citizenship from Gnaeus Pompey Strabo, father of Pompey the Great, the year 90 B.C. C., as a reward for his help in the capture of Ausculum (in the Piceno) during the Italian war, also called the Marsic War.

Middle Ages

Chamber of Comptos of Navarre, example of civil Gothic architecture

Remains of the medieval wall of San Cernin village, partially destroyed by an underground car park

In the V century the Roman power is replaced by the Visigoths, but the Visigoths, unlike the Romans, did not They reached a good relationship with the Basques. The city was the episcopal seat of the Visigothic church, and Visigoths resided in it due to the necropolises of the time that have been found. The bad relationship between the Basques and the Visigoths has given rise to a certain controversy about their presence in the city.

When the Muslims arrived in 711, King Rodrigo was fighting the Basques in Pamplona and in less than five years the Arab and Berber troops reached the city, subduing it through a compromise between the commanders of the Umayyad Caliphate and city representatives. Cordoba's domination lasted intermittently until 806, when it fell under Frankish influence, replaced soon after by the native Basque forces led by Íñigo Arista (circa 814) and the essential support of the Banu Qasi of Tudela.

The Kingdom of Pamplona

After the Muslim conquest of the Visigothic domains and subsequent raids by Carolingian troops in 778, 806, 812 and 824, in the IX, Pamplona was consolidated within an emerging Christian nucleus with close dynastic and regional ties with the Banu Qasi, which gave rise to the creation of the Kingdom of Pamplona. This kingdom had as its first leader Íñigo Arista (c. 816-851) of the Arista-Íñiga dynasty who was succeeded in the year 905 by the Jimena dynasty. The kingdom would be renamed in the XII century, during the reign of Sancho VI the Wise, Kingdom of Navarre. During the X century, new settlers settled in the city, mainly Franks.

The Episcopal Lord of Pamplona

the term Iruña

Over these centuries, the use of the place name Iruña in the royal and ecclesiastical documentation of the diocese of Pamplona gained strength within the context of «the progressive definition of spaces of royal sovereignty and their distinction with respect to the legal status of the old civitas of Pamplona, seat of the bishop, who was also temporary lord of the city." In effect, it was the bishop of Pamplona, and not the king, who owned property the lordship of Pamplona. This will be especially so, when the Aragonese monarch Sancho Ramírez, grandson of Sancho el Mayor and new "king of the Pamploneses" since 1076, will initiate the ecclesiastical reform that will entail the entry of Pedro de Roda and the confirmation of episcopal prerogatives such as direct patrimony. of the cathedral seat that included the episcopal city itself and its term.

This was intended to "designate the episcopal city and the seat of the bishop (Santa María de Iruña), while the name of Pamplona tended to be reserved to allude to the kingdom." In 1162, when Sancho VI the Wise adopted the coronym of Navarre as the name of the kingdom, "the problematic polysemy of Pamplona" was overcome, which could be reserved to refer to the headquarters and the city ruled by the bishop.

War of the Navarre

In the context of repopulation and settlement of the territories, Occitan francs from areas surrounding Toulouse (also called bourgeois and dedicated to trade and crafts). This policy became more popular under the Aragonese monarchs Sancho Ramírez, Pedro I and Alfonso I. In the space occupied by the current Pamplona, there are mainly three population centers, usually and popularly called burgos, with some characteristics economic, social and cultural characteristic of each one of them.

La Navarrería, is located in the original space of the city and was inhabited mainly by farmers; San Cernin in the west of the city, where the Franks who arrived from the French Midi and San Nicolás settled, who emerged in the 12th century around a new parish built with Franks, all of them with their own administration and privileges, on land that had initially been ceded by the bishop.

The Franks or bourgeois received royal privileges in 1129 that separated them even more than they were from the native inhabitants of Navarrería and San Miguel. This town received the same charter in 1189.

Navarre coin of the time of Carlos I of Spain and V of Germany of the Pamplona ceca (1516-1566). Reverse: SIT NOMEN DOM, around a N between 4 points. Reverso: PLVS VLTRA, P between columns

The differences between the burgos became apparent when the Cortes of Navarre attempted an alliance with the Crown of Aragon to counteract the lack of compliance with the uses and customs of the French dynasties (first the Champagne house and then the Capeta)., repeatedly denounced by the persecuted Juntas de Infanzones de Obanos. A part of the nobility, with the leader García Almoravid, and the Navarrería preferred an alliance with the Castilian crown. The Castilians invaded part of the kingdom and the dissensions between Navarrería and the Frankish towns increased. Governor Eustache Beaumarchais appointed by Felipe III of France, tutor of Queen Juana I of Navarre, requested reinforcements of French troops. The confrontations of the Navarrería war would culminate in its destruction and massacre of its population in September 1276 by French troops, to later control the rest of the kingdom. This land was completely abandoned for almost fifty years.

Later, when they were repopulated, clashes occurred again, until the disputes were settled after the proclamation of the Privilege of the Union by King Carlos III "el Noble" in 1423, unifying the city and destroying the walls that separated the Burgos. The reform, in which the construction of any interior fortification is prohibited, is completed with the design of a new coat of arms for the city, a town hall and the construction of the Jewish quarter.

In 1451, a civil war broke out when the king consort of Navarra Juan II of Aragón usurped the crown that corresponded to Carlos de Viana, when Queen Blanca died. In this war, which was not bloody but was costly, Pamplona was in favor of the Beaumontés side that defended the legitimacy of the Prince of Viana.

Black face

While Pamplona was devastated by the Plague of Marseille, a bishop dreamed that if every year he celebrated a procession on the days of the five sores, God would rid them of the disease. All the citizens of Pamplona promised it, and the Plague disappeared, since then a procession has been held in those days, also for a time the five wounds of Christ were on the coat of arms of Pamplona.^{[citation required]}

Modern Age

Baluarte del Redín de las Murallas de Pamplona centuryXVI

The economic distribution of the people of Pamplona at the beginning of the XVIII century was the traditional one for a city of that time: a quarter of its inhabitants were dedicated to agriculture and livestock, a third were artisans and another good part of them belonged to the aristocracy and the clergy. There was a cloth factory, another paper factory and a gunpowder mill among other industries.

Starting in 1750, the city was modernized, a new town hall and drinking water and sanitation services were built, as well as a new façade for the cathedral, this time in neoclassical style.

During the War of the Convention, in 1794, the city was surrounded by the French army, which was unable to enter it. The defense was led by General Martín Álvarez de Sotomayor.

In 1808 Napoleon's troops controlled Pamplona from February, and made the city one of its main squares, keeping it in their power until October 31, 1813. In 1814 the first pronunciamiento liberal headed by Francisco Espoz y Mina who failed. In 1823 it also suffered bombardments by the army of the Hundred Thousand Sons of San Luis.

Contemporary Age

View of Pamplona in the second half of the century XIX

The War of Independence gave way to a liberal period that modified the State, abandoning the old traditions and privileges. The opposition to these new ideas takes the form of the struggle between liberals (Elizabethan) and traditionalists (Carlists). Navarra, where the statutory roots are very strong and heartfelt, mostly opted for the Carlist side, defenders of absolutism and the statutory regime. However, in Pamplona the predominance is liberal. The defeat of the Carlists in the different Carlist Wars is reflected in an effective reduction of the foral regime in 1841 with the reform of the fueros (Law of Modification of Fueros de Navarra), in the which the Pamplona bourgeoisie and the official bureaucracy obtain some space for their ideas. In 1845 the Plaza de la Cruz Institute was created.

The central government pursued a reduction in Navarra's fiscal autonomy, producing a popular rebellion in defense of the fueros in 1893, called Gamazada, with a large demonstration in Pamplona among other acts. In memory of this foral defense movement, the Monument to the Fueros was built in 1903 by popular subscription in front of the Palacio de Navarra in the center of the city and which is still not inaugurated to this day.

View of Pamplona in a watercolor of Edgar T. A. Wigram published (Northern Spain1906)

At the end of the XIX century, in the year 1888, the urban expansion of the city began with the design of the First Ensanche, which is carried out between the city and the Citadel with the demolition of two of its bastions, in which the most relevant local architects participate. This expansion would not manage to break the wall fence, which remained erect until 1915, since the city was considered a "stronghold". The fact that the walls remained standing for so long caused the city to grow vertically, which is why many old buildings have a relatively high height compared to buildings from the same period and from other cities.

After a long negotiation with the military and given the uselessness of the walls in modern warfare, in 1901, by means of a Royal Order, the demolition of the southern walls of the city and their subsequent urbanization were established. In 1915 the demolition of the walls began that would allow the construction of the Second Ensanche that opened to the south, with new streets, raised with a rigorous scheme, in the manner of the one applied by Cerdá in the Barcelona Ensanche carried out in the previous century..

The Second Spanish Republic

Republican Shield of the City of Pamplona in the Bullring

In the municipal elections of April 12, 1931, which led to the Second Republic, in Pamplona the Catholic-Fuerista Coalition triumphed with 17 councilors against the Republican-Socialist candidates with 12. In Pamplona they were repeated on April 31 May after the Republican-Socialist challenge, with victory for these with 15 councilors against 14 councilors from the right. The mayoralty was first held by Mariano Ansó of the Navarro Autonomous Republican Party and later by Nicasio Garbayo, of Acción Republicana. Starting in August 1934, it was the Carlist Tomás Mata who occupied it, since he kept it during the Civil War and until 1940.

Since 1932 the requetés began to act provoking armed confrontations in the streets of Pamplona and its region. These relevant actions were led by traditionalist militants, such as Silvano Cervantes, Mario Ozcoidi and Jaime del Burgo (father of Jaime Ignacio del Burgo).

The Civil War (1936-1939)

Detail of the impact of shrapnel in the Palacio de la Diputación by the bombs dropped in November 1937

After the victory of the Popular Front in the general elections of February 1936, General Mola was assigned to Pamplona as military governor from Morocco. This transfer occurred as an attempt to separate certain military commanders who were suspected of not being loyal to the Republican government.

The results of the February elections in Pamplona were clearly in favor of the right-wing forces. The right-wing block, of which the Carlists were a part, obtained 11,963 votes, while the left-wing block remained at 2,416, the same number as those obtained by the Basque nationalists.

The conspiracy against the government just after the polls began to take shape in the city. The then director of the newspaper Diario de Navarra, Raimundo García García, known as "Garcilaso", mediated between General Mola and the Carlist groups, the requetés.

On the afternoon of July 17, 1936, the coup against the government of the Republic in Africa took place. In the city, where a good part of the operation had been forged, he was supported by the right-wing forces and triumphed without problems, with the exception of some altercations in its streets. On the afternoon of the 18th, the commander of the Civil Guard in Navarra, José Rodríguez-Medel Briones, after arguing with General Mola for remaining loyal to the Republic, was assassinated by one of his subordinates, thus annulling any possible resistance to the uprising.

Plaque in the Puerta del Socorro de la ciudadela de Pamplona in memory of the shots in this place, placed on November 24, 2007

Thus, the insurgents impose their order in the city by making public the proclamation, which had previously been printed in the Diario de Navarra presses, and proceeding to confiscate properties of parties and political groups opposed to the uprising and to carry out executions, by firing squad, of people who in the eyes of the rebels were not trustworthy, which were carried out in the back of the citadel and lasted from the beginning of the military uprising until after the end of the war. 303 people were shot in the city, including six who had been councilors: Florencio Alfaro Zabalegui, Gregorio Angulo Martinena, Corpus Dorronsoro Arteta, Victorino García Enciso, Mariano Sáez Morilla and Ignacio Sampedro Chocolonea.

Fort San Cristóbal, located on the top of Mount Ezcaba and close to the city, was converted into a prison during the Republic and continued to be so during the war under the control of the troops of the rebellious side. On May 22, 1938, one of the largest escapes in world history took place at the fort, with 795 prisoners fleeing out of the 2,487 incarcerated. Only three of them managed to escape and cross the border with France, while 211 fell under the bullets of Franco's soldiers and the rest were recaptured. Of those arrested, 14 were sentenced to death and shot on September 8, 1938 next to the Citadel of Pamplona.

The Franquist Dictatorship

Monument to the Falls

As in the rest of Spain, the main streets of the city are renamed in honor of the "heroes" of the victors, becoming called Avenida del General Franco, Mártires de la Patria, General Mola... In addition, it is erects the Monument to the Fallen, designed by the architects José Yárnoz and Víctor Eusa and officially called «Navarra to its dead in the crusade», the one where the coup generals Mola and Sanjurjo were buried until November 2016, and homage is paid to the deceased of the rebel troops. Good relations with the Catholic Church, still in that phase of the regime, make it easier for the City Council to cede the necessary land for the construction of the University of Navarra and the University Clinic of Navarra, which had a great impact on the economy of the city and also had a social influence on its population.

However, the City Hall in Pamplona in this period is unique compared to Spain. Franco's recognition of the Navarrese foral regime led to the city being managed by several "social mayors" (in which Urmeneta stood out) who promoted citizen participation, sometimes confronting the regime. At the same time, important strikes took place in the city that began in 1951, and which in the 1960s and 1970s led to the greatest social unrest in all of Spain.

In a short time, the city doubled in population, going from about 72,000 inhabitants in 1950 to 147,000 in 1970. It was the time of the Spanish economic miracle (1959-1973). In the development period, the Landaben industrial estate was promoted and built in Pamplona, which was contemplated in 1964 in the Industrial Promotion Plan of the Navarra Provincial Council. The industrial estate brought with it a change in the economic relations of the city, which until then had been based on commercial, rural and service activities with a merely artisanal industrial activity.

The Transition

This memorial to Germán Rodríguez and the events of the 1978 Sanfermines

With the death of Franco in 1975, a process began to convert the Franco dictatorship into a democratic system similar to other European countries. The territorial issue is one of the main issues that should be organized. Some political forces considered that the Basque Country and Navarra should be organized in a single autonomy, even in an independent State, with Pamplona as the capital. mayor Javier Erice, and in 1977 he raised the ikurriña on his balcony, which led to the resignation of several councilors.

At that time, in the city, as in the rest of Spain, riots took place in its streets, some attacks by ETA and violent actions by the extreme right, sometimes protected by the State. They stand out in In Pamplona, the virulence of the pro-amnesty week of May 1977, with two deaths out of the seven in the Basque Country and Navarra and, especially, the 1978 Sanfermines. The political change of the Socialist Party of Navarra, in which he abandoned Unity with the Basque Country and commitment to Navarre's autonomous development, with the Improvement of the Jurisdiction in 1982, marked a significant change in the future of Navarra.

Among the ETA attacks carried out in Pamplona, the murder in 1998 of Tomás Caballero stands out, who was mayor of the city at the beginning of the transition and who at that time was a councilor for the Union of the Navarro People. XXI the City Council creates a General Directorate that develops actions to honor the memory of the 27 victims of ETA in the city.

Despite everything, it developed as a service and industrial city, head of the «old kingdom of Navarra», achieving one of the highest development quotas in Spain.

CenturyXXI

Night view of the Baluarte

Currently, after the transition to industrial society, it presents itself as a medium-sized city that divides its activity between industry and services, highlighting the excessive dependence on the automobile sector, around the Volkswagen factory.

At the beginning of the XXI century, it had around 200,000 inhabitants and was located in the center of an area of influence of 360 000 inhabitants. The conversion of the old military zones located in the center of the city into public parks and green areas and the adaptation of recreational spaces to the outskirts have made Pamplona the Spanish city with the most green areas per inhabitant and the sixth in the European Union of the 27. The urban, technological, economic, social and cultural growth that occurs in the city means that it has a high rate of social services, educational and health services, spaces dedicated to leisure, industrial activity poles or communications. The modernization process has numerous milestones, such as the inauguration in 2003 of the Palacio de Congresos y Auditorio de Navarra, the start-up of various cultural civic centers (known under the "Civivox" brand) in different neighborhoods of the city, as well as an important boost to communications that began on November 9, 2007 with the new bus station, the expansion plans for the Pamplona airport and the future connection to the high-speed rail network through a connection with the Basque Y and the Ebro axis. On the other hand, Pamplona ran as a Spanish candidate for the European Capital of Culture in 2016, the year in which a Spanish city and a Polish city will share the capital, although it did not make it among the six finalists.

Urbanism

Panoramic view of the neighborhoods of northern Pamplona: Rochapea and Chantrea together with the town of Ansoáin with Mount Ezcaba or San Cristobal in the background, seen from the viewpoint of the Redín

It presents a great contrast between the modern city, which has numerous gardens and large avenues, and its old town and part of the fortification made in modern times, which is still preserved; It shows small alleys and old buildings.

The first vestiges of the city date back to the time of the Romans, who created a settlement next to a Vascon settlement. During the Middle Ages, the three boroughs of Pamplona were formed: Navarrería, San Cernin and San Nicolás, with a Frankish population.

These villages would remain like this for a long time, and on many occasions they faced each other, reaching the complete destruction of Navarrería in 1276, in the War of Navarrería. This problem was solved with the union of the three boroughs under the Privilege of the Union in 1423. What were previously moats became streets. In this way, Pamplona would be configured again for a long time.

During the XIX century its population increased; however, it could not be extended as was the case in most cities of the time. The military control of the city made it impossible to tear down the walls or build in the surroundings. For this reason, new housing floors are built on top of old houses, giving some tall buildings in the old town and causing overcrowding of its population. With the Confiscation of Mendizábal, spaces are used, before convents or churches to build. There was only one neighborhood outside the walls, La Rochapea, which was somewhat remote and had certain building standards, such as that they should not exceed 10 meters in height and that they were made of less resistant construction materials such as brick.

In the second half of the XIX century its town hall asked to open the walls to be able to grow and not continue living in situations of insalubrity. After negotiation, the Army agreed to demolish two of the Citadel's bastions in 1884 without demolishing the outer walls, to build the First Expansion, where the infantry barracks were also built (land was also ceded for more barracks in Aizoáin, in the proximities) and some six blocks of buildings for the bourgeoisie, which did not alleviate the housing deficit. Finally well into the XX century, in 1915 the south wall was demolished and construction of the Second Expansion began, similar to that of Barcelona, with square blocks and straight streets.

Second Ensanche Plan

From the 1950s, and as a consequence of the industrialization that began in the area, an urban expansion took place that originated the construction of neighborhoods to accommodate the flood of workers with their families who came from towns in the region and other areas of Spain. The growth outside the walls, with the Txantrea neighborhoods, at the foot of the city, on the other side of the river; from Arrotxapea and from San Jorge/Sanduzelai and from La Milagrosa/Arrosadia, on the southern flank, Abejeras and Etxabakoitz are examples of this expansive period. Subsequently, the residential neighborhoods of San Juan/Donibane (1960-1970), Iturrama, Ermitagaña (1970-1980) and Mendebaldea (1980-1990) were built. At the same time, other neighborhoods such as Etxabakoitz and Azpilagaña arose, to complete the extension of the municipal term in 1998 with the incorporation of Mendillorri. Currently the urban fabric is expanding into new developments, such as Ezcaba, Buztintxuri and Lezkairu.

In 2009, two new urbanization plans were developed in Pamplona in addition to those of other municipalities in the metropolitan area: Lezkairu, located behind the Segundo Ensanche, which aims to imitate its shapes (square blocks); and Etxabakoitz, next to Zizur Mayor/Zizur Nagusia, which is the location chosen to house the future TAV station in the capital. A large 21 ha park is also planned in Aranzadi, one of the meanders of the Arga river.

The old walled city already extends over the Arga river basin and forms with the neighboring municipalities an urban continuum that is home to approximately 335,000 inhabitants: more than half the population of the Foral Community.

Administration and politics

Navarre Parliament Building

Capital

The city of Pamplona is the capital of the Foral Community of Navarra, therefore it is the seat of the Government of Navarra, all its departments and its Parliament. The Government Delegation and all the provincial and regional delegations are located on the part of the Government of Spain.

Municipal government

The political administration of the city is carried out through a democratically managed City Council whose members are elected every four years by universal suffrage. The electoral census is made up of all registered residents over the age of 18 and nationals of Spain and other member countries of the European Union. According to the provisions of the General Electoral Regime Law, which establishes the number of eligible councilors based on the population of the municipality, the municipal corporation is made up of 27 councilors. The headquarters of the City Council is located in the Plaza Consistorial, in the old town.

City of Pamplona

In the 2015 municipal elections, Unión del Pueblo Navarro (UPN) obtained 30.99% of the votes and 10 councilors followed by Euskal Herria Bildu (EH Bildu) that obtained 16.62% of the votes and 5 the same councilors who obtained Geroa Bai with 15.74%. The rest of the formations that participated in the elections and obtained representation: Socialist Party of Navarra-PSOE (PSN-PSOE) 10.04% and 3 councilors, Aranzadi Iruña 9.50% and 3 councilors and Izquierda-Ezkerra (integrated coalition for Izquierda Unida de Navarra and Batzarre) 5.70% and 1 councillor.

EH Bildu candidate Joseba Asirón was elected mayor in the constituent plenary held on June 13, 2015 where He got 14 of the 27 votes cast by the elected councillors: 5 from his formation, EH Bildu, 5 from Geroa Bai, 3 from Aranzadi Iruña and 1 from Izquierda-Ezkerra. The other candidates were Enrique Maya from UPN who added the 10 of his formation and Maite Esporrín (PSN-PSOE) who got the 3 of his formation.

In the 2019 municipal elections, UPN, Ciudadanos and PP presented themselves together under the Navarra Suma (NA+) brand, which was the winner, obtaining 40.58% of the votes. In the constitutive session of the City Council held on June 15, 2019, the Navarra Suma candidate, Enrique Maya, obtained the support of the 13 NA+ councilors and regained the mayoralty for being the force with the most votes; Joseba Asiron, for his part, had the support of the 7 councilors of EH Bildu and the 2 of Geroa Bai; the 5 PSN councilors supported their candidate, Maite Esporrín.

Municipal budgets

To ensure its operation, the Pamplona City Council has approved the following budget:

The consolidated budget of expenses of the City of Pamplona for the year 2009, made up of the budget of the City Council itself, that of the Autonomous Agencies (Gerencia de Urbanismo y Escuelas Infantiles) and for the forecasts of the public companies fully participated by the City Council (Pamplona Centro Histórico, SA, Comiruña, SA and ASIMEC, SA), amounts to a total of 299,11,355 euros, after making the adjustments for internal operations indicated.

Municipal plenary

The municipal plenary session constitutes the body with the highest political representation of citizens in the municipal government, it has, among other powers, the approval of Municipal Ordinances, municipal budgets, urban planning plans, and the control and inspection of the bodies of government". The Plenary is convened and chaired by the mayoress, and is made up of the 27 councilors of the City Council. Ordinary sessions are held twice a month in the Plenary Hall of the Town Hall.

Municipal areas

Old Town Plane

The municipal executive management is organized by thirteen government areas headed by a councilor from the government team. Each government area has several delegations based on the powers assigned to it and which vary from one municipal government to another.

• Social welfare and sport, trade and tourism, urban conservation, culture, sustainable development, education and youth, local finance, mobility, citizen participation and new technologies, presidency, strategic projects, citizen security and urbanism and housing

Barrios

Barrio de La Milagrosa

With the aim of improving the quality of the services that the City Council provides to the city and facilitating citizen participation, it is divided into neighborhoods that differ both in their geographical expansion and in their population. These currently (2009) are:

• Azpilagaña. Etxabakoitz. Ermitagaña-Mendebaldea. Iturrama.Txantrea. Arrotxapea. San Jorge/Sanduzelai. San Juan/Donibane. Ensanche I. Ensanche II. Mendillorri. Casco Antiguo/Aldea Zaharra. Miraculous / Arrosadia. Buztintxuri-Euntzetxiki. Ezkaba. Lezkairu.

Metropolitan Area

Metropolitan Area of Pamplona

At the same time that the city developed in the second half of the XX century, the small surrounding municipalities, up to Then dedicated to the fields, they suddenly become the place of residence for the new industrial population. The metropolitan area that is delimited by the geographical scope of the Pamplona Basin is made up of 23 municipalities. Its population in 2009 was 334,830 inhabitants, with an area of 488.6 km². There is an organization called the Commonwealth of the Region of Pamplona that brings together most of these municipalities and has powers over the management of various services such as: urban public transport, water management and urban waste.

Justice

In Pamplona is the headquarters of the Superior Court of Justice of Navarra, the Provincial Court, and the Judicial District No. 4 of Navarra with a demarcation of 87 towns in the area. All judicial dependencies are located in the San Juan neighborhood on calle San Roque, 4, and make up the following judicial bodies:

• High Court of Justice of Navarra: President. Civil-Penal Room. Dispute Chamber. Social Chamber.
• Provincial High Court: President. Civil-Penal: 3.
• Judged

Economy

Per capita income

The per capita income data available refers to that of the Foral Community of Navarra as a whole and may be indicative of the per capita income that the people of Pamplona may have. In 2008, the per capita income of Navarrese amounted to 30,614 euros, well above the national average, which stood at 24,020 euros, and the average for the European Union of the twenty-seven, which reached 25,100 euros in that year..

Employment

Navarro Employment Service

In the period between 1996 and 2007, the unemployment rate registered in Pamplona has been around 5%, so it can be considered as technical unemployment. However, as a result of the global economic crisis unleashed in 2008, the unemployment rate in the Foral Community of Navarra in the second quarter of 2010, is 10.96% according to the Active Population Survey. This strike has affected immigrants the most.

Agriculture

It has orchards a few meters from the urban area, especially in the meanders of the Arga river known as Aranzadi, Magdalena. The main vegetables grown are chicory, cardoons, endives, green peppers, borage, leeks, cabbage, chard, lettuce, onions, spinach, green beans, tomatoes, potatoes, radishes and broad beans.

Industry

In the municipal term there are two industrial estates where most of the existing industries are located. One of them is the Agustinos Industrial Estate and the other the Landaben Industrial Estate. The automobile company Volkswagen, located in the Landaben industrial estate, is the industry that generates the most jobs in the Pamplona basin in 2009, with a workforce of approximately 5,000 workers.

In 1957, the Pamplona City Council approved the General Urban Planning Plan which, together with the Navarra Industrial Promotion Plan (PPI), initiated by the Navarra Provincial Council in 1964, has allowed the transition from an agricultural area to a technologically advanced industrial space. In the capital and its metropolitan area, they occupy almost 50% of industrial employment in Navarra. Almost all are small and medium-sized companies. By sectors, metallurgy stands out and within it the automotive and metal transformation subsectors, fashion, together with food and paper and graphic arts, the main exponent of the activity in the area, which also includes steel, mechanics, electronics, material electrical, agricultural machinery, chemical, pharmaceutical, rubber, textile, artificial fibers, leather, wood, construction material, etc.

In recent years, many industries have moved from the capital to its periphery. These decentralizing pushes are motivated by the search for industrial land that is more suitable for new needs. Between 1982 and 1990 all industrial sectors lost jobs in the capital, while the metal, food and construction sectors gained jobs in the periphery. This is also supported by a growing specialization of Pamplona in services.

Services

Avenida Carlos III, important center of Pamplona trade

The tertiary sector has played a fundamental role, which lost importance with the strong industrialization of the city in the sixties, especially since the process of agrarian modernization of the city. After the industrial crisis, the tertiary sector once again clearly dominated urban activities. Among the services, the following stand out: Commerce, Banking and Tourism.

Trade

Old Town Zapatería Street, where trade has traditionally been established

By neighborhoods, the Eixample, with 26.7% of the establishments, and the old town, with 18% are the areas with the highest concentration, followed by Iturrama, San Juan and in third place the neighborhoods of La Rochapea and the Chantrea. In the old town and in the Eixample, the concentration of personal equipment is still much higher, concentrating 67% of the total establishments in Pamplona. The shopping centers and hypermarkets installed in the city belong to the companies: Carrefour, El English Court and Eroski.

Banking

Central Office of Caja Navarra located in the avenue Carlos III

The Caja de Ahorros y Monte de Piedad de Navarra (commercially known as Caja Navarra or CAN, belonging to the Banca Cívica group, is the main savings bank in Navarra, headquartered in its capital, Pamplona.

Another of the important savings banks that has its headquarters in Pamplona is the Caja Rural de Navarra.

Tourism

Hotel Tres Reyes

Terraces in the Plaza del Castillo

The city's hotel infrastructure is sufficient to accommodate the usual number of tourists who visit the city, but it is totally insufficient to cover the demand that occurs during the Sanfermines festivities. Bars and restaurants are of great importance in the local economy, due to the varied number of establishments dedicated to catering, offering a wide variety of cuisines in all gastronomic styles and categories.

Services

Education

There is (in 2009) a network of non-university education centers, both public and subsidized and private, which covers the entire educational demand. It is specified in the following distribution of centers.

• Conservatory Navarro de Música Pablo Sarasate: Higher-grade music educational center created in 1858 and that in 2004 it separated physically and administratively in Professional Conservatory of Music Pablo Sarasate and Superior Conservatory of Music of Navarre.

Universities

University of Navarra

Municipal Music School in a Modernist Building

There are two universities in the city of Pamplona where young people from many different backgrounds come to study:

Colegio Escolapios, by Víctor Eusa

• Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), this University was created in 1987 when the Parliament of Navarra assumed the commitment of its financing. A total of 8059 students were enrolled in the 2007/08 academic year. The Campus of Arrosadía, where most of its facilities are located, has 260 000 m2 urbanized; to them we must add the Finca of Agricultural Practices and Research, the Sports Facilities and the Centro de Biotecnología Agraria Vegetal. The University maintains in the hospital the building of Health Sciences, with the Department of the same name and the University School of Health Studies. For 2009, it has a Cost and Income Budget of 74,487, 129 euros. The teaching activity at the Public University of Navarra comprises three faculties, two higher technical schools and one university school:

• Universidad de Navarra (UNAV/UNA), is a private university founded in 1952 by José María Escrivá de Balaguer. The University of Navarra consists of seventeen university faculties and schools: Architecture, Science, Communication, Law, Canon Law, Ecclesiastical Philosophy, Economics, Education and Psychology, Nursing, Pharmacy and Nutrition, Philosophy and Letters, IESE (Instituto de Estudios Superiores de la Empresa), Engineering [TECNUN], ISEM Fashion Business School, ISSA School of Management Assistants, Medicine and Clinics. During the 2015-2016 course, 7776 students were enrolled in grade studies, 980 graduates and 2118 masters.
• National University of Distance Education (UNED), this University was created in 1973. For the course 2009-2010, there are a total of 111 tutors and 3200 students, who are distributed in 28 degree courses, the Access Course for Twenty-five Years, the Continuous Training Courses, UNED Senior and English. Its location is close to the Arrosady Campus of the Public University in the Sario building

Technology and research centers

• Agrobiotechnology Institute: It is a center of agricultural research of shared ownership between the Public University of Navarra (UPNA), the Higher Council of Scientific Research (CSIC) and the Government of Navarra.
• Applied Medical Research Center (CIMA): It is a scientific research center in the medical field that belongs to the University of Navarra.
• Navarrabiomed: it is the biomedical research centre of the Government of Navarra that promotes and facilitates the investigation of public health professionals. It is located in the heart of the Hospital Complex of Navarra and enjoys an agreement signed in 2016 with the Universidad Pública de Navarra. This agreement seeks to unite the efforts of both institutions to increase the competitiveness of research. It currently has several research groups, all of them supported by the Miguel Servet Foundation (FMS), the managing body of the public health research of Navarra. Currently both the CIMA and Navarrabiomed-FMS form part of the Institute of Sanitary Research of Navarre (IdiSNA).
• Centro de R & D de Electrónica y Telecomunicaciones Jerónimo de Ayanz: It is a research and development center for technological projects of the Public University of Navarra.

Health

The Public Network of the Navarre Health Service-Osasunbidea, for the Pamplona Area, has the following resources:

• 2 general hospitals with tertiary level: Hospital Virgen del Camino (known popularly, by "La Residencia"), which has 565 beds and Hospital de Navarra which has 510 beds. They are very close to each other, so since 2010 a unification project was launched that culminates in 2016 so that currently both hospitals are part of the so-called Hospital Complex of Navarra.
• 1 Orthopaedic Hospital and Rehabilitation: Ubarmin Clinic with 93 beds.
• 4 specialist outpatient centers: Centro de Consultas Príncipe de Viana, Ambulatorio Doctor San Martín (old Ambulatorio General Solchaga) and Ambulatorio Conde Oliveto.
• 12 Health Centres (Azpilagaña, Casco Viejo, Chantrea, Echavacóiz, Ermitagaña, Iturrama, Mendillorri, Miraculous, Rochapea, San Jorge, San Juan, Segundo Ensanche
• 5 Mental Health Centers in Old Town, Miraculous, Hermitage, San Juan and Rochapea.
• 1 Psychiatric day-centre. San Francisco Javier.
• 4 Day hospitals: Zuria para drogodependencias, Area I, Area II e Infanto-juvenil Natividad Zubieta.
• 5 Women ' s Care Centres. II Ensanche-Casco-Viejo; Ermitagaña; Iturrama-San Juan; Chantrea-Andraize; Azpilagaña-Milagrosa.

The list of specialized care centers and services is completed:

• The Sanguinal Transfusion Center, which has as reference the Sanitary Region of Navarra. The Biomedical Research Center. Mental Health Rehabilitation Clinic.

In the private sector, the following stand out: the University Clinic, which, due to its prestige, attracts numerous patients from other cities, the San Juan de Dios Hospital and the San Miguel Clinic, which are privately managed and have concerted activities with the public.

Also in the private sector is the San Fermín Clinic, specialized in areas such as traumatology, orthopedics and rehabilitation, obstetrics and gynecology, urology, otorhinolaryngology, and plastic and aesthetic surgery.

Municipal competencies

Article 42 of the General Health Law establishes that, without prejudice to the powers of the other Public Administrations, the Town Halls shall have the following minimum responsibilities in matters related to Health.

• (a) Environmental health control: Atmospheric pollution, water supply, wastewater sanitation, urban and industrial waste.
• (b) Health control of industries, activities and services, transport, noises and vibrations.
• (c) Sanitary control of buildings and places of housing and human coexistence, especially of food centers, hairdressers, saunas and personal hygiene centers, hotels and residential centers, schools, tourist camps and areas of sports and recreational physical activity.
• (d) Health control of the distribution and supply of perishable foods, beverages and other products, directly or indirectly related to human use or consumption, as well as means of transport.
• (e) Sanitary control of cemeteries and mortuary health police.

Citizen security

Municipal police vehicle

Citizen security is subject to the structure of the Navarra Emergency Agency (ANE), which is an autonomous body, created by the Government of Navarra, through Provincial Decree 12/2009, of February 16, to group the troops of Civil Protection-Sos Navarra 112 and Consortium of Firefighters of Navarra.

The citizen security strategy that is established in the city, before large events of mobilization and gathering of people, such as the San Fermín Festival or high-risk soccer matches, or others of great tension and interest, is planned by an organization called the Local Civil Protection Board, which includes the security forces of the Provincial Police, Municipal Police, National Police, Civil Guard, Red Cross, DYA Roadside Assistance Association, primary care medical teams, volunteer personnel Civil Protection, Firefighters.

The Pamplona Citizen Security Area's objectives are to protect the exercise of rights and freedoms, ensure peaceful coexistence and protect people and their property in accordance with the law. Among the powers carried out by the Local Police are:

• Protect municipal buildings. Acting as Judicial Police. Manage the discipline of entertainment and recreational activities. Process the complaints. Control fairs, markets and the like. Control events and concentrations. Manage the discipline of civics and other ordinances. Enforce the Orders and Bandos. Support ambulance and fire service. Manage traffic discipline. Protect the municipal authorities.

Social Services

Your City Council has a Social Services Area to provide the necessary help and advice that the most disadvantaged and needy groups and people may need. To make these Social Services more effective, there are 11 Neighborhood Units distributed throughout the different neighborhoods of the city that facilitate citizen access to social services. The main functions carried out in these Units are:

• Foster care and social guidance.
• Service for people with mobility difficulties – SAD.
• Socio-labor integration. Children and family.
• Alternative accommodation.

The organization of Social Services is complemented by the following programs and activities: Workshop schools. Employment workshops. Training courses. Equal Opportunities Plan. SAD Home Care Service. Women's Care Service.

Transportation

Traffic in a downtown street

Regulation of urban traffic

Article 7 of the Law on Traffic, Circulation and Road Safety approved by RDL 339/1990 attributes to the municipalities sufficient powers to allow, among others, the immobilization of vehicles, the management and control of traffic and the regulation of its uses. This regulation takes place through the Municipal Traffic Ordinance of the city of Pamplona, approved in plenary session on March 27, 1998 and it defines the uses that They can be given to the roads, the speeds that the vehicles can reach as well as the hours and zones established for the loading and unloading of merchandise in the city.

Motor vehicle park

The city has a car park at a rate of 646 cars per 1,000 inhabitants, which is lower than the ratio of the Foral Community, which is 694 cars per 1,000 inhabitants, according to the existing data in the database of the Economic Yearbook of Spain 2009, published by La Caixa. In these same data, they indicate a park of 17,211 vehicles, including trucks and vans, with the probability that there is a significant number of people professionally dedicated to the transport of goods, due to the important role played by the city as a regional distribution center (given its weight in the creation of manufactured products), and also due to the location in the Landaben industrial estate of the Volkswagen automobile assembly plant, which originate a significant flow of merchandise.

Air transportation

Pamplona Airport

Pamplona airport is located 6 kilometers from the city of Pamplona, between the municipalities of Noáin and Galar (Esquíroz). The airport currently offers (2018) regular flights to Madrid and Frankfurt.

The new facilities, inaugurated in 2010, have allowed the improvement of the service, increasing the number of passengers and operability. With the expansion of 200 meters of runway, Boeing 737-type aircraft can operate at the airport at full load and in adverse weather conditions.

Railway

The Pamplona Station is located in the Barrio de San Jorge. Daily connections depart from it with Alsasua, Barcelona, Burgos, Irún, Hendaye, León, Madrid, Medina del Campo Oviedo, Palencia, Salamanca, San Sebastián, Valencia, Valladolid, Vitoria and Zaragoza. Several days a week, with Vigo, Orense, Lugo and La Coruña. The Alvia, which replaced the Talgo in 2008, with the commercial name of Altaria, links the city with Madrid-Puerta de Atocha several times a day. Two routes end in the capital of Navarre, while a third continues to Irún and the fourth to Vitoria. The alvia Barcelona - Galicia and Barcelona-Salamanca also stop at this station.

Roads of Pamplona

It is planned that the current station will be dismantled when the railway loop that crosses the city is eliminated and a new ADIF station is built for the high-speed train that will be located in the Echavacóiz neighborhood. In May 2009, the high-speed train agreement was signed so that the works on the high-speed line between Pamplona and Zaragoza start in 2011.

Road network

It is connected by dual carriageway or motorway with all the capitals of the provinces that surround Navarra (Vitoria, San Sebastián, Logroño and Zaragoza), except for Huesca, which is connected by the N-240 national highway. It also has road communications with the French department of the Atlantic Pyrenees, bordering Navarra, and with its most important cities.

It also has a ring road, made up of the PA-30 (Ronda de Pamplona) and the A-15 (Ronda de Pamplona Oeste), which connects municipalities in the Pamplona Basin and different neighborhoods in the city, with which it is possible to distribute traffic between certain areas of Pamplona. Road

Distances

The following table shows the distances by road between Pamplona, the most important towns in Navarra, the closest province capitals, the most important cities in Spain and some European cities.

Intercity buses

Bus station

The bus station is located in the center of the city, close to the Ciudadela and is buried under the Vuelta del Castillo. Several bus companies operate there, offering daily connections with Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao, Alicante, Gijón, Oviedo, Jaca, Jaén, Logroño, San Sebastián, Santander, Soria, Vigo, Vitoria, Zaragoza, Irún, Salou and Peñíscola. In addition, through NBus it has lines that link the city with the main towns of Navarra.

City buses

Villavesas on the Merindades Square

The urban bus network connects the different populations that make up the metropolitan area with the city center. These buses are popularly known as villavesas because La Villavesa was the first company for interurban passenger transport that emerged in the late 1920s and was dissolved in 1969., and which had its headquarters in neighboring Villava.

In 2009, there are 23 day lines that circulate and 10 night lines. The service has 88 active buses and up to 102 at peak times. The number of travelers who have used these buses in 2007 has been 38.4 million. The service is regional in scope and is managed by the Commonwealth of the Region of Pamplona through a concession, currently the operating company, since November 2, the Catalan company Transports Ciutat Comtal (TCC) which is a subsidiary of the company Moventis. Before and for seven years, since the unification of the service for the entire Commonwealth, it was provided by La Montañesa, which belongs to the Veolia business group.

Taxis

The Foral Taxi Law (Foral Law 9/2005 of July 6) approved by the Parliament of Navarra, promoted the creation of an area for the joint provision of the service that integrates 19 municipalities of the metropolitan area. The Commonwealth of the Region is the one that manages the service. In 2007 there were 313 taxis, of which 3 have nine seats and 17 are adapted for the disabled. In addition, the fleet has 10 hybrid vehicles (gasoline and electric engines) while another 68 use biodiesel.

Bikes

Pamplona has 64 kilometers of bike lanes, 20 of which belong to the River Park of the Pamplona Region. Large corridors such as Txantrea-Labrit, Pio XII or Baiona are currently being developed.

In December 2021, the Pamplona City Council introduced an electric bike rental service called Ride On. It is the most important system of its kind in Spain, with 2.5 bicycles per 1,000 inhabitants. It has 42 bases distributed throughout all the neighborhoods of Pamplona and allows users to circulate between their favorite bases. It can be used 24 hours a day, every day of the year, except during the San Fermín festivities. All bicycles are electric and have pedal assistance. They use certified 100% renewable energy to recharge bicycles. There are a total of 400 bicycles available to citizens. The system has 42 bicycle collection and deposit bases where, when not in use, the batteries are charged. These 42 bases have a total of 824 anchorages to deposit your bicycles.

Electricity

The Foral Community of Navarra is self-sufficient in electricity generation, it even had an export balance of 2,326 GWh in 2008, according to data from the company Red Eléctrica Española. The most positive aspect of these data is that said electrical energy production is obtained through hydraulic, combined cycle and wind power plants, mainly according to the balance of electrical energy (GWh) of the Foral Community of Navarra (2008)

Electrical uplift

The electricity consumed in Pamplona is distributed by the Iberdrola company and comes from the electrical substation that the company Red Eléctrica Española has located in the town of Orcoyen. At the municipal level, the Municipal Energy Agency of Pamplona has existed since 2001, attached to the Area of Sustainable Development.

Fuels

For the supply of fuels derived from petroleum, to the Foral Community of Navarra, the Compañía Logística de Hidrocarburos (CLH) has storage facilities located in the town of Esparza de Galar with a capacity to store 123,000 m³. The fuel reaches these facilities through a branch of the Bilbao-Zaragoza pipeline, which passes very close to the area.

Natural Gas

Gas Navarra, S.A. is the company in charge of 100% of the supply of Natural Gas to Pamplona and its region. This company is part of Gas Natural SDG, S.A

Drinking water

Decantation at a drinking water treatment station

The Commonwealth of the Region of Pamplona is the entity that manages the Integral Water Cycle, which consists of the supply of drinking water, sewerage, sanitation and wastewater treatment, and discharge into the river Arga.

The Comprehensive Water Cycle for the Region is as follows:

• The sources of capture are the spring of Arteta, the Eugui reservoir and the Canal de Navarra. From these points it is channeled to the Drinking Water Treatment Stations: ETAP Eguíllor, ETAP Urtasún and ETAP Tiebas. Once it has been stabilized, it passes to regulatory deposits, and from them, channeling to the consumption points of homes, industries and shops. Once the water is used, it is collected in the sewage network and is driven to the Arazuri wastewater treatment station, and then poured into the Arga River.

Waste and cleaning of public roads

Waste collection is managed by the Commonwealth of the Region of Pamplona. Waste collection is carried out selectively, for which specific containers for different types of waste are located in different parts of the city: organic; plastic and packaging; paper and cardboard and glass. In addition, in some neighbourhoods, such as the old town, pneumatic garbage collection is implemented.

The city also has collection services for bulky objects, batteries, garden pruning material and so-called collection points, designed to selectively collect special waste generated at home, such as paints and car products. There are two types of collection points: the fixed ones, which are permanently installed in hypermarket car parks, and the mobile ones: vehicles that travel through different towns and neighbourhoods.

The cleaning of public roads is subcontracted to the company FCC S.L.

Supply

The company Mercairuña, which was founded in 1974, is a wholesale distribution center for perishable foods, whose scope of action is the Region of Pamplona, without ruling out the whole of Navarra and the bordering areas. Its facilities include a market of fruits and vegetables and another of fish. In addition, it has an area of complementary activities, where other types of companies are located, such as a wholesale supermarket and frozen storage and distribution companies. It is located in Soto de Aizoáin, about 8 kilometers from the center of Pamplona. Pamplona City Council controls 51% of the company.

For the acquisition of food and other common consumer products, there is an extensive network of commercial establishments, among which are the shopping centers of: El Corte Inglés, Eroski, Carrefour and the Caprabo supermarket chain.

Monuments and places of interest

City of Pamplona

The city preserves the churches of San Saturnino and San Nicolás and the civil building of the Cámara de Comptos from medieval times and a large part of its walls from the Modern Age. The cathedral is predominantly Gothic, with a neoclassical façade by Ventura Rodríguez. Also noteworthy are the Town Hall and the Provincial Palace.

Civil architecture

• City Hall. It was built after the Privilege of the Union in no man's land, to avoid rivalries, but near the confluence of the three "bourgs". Next building, baroque of the centuryXVIII, it was ruined in 1957 and only the facade is preserved. From the second floor of the town hall, every 6th of July, at 12 noon, the chupinazo rocket was launched and the shooter shouted: «Pamplonesas, pamplones Long live San Fermin!! Iruindarrak!

Palacio de Navarra, on its main front, overlooking the Paseo de Sarasate

• Palacio de Navarra. It is the building of the headquarters of the government of Navarra It was built between 1840 and 1850 to be the headquarters of the foral institutions. It is the work of the architect José de Nagusia. It is of a neoclassical palatial character, To this they contribute the fortress of the chair, the calculated dimension of the elements and their distribution, and the classic serene frontis of doric order that gives to the ride. On its walls you can see the impacts of the bombs dropped in the Spanish civil war. From the interior stands the Throne Hall, with great majesty of isbelline style made between 1861 and 1865, of the architect Maximiano Hijón. On the occasion of the opening of the Plaza del Castillo in 1931 to the avenue of Carlos III the Noble was built a new facade similar to the main one. It has a garden with illuminated fountain and a centuries-old sequoia brought in 1855 from America by the deputy in Cortes José María Gastón de Echeberz popularly known as "Pino de la Diputación".

• Paseo de Sarasate. In which is the monument to Los Fueros de Navarra, and adorned with the statues of Navarre Kings brought from which they were to be placed on the roof of the Royal Palace of Madrid.

• House of Real Comptos (Tribunal de Cuentas) on the street of Ansoleaga. It's a century Gothic buildingXIV. The building housed the Court of Auditors of Navarre, since its creation in 1364 by Carlos II, housing inside the archive of Navarre and the House of Currency of the Kingdom. Declared National Monument on January 16, 1868 from 1910 the building was the headquarters of the archaeological museum of Navarre. Here is the highest point in the city, as indicated by a nail on the ground.

Plaza del Castillo

• Castle Square. The square is the fruit of buildings of different times, so you can appreciate the variety of styles that have the buildings that surround it. It is the urban space par excellence, an area that already existed in the Middle Ages. A key function of the Plaza del Castillo has been its role of taurino coso since virtually all the cumshots have been developed in it since 1385 until in 1844 the stable square was built. In 1836, the Discalced Carmelites were forced to leave the convent, with the Desamortization of Mendizábal and in the place they occupied they would be built the Palacio de la Diputación, the old Navarro Credit and the Main Theatre, all of neoclassical style. In 1859, the Hotel La Perla was installed. Between 1880 and 1895, the Main Casino and the Café Iruña began their journey. With the construction of the Second Ensanche, the Teatro Principal had to go back to the opening of the city in 1931. Since 1943 a stone kiosk occupies the center of the square. With the parking works at the end of the centuryXX., were discovered in its subsoil, remains of Roman thermals, a Muslim necropolis, a section of the medieval wall, the remains of the aforementioned convent.

Religious architecture

Cathedral of Santa Maria

• Cathedral of Santa Maria. It is located in La Navarrería, which is the highest and oldest point in the city. From unknown origin, since 1023 it was episcopal headquarters and began with its remodeling, which would end in 1100 to be consecrated in 1124. After being declared ruinous in 1300, his reconstruction began thanks to the impulse of Charles III, king of Navarre, and Cardinal Martin of Zalba, bishop of the place. In Gothic style, the cathedral stands out for its artistic value, since it is considered as the most important monumental Gothic ensemble in Navarre. Three bells of the century stand out in the north towerXVI; the founding of the eldest of them, called of Mary, dates from 1584 and is tañida only in circumstances of special solemnity. Inside you can see a great unity of style within the Gothic. It has a Latin cross plant with a central nave of two bodies and cruise of its same height, two lateral naves, Girala and lateral chapels all of them with simple cross vault. In the presbytery, under a modern Gothic balcony, there is the image of Santa Maria la Real, a Romanesque carved with silver, before which the kings of Navarre swore. In the middle of the central nave is the mausoleum of the kings of Navarre Carlos III and his wife Leonor.

Church of Saint Saturnino

• Church of San Saturnino (or San Cernín, or San Sernín). Church which was initially built in Romanesque style and which, after suffering the consequences of the war between the donkeys, was rebuilt at the end of the centuryXIII in Gothic style. They have two towers that give the temple a character of strength. The north tower is finished by a brick veneer, placed in the centuryXVIII replacing the old hives. Its main facade that overlooks the north is formed by a wide atrium, composed of ojivale or pointed arches, and a vault of the centuryXVI. It also has a cover, in whose capitals are represented scenes of the passion and childhood of Christ, and on the sides of its arch are placed footprints of St.

In the place where the cloister was built in the centuryXVIII the Chapel of the Virgin of the Way.

• San Lorenzo. From the early medieval Gothic-style church there were little remains, after a neoclassical reform carried out in the centuryXIX. Until 1901, it still retained the large medieval defensive tower and a baroque cover, but in that year they were torn down and a new facade designed by Florencio Asoleaga was built. Among its dependence is a baroque chapel dedicated to San Fermin, built at the beginning of the centuryXVIII. In it is the image of the saint who leaves in procession on July 7, during the feast of the Sanfermines.

Church of St. Nicholas

• St. Nicholas. Built in 1117, it was again consecrated in 1231, having been destroyed in a war against the neighboring village of San Cernín. He also accomplished the work of defensive bastion during the Middle Ages, but was stripped of his defensive elements after the conquest of Navarre. It still preserves its aspect of fortress, Gothic, with Romanesque rosette and century towerXIV. Together it is a somewhat strange mix of styles and reforms. Inside it houses the largest organ in Pamplona.

Parks and gardens

Citadel Plant

One of its great attractions are its abundant green areas, with one tree for every two inhabitants.

• Ciudadela de Pamplona: It is an example of Renaissance fortification, which is located in the center of the city, having been donated by the Army to this on July 23, 1966. It has a pentagonal plant and has five bastions in its corners of which three are preserved.

• Taconera Gardens: It is the oldest park in the city, dating from the beginning of the centuryXIX. Inside it, remains of the wall are preserved as the homonymous bastion or Gonzaga bastion and several portals.

• Parque de la Media Luna: This green area occupies the lands that were formerly the eras, because it is located in a high place, you can see good panoramic views of the environment. It extends from the Fort of San Bartolomé, in the back of the bullring, to the Rip of Beloso and runs a natural talud that stands on the river. It has a pond with fish, skating track and trees with different species, including a giant secuoya. One of its gardens houses the monument to the Pamplonian violinist Pablo Sarasate. It has been rehabilitated and has recovered the original appeal of the gardens designed by Victor Eusa.

• Parque de Tejería: It is located at the foot of the oldest area of the wall of Pamplona, between the Bastion of the Redin and the Arga River. It is the stretch of the itinerary followed by the Jacobean pilgrims from the bridge of the Magdalena to the entrance to the city by the Portal de France.

• Yamaguchi Park: This park has been built as a result of existing relations with the sisterly city of Yamaguchi (Japan). The park is of oriental design, in which Nippos landscapers have participated. Here is the Planetarium of Pamplona.

• Arga river park: Managed by the Community of the District of Pamplona, this park that runs through a total of 14 municipalities and three rivers (the Arga, and two of its tributaries, the Ulzama and the Elorz) has 33 km of green area to walk, 11 of them in pamplonica territory, and with places of recreation throughout its route.

• Campus of the University of Navarra: The Campus of the University of Navarra is located south of the city on the banks of the Sadar River. With its 40 000 square meters, it is one of the most important green areas in the city. Within this campus there are more than 43 000 trees and shrubs where stands out species such as sequoya, maple, serbal of hunters, tiles, lombard huts, Judea tree, abeto, thuya, cedar, willow, Pampa grass or ginkgo biloba.

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  Jardines de la Taconera, La Mariblanca

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  Yamaguchi Park,
  Japanese garden

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  River river park Arga

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  Floating arrangementFaustino Aizkorbe

Bridges

Puente de la Magdalena

• Bridge of Miluce, Roman.
• Santa Engracia Bridge, Gothic (from the century)XIII).
• Plazaola Bridge and Tunnel, where the Pamplona-San Sebastián Train was travelling, during the first half of the centuryXX..
• Puente de la Rochapea, medieval.
• San Pedro Bridge, of Roman origin.
• Magdalena Bridge, Romanesque (centuryXII), through it the pilgrims pass through the Camino de Santiago.

Other places

• Old mill of Caparroso, of the centuryXI, is being restored, to house the school of rowing and canoeing.
• Meandro de la Magdalena, is being conditioned. There are those who ask to be restored as a great park.

Camino de Santiago

Kingdom of Pamplona to the death of Sancho III the Major

Kingdoms of Navarre in 1200. Caminos de Santiago-Calzadas Romanes

The path followed by the first trans-Pyrenean pilgrims was the Roman road Ab Asturica Burdigalam that connected Bordeaux with Astorga and entered the peninsula through the port of Roncesvalles, after which it reached Pamplona.

From this city the road had two options, one continued west through the valleys of the Araquil and Zadorra rivers following the Roman road, then it reached what is now Vitoria and Miranda, a path that was later strengthened by Alfonso VIII of Castile. It crossed the Ebro river and continued until the important crossing of Briviesca, where it joined the road that came from Zaragoza running south of the Ebro. The route between Pamplona and Miranda allowed it to overcome, to the north, the natural obstacle posed by the Andía and Urbasa mountains.

Later, Sancho the Elder diverted the path during the first third of the XI century and made its layout go more to the south through cleared terrain, where previously —due to military necessity— it had developed a protected itinerary with fortresses that ran through La Rioja. The new route crossed the valleys of the Arga, the Salado and Ega rivers to initially reach a point near Logroño, where it crossed the Ebro and, from 1095, through the city itself after repopulating and repairing its bridge. From there it went to Nájera, continuing to Burgos. This Path is the one indicated in the Codex Calixtino

Portal de Francia o de Zumálacarregui, one of the accesses of the walled city. For him the pilgrims of the Camino de Santiago enter

Pamplona is the end of the second stage of the pilgrimage route that enters through Roncesvalles. The pilgrim who goes on foot reaches the city from the north and accesses it through the Portal de Francia or Zumalacárregui, after having crossed the Magdalena bridge. The route is: cathedral, San José square, Curia street, Mercaderes street, Town Hall square, San Saturnino church, San Lorenzo church.

In the streets of Dormitalería no. 13 and Compañía no. 3 there were hospitals for foreigners. In the XVI century, the General Hospital was built, today the Museum of Navarra. The pilgrim enjoyed special protection in Pamplona thanks to his General Charter.

Historical monuments

Located in the most picturesque parts of the city, there are various very significant statues and monuments dedicated to historical figures and events, most of them concentrated in the old part of the city and in the two extensions.

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  Monument to the Fueros de Navarra

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  Monument to Francisco Navarro Villoslada

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  Statue of Philip III King of Navarre

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  La Mari Blanca, de Luis Paret, 18th century

Historical monumental fountains

Scattered around are several monumental fonts from the 18th century designed by Paret:

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  Neptune Fountain located in the Council Square

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  Fuente de la calle Descalzos

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  Source of Plaza de las Recoletas

Culture

Cultural entities

There are multiple cultural entities that represent various types of associationism that exist. The attached list is only a representation of them and is limited to pointing out those cultural entities that have signed collaboration agreements with the Government of Navarra to carry out activities that have to do with the promotion, dissemination and training in artistic matters. and cultural:

Scenic spaces

Gayarre Theatre

• Gayarre Theatre. The building consists of four floors, the armchair patio has a capacity of 458 squares. The second floor of the building, with a capacity of 78 localities, houses the central plates of the room. The third floor, the palco, consists of 194 localities and the amphitheater with 170 localities giving a total capacity of 900 localities. All kinds of theatre plays are represented in the theatre. It is run by the Gayarre Theatre Foundation of public ownership.
• Palacio de Congresos y Auditorio de Navarra o Baluarte. In 2003 it hosts the largest social and cultural events, as well as exhibitions, fairs and congresses.
• Civivox Cultural Centers. The Civivox are cultural scenic spaces of municipal management located in different neighborhoods of the city where most cultural activities organized by the City Council are carried out. In 2017 the city has six civivox: Jus la Rocha, San Jorge, Mendillorri, Condestable, Iturrama and Ensanche.
• Exhibition rooms. The city has several exhibition rooms mostly dedicated to contemporary art. The Pavilions of the Ciudadela (Sala de Armas, Pavilion of Mixtos and Horno), Sala Descalzos 72 and Sala Conde Rodezno all of them of the City of Pamplona. They represent both public and private collections and local artists as well as the national and international panorama.
• Planetarium. It is a cultural and scientific and technological outreach centre. This centre was opened in 1993 and is located in Yamaguchi Park. It has a projection dome of twenty meters in diameter, which is one of the largest in the world. This dome, with the help of 70 projectors and other audiovisual systems, allows to visualize up to 9000 stars. In addition, it has about 400 m2 of area for exhibitions and a conference room, with capacity for 250 people.
• Filmoteca de Navarra. Opened on 1 March 2001 it shares headquarters with the General Library of Navarre in the Mendebaldea district. It is a cultural endowment whose primary mission is the recovery, archive, conservation, research and dissemination of films and audiovisual works linked to Navarra, as well as materials, equipment and any other element that is of interest to the study of cinema and audiovisual in general, and of the Navarre in particular. It also welcomes the headquarters of the Navarra Film Commission and all the administrative units of the Library Service. In its projection room, with capacity for 176 seats, weekly film cycles, from Wednesday to Friday, dedicated to classic cinema or linked to Navarra.

Folk and academic music

Among the traditional music of Pamplona, the zortziko, the jota, performed with the txistus and the Navarre bagpipe, stand out; and the music of the brass bands. Pamplona is home to cultural institutions such as the municipal music band La Pamplonesa, the Navarra Symphony Orchestra and the Pablo Sarasate Professional and Superior Conservatory of Navarra.

Cultural events

• Punto de Vista Festival. Heir to the Audiovisual Creation Contest, gathers in February the creators of documentary or non-fiction film.
• Pamplona Film Festival. It takes place in October and specializes in fiction and documentary film of social themes and short films.
• Music. Every year there are several musical contests where all the forms of music are present, highlighting the performances of traditional Navarre music and the performances of local groups. During the month of July 2009 a great musical event will be held under the name of Pamplona in Clave de Música, which unfolds in two parallel activities, The Academy of Historical Music of Pamplona and a Fringe Festivalunder the name of Scenarios and Improvisations.
• Book fair. Each year the Book Fair is celebrated and different events related to the promotion of reading that include several literary contests in their different categories promoted by both the City of Pamplona and the Government of Navarra.
• Promotion of young talents. There is annually a contest for the promotion of young Navarre artists in the various categories: music, plastic arts, audiovisual creation, performing arts and literature, promoted by the Government of Navarra through the Navarro Institute of Sport and Youth. These Conservatories have their own trainings of young talents with a brilliant curriculum both nationally and internationally.

Museums

The two covers of the Museum of Navarra. Your own left and the chapel on the right

• Museum of Navarre. It is an institution of the Government of Navarra that was founded in 1956. It is located in the Cuesta de Santo Domingo street of the old town in the place of the former hospital of Our Lady of Mercy. A refurbishment was carried out in 1986 to modernize and reorganize the museum. It was sought to make it public, incorporating a hall of acts, temporary exhibition hall and other services, and the collection was ordered chronologically.
• Diocesan Museum. Located in the Cathedral of Pamplona, where it occupies the dependencies of the refectory, the kitchen, and the mill of the centuryXIV. Among the pieces exhibited are the relicarios of the Holy Sepulchre of the end of the centuryXIIIand the Lignum Crucis of the centuryXIVboth golden silver and enamel. Other Gothic works such as the Evangelist with silver guards, the relicary of the Holy Espina or the custody of the Corpus and its temple, and high-value processional crossings, such as Arazuri. Complete the set of painted boards like Van Dyck or Peralta, various virgins of the centuries XII Al XV and some size samples and decorative arts.
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  General view of the Museo Universidad de Navarra
  Museo Universidad de Navarra. Property of the University of Navarra, specialized in contemporary art, is located on the university campus and the building was designed by the Navarre architect Rafael Moneo. It was inaugurated on January 22, 2015 by Kings Felipe VI and Letizia Ortiz. The base of his collection is in the donation of the collection of María Josefa Huarte Beaumont (in 2008) and the photographic collection of the legacy Ortiz Echagüe (in 1981).

Libraries and files

Building of La Agrícola, 1912, former headquarters of the General Library of Navarra and current Library of the Old Town

• General Archive of Navarra. The Royal Order of 1836, which entrusted the Diputación with the custody of the archive of the extinct House of Comptos, could be considered as a document of creation. Since 1999 it has its headquarters in the old Palace of the Kings of Navarre, this ancient palace, whose origins date back to the centuryXII, was rehabilitated with a project by the architect Rafael Moneo.
• Biblioteca General de Navarra. It is the centre of the Public Libraries Service of the Government of Navarre and therefore also to offer the services of any public library, it is the top responsible for the Navarre Bibliographical Heritage and the coordination of the loan among all the public libraries of Navarre. It has a collection of more than 300 000 works including an important ancient background, a complete historical background of the centuryXIX and the Taurina Library funds. Its previous headquarters was on the ground floor and the basement of the building known as La Agrícola, built at the beginning of the centuryXX., in San Francisco Square inside the old town. On March 1, 2011, the new building was inaugurated, which also houses the Filmoteca de Navarra, on Antonio Pérez Goyena n.o 3 de Mendebaldea street on a plot of 8,450 square meters. It has ground floor, two heights and basement, on a constructed area of 19 000 square meters.
• Public libraries. The Public Libraries Service of the Government of Navarra has in Pamplona the General Library of Navarra and ten public libraries more distributed by the different districts of the city: San Francisco, Civican, Echavacóiz, Mendillorri, Milagrosa, Chantrea, San Jorge, San Pedro, Yamaguchi and Iturrama.

The San Fermin Festival

7 July 2005

The Sanfermines are its festivities that have been celebrated for centuries between July 6 and 14 in honor of San Fermín, co-patron of Navarra and patron of the diocese of Pamplona. In the past, the festivities were celebrated on October 10, but in 1591 they were moved to the current dates. According to tradition, Fermín, son of Senator Firmus who ruled Pamplona in the III, converted to Christianity and was baptized by San Saturnino in the place that today is popularly called "Pocico de San Cernin". Patron of the brotherhoods of boatmen, vintners and bakers, San Fermín gives its name and is the excuse for Pamplona to become a permanent party for 204 hours in which all attendees usually wear red and white, literally collected by Ernest Hemingway, in the novel entitled Fiesta.

Monument to the Encierro, work of Rafael Huerta

One of the most famous activities of the Sanfermines is the running of the bulls, which is centuries old and with the first municipal edict that regulated the race in 1867. It consists of a race of about 800 meters in front of the bulls and which culminates in the bullring of Pamplona. The running of the bulls take place daily between July 7 and 14 and begin at eight in the morning, with a duration of around three minutes, if the cattle are not left behind. These confinements carry a risk of serious injury and even death. The last runner who died was in the Sanfermines of 2009, being the fifteenth registered since 1922. These bulls, large as they correspond in the Bull Fair, are fought in the afternoon in the square.

The European king, who together with the queen, convinced the City Hall to create the Pamplona Giants for the Sanfermines of 1860

For the people of Pamplona, especially the little ones, the Comparsa de gigantes is highly appreciated and one of the most emblematic symbols of the festival. Made by Tadeo Amorena, the giants have a history of 162 years, and their haughty demeanor is unparalleled. There are four couples of kings from the continents of Europe, Asia, Africa and America (curiously these with Indian clothing and black complexion), there is no couple that represents Oceania. They go with their cohort of kilikis (bigheads who carry a stick with a foam rubber balloon to whip), zaldikos (with cardboard horses, which also whip) and bigheads (who greet and do not hit), dancing to the sound of the chistularis, pipers and drummers.

Serious incidents occurred at the 1978 Sanfermines, after the Armed Police entered the Pamplona bullring, which marked the political transition in Navarra.

Gastronomy

The most typical and well-known of Pamplona's gastronomy are the appetizers known as pintxos (tapas or appetizers) which, due to their variety and quality, become small gastronomic wonders. Although their promotion takes place throughout the year, an annual celebration contest lasting one week has been consolidated, which began in Pamplona and has been extended to other cities in Navarre, in which they participate numerous bars and restaurants in which the best are evaluated and awarded, taking into account criteria of color, aroma, creativity or texture. The area where the largest number of establishments is located is located in the old town.

As for restaurants, you can taste all the gastronomy typical of the Foral Community of Navarra, which allows you to have a very varied menu.

Lamb to the chilindron

In Navarre gastronomy, it is worth highlighting the vegetables typical of the area, such as artichokes, broad beans, cardoons, borage, asparagus and piquillo peppers. Legumes are highly appreciated red beans and pochas. In addition, the existing abundance of mushrooms and fungi in the region provide great culinary value, whether they are eaten alone or with other stews. Among the meats, the T-bone steaks stand out, both beef and veal, lamb en chilindrón, roasted gorrín (small pig) and zikiro jate (castled kid, roasted with beech wood). Game is also highly appreciated, although the stews will depend on the season. Among the larger game, the dishes of wild boar, fallow deer, roe deer and deer stand out, while the smaller game offers a varied menu, of all the animals that make it up. Among the fish, it is worth mentioning the Bidasoa salmon, Navarra-style trout, eels with pochas and all other general varieties of fish. Here the desserts are a compendium of Navarran confectionery. Milk derivatives such as cheeses, curds and traditional pastries compete in popularity. You can taste a wide variety of cheeses, especially those made with sheep's milk, including two varieties with designation of origin: Roncal and Idiazábal.

Languages

Bilingual poster indicating the streets Estafeta and Mercaderes. In small, poster only in Spanish indicating the route of the encierro

Along with Castilian, the main language spoken in the city, Basque has a notable and historical presence as is evident, in addition to the multiple historical documents that attest to it, in the large number of Basque names present in place names from the city. During the Modern Age, a period of decline began until its near disappearance. At present, its knowledge and use are increasing. According to official data, 20% of the population knows it, although its use in daily life is much less than this figure indicates.

It is located in the «mixed zone» according to the «Ley Foral del Vascuence» of 1986 (the other two zones defined by the law are the Basque-speaking and non-Basque-speaking zones). Therefore, all the administration forms and also the signs must be in the two official languages of the city, Spanish and Basque, although according to the Diario de Noticias, it is normal to see the latter either only in Spanish or with smaller letters (70%) or those written in Basque in less visible colours. Despite the provisions of the Municipal Euskera Ordinance of September 12, 1997, -according to Diario de Noticias- real bilingualism is more the exception than the norm. The city itself is named with the double denomination Pamplona-Iruña.

Sports

It has teams in the highest categories of some sports, standing out at the regional, state and even continental level. Among them, it is worth noting the Club Atlético Osasuna football club, which has participated on several occasions in the UEFA Cup competition and in the previous phase of the Champions League. It is also worth noting that it is the headquarters of the International Federation of Basque Pelota, the highest organization of this sport at an international level.

Sports clubs and societies

Apart from the sports that are practiced in the municipal facilities, the city has, among others, the following sports entities:

Stadiums and pavilions

Football Stadium

El Sadar Stadium, where the Osasuna Atletic Club plays

El Sadar Stadium is the stadium where the soccer team Club Atlético Osasuna, which plays in the First Division, plays. The stadium, inaugurated on September 2, 1967, has a maximum capacity of 19,800 people (all seated). The dimensions of the field are 105 m long and 67.5 m wide. It was remodeled in 1989 with the construction of the High Preference Tribune, being able to accommodate a total of 30,000 spectators at that time, being mostly localities on foot. From 2005 to 2013 it was called Reyno de Navarra for advertising reasons.

Multipurpose Pavilion - Navarra Arena

Navarra Arena is a multipurpose arena that has a central court with a capacity for 10,000 spectators and a fronton for 3,000 spectators, making it the largest in Navarra. The pavilion was built on a plot attached to the El Sadar stadium and after several years closed, it was inaugurated at the end of September 2018.

Pavilion of the Public University of Navarre

The pavilion of the Public University of Navarra, which has been used by the San Antonio handball team and the Xota Futbol Sala indoor soccer team, to play their local matches. It was inaugurated at the end of the year 2000 and opened with a luxury competition: the first European Super Cup played by San Antonio. It has a capacity for 3,000 people, expandable up to 3,500.

Pavilion of the S.C.D.R.

The pavilion of the S.C.D.R. Anaitasuna, is used by the handball team of said club to play their local games. It is also frequently used to host various events such as concerts and political rallies. It has a capacity of 3000 people.

Municipal sports facilities

• Aranzadi Sports Complex.Polideportivo Municipal Arrosadía. Municipal police Azpilagaña. Municipal police Basoco. Municipal police Ermitagaña. Municipal police Ezcaba. Municipal police José María Iribarren. Municipal police Rochapea. Municipal sports center San Jorge. Polideportivo y trinquete de Mendillorri. San Jorge Sports City. Open-use facilities

• Fronton Labrit: Short front of Basque Ball where you can dispute the hand and short shovel patterns, also known as The Bombonerawith 945 people. It was built in 1952 in order to respond with a fronton of guarantees, to the high demand by professionals and fans of the Navarre capital. It was refurbished in 1986 and later became the main venue of the 2002 Basque Pelota World Championship. Its management is carried out by the Navarre Pelota Federation. There are also some municipal sports programs and, on certain dates, cultural activities.

University sports facilities

The Public University of Navarra has the following sports facilities:

• University Pavilion. Pool Cover. Multipurpose rooms. Frontón Cubierto. Pista Polideportiva Cover. Discovered polysport. Tennis Covers. Discovered Tennis Tracks. Muscle room. Field of Artificial Grass Soccer. Natural Weed Soccer Field. Rugby Course Natural Weeding and Cancha Golf Practices and Puttin-green.

The privately owned University of Navarra has the following sports facilities:

• Facilities covered: (Pavilion sports. Polysporative players. Tennis courts. Fronton. Padel tennis courts. Squash tracks. Battery and aerobic room. Martial arts room. You have a table.)

• Uncovered installations: (Artificial grass path. Field of rugby/baseball. Polysporative players. Padel tennis courts)

Media

Printed press

In the city, you can buy the national, regional and international newspapers with the widest circulation, some of which include a local or regional information section. But there are two general information newspapers published in the city: Diario de Navarra and Diario de Noticias.

Facilities Diario de Navarra in the town of Cordovilla

Diario de Navarra was founded in 1903 by a group of 56 local businessmen, it is the one with the largest circulation in the area (64,663) and since its foundation it has been published without interruption. His political orientation has traditionally been of a conservative and regionalist nature in defense of the foral regime of Navarra within the Crown of Spain. The influence of the newspaper extends to other areas of Navarrese society. Its publishing company is La Información S.A.

Diario de Noticias was founded in 1993 by a group of investors from Navarra. His political orientation is progressive and sensitive to Basque sentiment in Navarra. In 2008 it had a circulation of 23,422 copies according to OJD data.) The publishing company of the newspaper is Zeroa Multimedia S.A.

It also publishes El Periódico Universitario, and has branches of the newspapers: Deia, Gara, Berria and The World. Various magazines are also published.

Radius

In the FM of Pamplona you can tune in to a good number of general or music stations and other topics dedicated to sports or local information. The main radio channels that operate at the state level broadcast with a license. Through their local stations, these chains broadcast disconnections, in different time slots, spaces dedicated to local news. This is the case of Radio Nacional de España, Cadena SER, Onda Cero and COPE.

They also broadcast licensed music stations from these radio groups, such as Los 40, Cadena 100, Rock FM and Europa FM, and some stations such as Kiss FM and Euskalerria Irratia. In addition, the Pamplona City Council owns a municipally owned radio station, called Emisora Municipal de Pamplona, which can be tuned to 93.7 FM in the Pamplona metropolitan area. It is a non-profit station, without advertising, without announcers or programs, which broadcasts only musical content.

In addition, on the dial, other stations broadcast without a license with all kinds of content, from general, local, community, musical, religious, youth stations, aimed at different segments of the population or integrated into large public or private communication groups: Chain Dial, LOS40, Los 40 Classic, Hit FM, Europa FM, Onda Vasca, Radio Euskadi, Euskadi Irratia, EITB Musika, Gaztea, Eguzki Irratia, Info 7 Irratia, Trak FM Pamplona, Bit FM Pamplona, Radio DJ, Unika FM, Ática FM, Radio Marca, Radio María, RKM Radio Solidaria, Aire Radio, La Explosiva FM, La Mega FM and Berriozar Irratia.

Television

With the entry into operation of Digital Terrestrial Television (TDT) the number of television channels, both general and thematic, has multiplied. Navarra does not have a public regional television channel and all televisions are private.

At the regional level, the 2 Navarra Televisión channels broadcast: Navarra Televisión 1, with programming primarily in Spanish, and Navarra Televisión 2, with alternating programming between Spanish and Basque, and channel ETB 1 (in Basque) of the public group of Basque communication EITB.

At a local level, Pamplona has a multiplex of 4 local channels, of which 3 broadcast entirely in Basque: NTB 11 (from Nafar Telebista and Hamaika Telebista), Hamaika Telebista and Xaloa Telebista. Complete the ETB 2 multiplex (in Spanish) of the Basque public communication group EITB.

Internet

In Pamplona there is a network of outdoor spaces, municipal buildings or buildings owned by the Government of Navarra, and facilities and equipment that allow free Wi-Fi connection through computers or smartphones. There is free Wi-Fi access in parks like the Ciudadela or the Enamorados, squares like the Castillo or avenues like Carlos III. All libraries and the network of Civivox and Civican cultural centers, in addition to providing free Wi-Fi access inside, have rooms with free access to computer equipment, although registration is required and use is limited to between 30 and 60 minutes per day.

At a local level, it is worth mentioning the website of the City Council (www.pamplona.es) where citizens are offered the most significant institutional information that affects the people of Pamplona. There are also specific information portals dedicated to tourism, cultural activities or facilities such as the Gayarre Theater or Baluarte linked to a greater or lesser extent to the City Council. Likewise, the digital versions of newspapers, local media, universities, museums or theaters stand out.

Twinned cities

It is twinned with four cities, with which friendly relations are maintained and between the citizens of these cities through student exchanges, cultural meetings, promotion of economic relations, etc.

Notable people