Osmanli dynasty

The Osmanli dynasty, also called the House of Osman (Ottoman Turkish: خاندان آل عثمان‎‎, Ḫānedān-ı Āl-ı ʿOsmān; modern Turkish, Osmanlı Hanedanı), was the ruling family of the Ottoman Empire from its founding in 1299 until its dissolution in 1922.

History

Animation showing the development of the Arabic calligraphy tughrain this case corresponds to Mahmud II.

According to Ottoman tradition, the Osmanli dynasty can be traced back to a family from the Kayı tribe of the Oğuz Turks. The dynasty originated from the bey (leader) of the Kayı tribe, highlighting Ertuğrul, who was assigned by the Sultanate of Rum with the domain of Söğüt and its surroundings, in northwestern Anatolia (present-day province of Bilecik, Turkey), near the border area with the Byzantine Empire. His son, Osman, declared independence from the Seljuks of Rum in 1299, formally beginning the Ottoman Empire. Both the dynasty and the empire it spawned are named after him in his honor.

Over the following centuries, Osman's small domain grew into a sultanate that spanned three continents. In 1383, the third monarch of the dynasty, Murad I, declared himself sultan, a title the rulers would hold until the dissolution of the empire. However, this title was also awarded to his predecessors posthumously.

Succession in the Ottoman dynasty initially took place among the various sons of the sultan regardless of age. This led to fights civil wars or real massacres (the so-called law of fratricide). After Mehmed III, who had 19 brothers executed at the time of his accession to the throne, the Seniorate system was introduced, which recognized the right of succession to the eldest male member of the family, locked up, along with the other princes, in a separate area of the palace.

Deposition

The sultanate was abolished in 1922 by the nationalist government that emerged triumphant from the Turkish War of Independence, forcing Sultan Mehmed VI into exile, and establishing a republic in Turkey over the remnants of the Ottoman Empire after its dissolution. Although the establishment of the republic ended the political power of the Ottoman dynasty, it maintained religious power for a few months under the figure of Abdülmecid II, who remained caliph until 1924, when the secularizing government of Kemal Atatürk formally abolished the caliphate. Members of the Osmanli dynasty were initially declared persona non grata. Over the years, some members of the dynasty have been able to return to Turkey, albeit as ordinary citizens. Civilly, the descendants of the Osmanli dynasty have adopted the surname Osmanoğlu.

Dynastic List

N.o	Portrait	Name	Tuğra	Home	Fin	Notes	R.
1		Osman I El Guerrero (1258-1326) Osman Gazi	-	c. 1299	c. 1326	Son of Bey Ertuğrul Declared its independence from the Sultanate of Rum
2		Orhan El Guerrero (1281-1362) Orhan Gazi		c. 1326	c. 1359	Extended its control to the northwest end of Anatolia He participated in the Byzantine Civil War of 1341-1347 in favor of Juan VI Cantacuceno, usurper of Juan V.
3		Murad I The Divine (1326-1389) Murad-ı Hüdavendigâr		c. 1359	15 June 1389	First to hold Sultan Dead in the Battle of Kosovo
4		Bayezid I The Ray (1354-1403) Yıldırım Bayezid		15 June 1389	20 July 1402	Captured in the Battle of Angora against the Timid Empire Dead on 8 March 1403
- Ottoman Interregno —
5		Mehmed I The Noble (1389-1421) Çelebi Mehmed		5 June 1413	26 May 1421	Reunified the sultanato after winning at the Battle of Çamurlu Expanded Ottoman control to Valaquia and Albania
6		Murad II (1404-1451)		26 May 1421	1 December 1444	He took Thessalonica and entered Greece and Macedonia He faced the Varna Crusade Retired left his son Murad II on the throne
7		Mehmed II The Conqueror (1432-1481) Fatih Sultan Mehmed		1 December 1444	September 1445	Named sultan in 1444, with only twelve years of age
6		Murad II (1404-1451)		September 1445	3 February 1451	He took Thessalonica and entered Greece and Macedonia He faced the Varna Crusade
7		Mehmed II The Conqueror (1432-1481) Fatih Sultan Mehmed		3 February 1451	3 May 1481	Proclaimed "César de Rome" after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453
8		Bayezid II (1447-1512)		21 May 1481	25 April 1512	Abdicted the throne Death on 26 May 1512
9		Selim I The Shadow (1470-1520) Yavuz Selim		25 April 1512	22 September 1520	Conquered the Mediterranean Levant, Egypt and the Hiyaz First califa of the Empire
10		Süleyman I The Magnificent (1494-1566) Muhteşem Süleyman		30 September 1520	6 September 1566	His reign — the longest — marked the apogee of the Empire Died for natural causes during the Szigetvár Site
11		Selim II The Blonde (1524-1574) Sarı Selim		6 September 1566	12 December1574	J. Hammer-Purgstall (1774-1856) Ismail Hami Danismend (1899-1967) Eduard von Zambaur (1886-1947)
12		Murad III (1546-1595)		12 didle 1574	15 eNero of 1595	This sultan left power on December 10, 1583, to his wife Safiye Sultan who took over the Empire during most of his reign.
13		Mehmed III The Righteous (1566-1603) Adlî Mehmed		15 eNero of 1595	22 didle of 1603	It was the only sultan who did not reign or use power since he preferred to focus on the harem while his Mother Safiye Sultan or Queen Sofia took over the Empire throughout his reign.
14		Ahmed I El Afortunado (1590-1617) Bahtî Ahmed		22 Decembere of 1603	22 November 1617
15		Mustafa I (1592-1639)		22 November 1617	26 February 1618	Deposed in favor of your nephew
16		Osman II The Young (1602-1622) Genç Osman		26 February 1618	19 May 1622	Elevated to the throne with 14 years
17		Murad IV (1612-1640)		10 September 1623	9 February 1640	Restored the authority and power of the Ottoman Empire Conqueror of Baghdad Conqueror of Yerevan
18		İbrahim (1615-1648)		9 February 1640	8 August 1648	Budget Executed on 18 August 1648
19		Mehmed IV The Hunter (1642-1693) Avcı Mehmed		8 August 1648	8 November 1687	After the Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Mohács (1687) Death on 6 January 1693 Second longer reign
20		Süleyman II (1642-1691)		8 November 1687	22 June 1691
21		Ahmed II (1643-1695)		22 June 1691	8 February 1695
22		Mustafa II (1664-1703)		8 February 1695	22 August 1703	Deposed in a Jesuit revolt Death on 30–31 December 1793
23		Ahmed III (1673-1736)		22 August 1703	1 October 1730	Defeated in the Great Turkish War Deposed to the jenízars Death on 1 July 1736
24		Mahmud I (1696-1754)		1 October 1730	13 December 1754
25		Osman III (1699-1757)		13 December 1754	30 October 1757
26		Mustafa III (1717-1774)		30 October 1757	21 January 1774	Remembered to reform the army
27		Abdülhamid I (1725-1789)		21 January 1774	7 April 1789	Defeated in the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1792
28		Selim III (1761-1807)		7 April 1789	29 May 1807	Allied of Great Britain during the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt Deposed in a revolt in response to his attempts to reform
29		Mustafa IV (1779-1808)		29 May 1807	28 July 1808	Executed on 17 November
30		Mahmud II (1785-1839)		28 July 1808	1 July 1839	Defeated in the Russian-Turkish War of 1806-1812 He highlighted his important bureaucratic and military reforms The Empire Lost All Greece
31		Abdülmecid I (1823-1861)		1 July 1839	25 June 1861	His reign continued the process of "reorganization" (Tanzimat)
32		Abdülaziz (1830-1876)		25 June 1861	30 May 1876	First Sultan to visit Europe Abdicated in the midst of popular discontent and economic crisis He committed suicide (?) on 4 June
33		Murad V (1840-1904)		30 May 1876	31 August 1876	I bet after I found out I had a mental illness. Death on 29 August 1904
34		Abdülhamid II (1842-1918)		31 August 1876	27 August 1909	It proclaimed the first constitution, but it resisted the change until 1908 (Revolution of the Young Turks) Egypt was yielded to the British Death on 10 February 1918
35		Mehmed V Reşad (1844-1918)		27 August 1909	3 July 1918	He reigned as a constitutional monarch, giving his powers to the Union and Progress Committee Defeated in Balkan Wars and World War I
36		Mehmed VI Vahîdeddin (1861-1926)		3 July 1918	1 November 1922	His reign saw the immediate dissolution and partition of the Empire Death on 16 May 1926, exiled in the Kingdom of Italy
Caliph under the Republic of Turkey (1922–1924)
		Abdülmecid II (1868-1944)	-	18 November 1922	3 March 1924	Crown Prince of Mehmed VI Elected by the Turkish Grand National Assembly exiled after the abolition of the Caliphate Death on 23 August 1944 in the French Republic

Heads of the dynasty after 1922

Complete gene tree

N.o	Image	Name	Notes	Home	End / Death	R.
36		Mehmed VI	Sultan between 1918 and 1922	1 November 1922	16 May 1926
37		Abdülmecid II	Son of Sultan Abdülaziz; Last Ottoman caliph	16 May 1926	23 August 1944
38		Ahmed Nihad Osmanoğlu	Nieto de Murad V	23 August 1944	4 June 1954
39		Osman Füad Osmanoğlu	Nieto de Murad V	4 June 1954	19 May 1973
40	-	Mehmed Abdülaziz Osmanoğlu	Nieto de Abdülaziz	1973	1977
41		Ali Vâsıb Osmanoğlu	Bisnieto de Murad V	1977	1983
42		Orhan Osmanoğlu	Nieto de Abdülhamid II	1983	1994
43	-	Ertuğrul Osmanoğlu	Nieto de Abdülhamid II	1994	2009
44	-	Bayezid Osmanoğlu	Bisnieto de Abdülmecid	23 September 2009	7 January 2017
45	-	Dündar Osmanoğlu	Bisnieto of Abdülhamid II	7 January 2017	18 January 2021
46		Harun Osmanoğlu	Brother of the former	since 18 January 2021

Chronological table