Organelle
In cell biology, they are called organelles (or also organelles, organelles, organoids) to the different structures contained in the cytoplasm of cells, mainly eukaryotes, which have a certain shape.
The prokaryotic cell lacks most of the organelles.
The name organelles comes from the analogy between the function of these structures in cells, and the function of organs in the body.
Not all eukaryotic cells contain all the organelles at the same time, they appear in certain cells according to their functions.
Structure
The generic name of «organelles» (from the Latin organŭlum, diminutive of orgănum) or small organs, comes from the proposal of a biological analogy between the function of the organs in the body and the function of these microscopic structures within cells.
Each organelle has a structural unit and fulfills one or more specific functions.
Among the most important cell organelles are the nuclei, which store genetic information, and the mitochondria, which produce energy.
| Orgánulo | Function | Structure | Agencies | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cloroplast | Photosynthesis | It has a double membrane | Plants, protists | It has genetic material (DNA) |
| Endoplasmic Reticulous | Synthesis and packaging of proteins and certain lipids (package in vesicles) | Can be associated with ribosomes in your membrane | Eucariot | There are two types: Rugoso and Liso |
| Golgi's appartment | Transport and packaging of proteins, receives endoplasmic reticulous vesicles, glucolipid form, glucoproteins | Flattened sacs surrounded by cytoplasmic membrane | Most eukaryotes | On the plants are known as dictiosomas |
| Mitocondria | Cell breathing | Double membrane compartment, internal and external | Most eukaryotes | It has genetic material (DNA) |
| Vacuolas | Storage, transport and homeostasis | Vesicular membrane shields | Plants and fungi | |
| Nucleus | DNA maintenance and genetic expression | Surrounded by double membrane, or nuclear membrane | All eukaryotes | Contains most of the DNA |
| Orgánulo/component | Function | Structure | Agencies |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acrosoma | Helps the sperm to merge with the egg | Simple membrane compartment | Many animals |
| Autophagosoma | A vesicle that stores cytoplasmic and oreganol material for degradation | Double membrane compartment | All eukaryotic cells |
| Centresoma | They intervene in cell division helping the chromosomal movement | Cylindrical structures formed by tubes and surrounded by dense protein material | Animals |
| Cilio | Movement | Protein microtubes | Animals, protists, some plants |
| Exosoma | Degradation of nucleic acids | Protenic Complex | Eucariots and archobacteria |
| Glioxisoma | Transformation of lipids into sugar | Simple membrane compartment | Plants |
| Hydrogenoma | Energy and hydrogen production | Double membrane compartment | Some unicellular eukaryotes |
| Inflamasoma | Falls of inflammation | Protenic Complex | Eucariot |
| Lisosoma | Breaking of large molecules | Simple membrane compartment | Most of the eucariot |
| Magnetosoma | Magnetic orientation | Magnetic crystals | Some procariot |
| Melanosoma | Storage of pigments | Simple membrane compartment | Animals |
| Mythoma | Similar to mitochondria but do not contain genes | Double membrane compartment | Some unicellular eukaryotes |
| Miofibrilla | Muscle contracting | Linked filaments | Animals |
| Parentosoma | No character | No character | Hong |
| Peroxisomas | Protein oxidation / cell detoxification | Simple membrane compartment | All eukaryotes |
| Proteasome | Protein degradation (previously marked with ubiquitin) | Protenic Complex | All eukaryotics and archeobacteria |
| Ribosomes | Amount of proteins from information transmitted by RNA | Rounded structures formed by two subunits | All living beings |
| Dress | Store, transport or digest cell products and waste | Simple membrane compartment | All eukaryotes |
| Typical animal cell | Typical vegetable cell | |
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| Basic structures |
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| Orgánulos |
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| Additional structures |
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Classification according to its genesis
Based on their genesis, organelles are classified into two groups:
- Orgánulos autogenetics, developed philosophically and ontitically from previous structures that become more complex.
- Origin letters endosimbioticfrom symbiosis with other organisms.
Endosymbiotic Organelles
They are organelles incorporated into the eukaryotic cell initially as endosymbiont bacteria. Organelles of endosymbiotic origin have their own genome, their own protein synthesis machinery, including ribosomes, and they multiply by bipartition, so that if they are experimentally removed from a cell they cannot be re-formed.
- Mitochondria. All known eukaryotants have mitochondria, orgoulos derived from them, such as hydrogenosomes, or at least traces of mitochondrial genes incorporated into the nuclear genome.
- Plates. There are two kinds of plates, the primary ones derive from cyanobacteria by endosymbiosis and the secondary ones by endosymbiosis of eukaryotic cells already equipped with plasto. The latter are much more complex. Plates have often been designated with other names depending on their pigmentation or the group in which they are presented. Chloroplastic denomination is usually used as a generic name.