November 21

November 21 is the 325th (three hundred and twenty-fifth) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar and the 326th in leap years. There are 40 days left to end the year.

Events

• 164 B.C.: Judas Macabeo reconstructs the Temple of Jerusalem. This event is commemorated by the festival of Jánuca.
• 235: in Rome, Italy, Antero is elected pope, replacing the recently deceased Pontian. During the persecutions of the Emperor Maximine Trace will be martyred.
• 1272: In England, after the death of King Henry III (November 16), his son, Edward I became king.
• 1386: In Georgia, Tamerlan captures and plunders the capital, Tiphlis, and takes King Bagrat V hostage.
• 1561: in the present Bolivia, the seat and mines of Potosi is elevated to the range of Villa Imperial de Potosí, and is exempt from the city of La Plata.
• 1620 (November 11, according to the ancient Julian calendar): in Corporal Cod (in the present U.S. region of Massachusetts) the "Pygrim Fathers" (Colonys) aboard the Mayflower, who escape religious persecution in England, founded the Plymouth Colony and signed the Mayflower Pact (now considered the foundation of the United States Constitution1787.
• 1783: In Paris, the physicist and chemist Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent make the first air balloon flight.
• 1789: North Carolina is admitted as the twelfth state of the United States.
• 1791: In France, Colonel Napoleon Bonaparte is promoted to General and appointed Commander-in-Chief of the French Republic Army.
• 1807: In the United States Spanish merchant Manuel Lisa establishes the first settlement of the state of Montana.
• 1839: In Chile the status of "trade port" is granted to the port of Tongoy.
• 1861: In the U.S. Civil War, Confederate President Jefferson Davis appoints Judah Philip Benjamin as War Secretary.
• 1874: In Birmingham (England), the Aston Villa Football Club is officially established, born in March of the same year.
• 1877: in New York (United States), Thomas Edison announces the creation of the photographer, instrument for recording and playing sounds.
• 1894: In Port Arthur (Manchuria), Japanese soldiers culminate in Port Arthur's taking where journalists of ardent court such as James Creelman of the New York World attribute false atrocities such as the murder of more than 60 000 Chinese civilians. This conquest will be decisive for the Japanese victory in the First Syno-Japanese War.
• 1902: the end of the Mil Days War a civil conflict in Colombia.
• 1905: German physicist Albert Einstein publishes in the magazine Annalen der Physik its scientific article "The inertia of a body, depends on its energy content?", where it reveals the relationship between energy and the mass of a body. This will lead you to discover the formula of equivalence between mass and energy (E = mc2).
• 1910: In the battleship Minas Geraes, stationed in Rio de Janeiro (at that time the capital of Brazil), a sailor is condemned to be beaten with 250 lashes (the maximum penalty was 25 lashes) before his companions. This unleashes the Latigo Revolt, after which the Government will imprison or murder dozens of sailors already surrendered with the guarantee of an amnesty.
• 1916: In the Aegean Sea—in the framework of the First World War—the Britannic (good brother of the Titanic) is plunged after a seamine exploded. 30 people die.
• 1918: In the city of Leópolis, west of Ukraine—in the framework of the Polish-Ukrainian War—Polish soldiers perpetrate a pogrom: in three days some 270 Christians and about 50 Ukrainian Jews will be killed.
• 1918: the flag of Estonia, previously used by independent activists, is formally adopted as the national flag of the Republic of Estonia.
• 1920: during a Gaelic Football Party in Croke Park (in Dublin, the capital of Ireland)—in the framework of the Independence War—British Crown soldiers shot down a number of footballers and members of the public present (Blood Sunday).
• 1927: in the state of Colorado (United States), a ranger squadron machine-guns the striking miners (Masacre de Columbine). Seven and tens are killed.
• 1945: the union United Auto Workers strikes at 92 General Motors auto factories in 50 cities in the United States, demanding a 30 percent salary increase.
• 1953: in London (United Kingdom), authorities of the Museum of Natural History announce that the Man of Piltdown, one of the famous "lost links", was a fraud.
• 1958: the University of the East is created in Venezuela.
• 1959: In New York, the WABC-AM radio casts the dysyoquey Alan Freed (37)—who popularized the term "rock and roll"—because they had participated in the payola scandal (have accepted bribes to spread to a particular musician).
• 1962: In China, the Chinese People's Liberation Army declares a unilateral ceasefire in the Sino-India War.
• 1964: in the Vatican City the third session of the Second Vatican Council of the Catholic Church ends.
• 1964: Between the districts of Staten Island and Brooklyn (New York City) the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge (whose central section is 1298 m); at that time it was the longest hanging bridge in the world.
• 1967: In the framework of the Vietnam War, U.S. General William Westmoreland says to journalists: "I am absolutely sure that although in 1965 the enemy was winning, today is undoubtedly losing." (The United States would accept that it had lost the war in 1973).
• 1969: In the United States, President Richard Nixon and Japanese Prime Minister Eisaku Satō agreed to return to Japan from Okinawa, keeping the United States the rights to military bases (although without nuclear weapons).
• 1969: In the United States, the first link of ARPANET, an Internet network predecessor, was established between UCLA and Stanford University.
• 1970: In the Vietnam War, a joint team of the Air Force and the United States Army raids the Sθn Tây camp of prisoners of war in an attempt to free American prisoners of war who are believed to be there at Operation Ivory Coast.
• 1974: in Birmingham (England) two pubs explode; 21 people die. Six young people are falsely accused (Hugh Callaghan, Patrick Hill, Gerard Hunter, Richard McIlkenny, William Power and John Walker), which the media called the Birmingham Six. After an infamous case of judicial assembly, on 15 August 1975 they will be sentenced to life imprisonment. Until 16 years later (on 14 March 1991) British justice will recognize their innocence and release them.
• 1981: in Buenos Aires—in the framework of the military dictatorship (1976-1983)—Dictator Roberto Viola delegates the presidency for health issues in the Minister of the Interior, General Horacio Tomás Liendo.
• 1985: U.S. Navy intelligence analyst, Jonathan Pollard, is arrested for spying after being surprised by giving Israel classified information about Arab nations. He is subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment.
• 1990: Nintendo launches the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in Japan.
• 1995: the Dayton conference ended, which ended the Yugoslav wars.
• 1996: exploits a Humberto Vidal shoe store in Río Piedras, Puerto Rico, dying thirty-three people.
• 2000: In Spain, the ETA terrorist gang murders former Socialist Minister Ernest Lluch.
• 2000: Former President Carlos Menem was released in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on charges of unlawful association.
• 2002: in Jerusalem, a Hamas terrorist explodes on a bus a bomb that takes its body to its body. Eleven people die.
• 2002: NATO invites Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia to become members.
• 2002: the popular video game Pokémon Rubí and Pokémon Zafiro for Game boy advance
• 2004: The island of Dominica is rooted by the most destructive earthquake in its history. The greatest damage was verified in the northern half of the island, especially the village of Portsmouth.
• 2006: In the suburbs of Beirut (Lebanon) the Minister of Industry Pierre Gemayel, of strongly anti-syrian tendencies, was murdered.
• 2006: Ian Thorpe, an Australian Olympic swimmer, announces its withdrawal.
• 2009: In a coal mine in Heilongjiang, China, the mining explosion occurs, in which 104 people lose their lives.
• 2011: One Direction released to the UK market its first studio album, entitled Up All Night.
• 2012: Bolivia conducts the population and housing census.
• 2014: a 50 m hole swallows several houses in the Ural Mountains, near the city of Solikamsk (Russia).
• 2016: In northern Japan there is an earthquake of magnitude 7.3 on the Richter scale.
• 2017: Robert Mugabe resigns from the presidency of Zimbabwe, after remaining 37 years in power uninterruptedly.
• 2018: in Xiutetelco, Puebla, Mexico an explosion occurs with at least 4 dead
• 2019: All over Colombia the 21N movement is held a national strike in which the country is manifested against the government policies of Colombian President Iván Duque.
• 2021: Chile is the presidential elections.

Births

• 1643: Rene Robert Cavelier de La Salle, French explorer (f. 1687).
• 1651: Tomás Vicente Tosca, mathematician, cartographer and Spanish theologian (f. 1723).

Voltaire.

• 1694: Voltaire, French writer and philosopher (f. 1778).
• 1733: Felix Latassa, a Spanish religious and bibliographer (f. 1805).
• 1737: José Antonio Alzate, Mexican priest (f. 1799).
• 1761: Dorotea Jordan, Irish actress, lover of King William IV (f. 1816).
• 1768: Friedrich Schleiermacher, German theologian (f. 1834).
• 1774: Domingo French, militar argentina (f. 1825).
• 1818: Lewis Henry Morgan, lawyer, anthropologist, ethnologist and American writer (f. 1881).
• 1834: Friedrich Weyerhäuser, American magnate (f. 1914).
• 1834: Hetty Green, American businessman (f. 1916).

UK victory.

• 1840: Victoria of the United Kingdom, British Royal Princess and Consort Queen of Prussia (f. 1901).
• 1841: José Nakens, a Spanish journalist and activist (f. 1926).
• 1848: José Tartiere, Spanish entrepreneur (f. 1927).
• 1851: Désiré-Joseph Mercier, Belgian Archbishop (f. 1926).
• 1852: Francisco Tárrega, composer and Spanish guitarist (f. 1909).
• 1853: Hussein Kamel, Egyptian Sultan (f. 1917).
• 1854: Pope Benedict XV (f. 1922).

Manuel Estrada Cabrera.

• 1857: Manuel Estrada Cabrera, a Guatemalan politician, president of Guatemala between 1898 and 1920 (f. 1924).
• 1861: Tom Horn, American serial killer (f. 1903).
• 1868: Federico Pelico Tinoco, politician and dictator costarricense (f. 1931).
• 1870: Alexander Berkman, American activist and writer (f. 1936).
• 1870: Sigfrid Edström, Swedish entrepreneur (f. 1964).
• 1877: Sigfrid Karg-Elert, German composer (f. 1933).
• 1878: Gustav Radbruch, a German politician (f. 1949).
• 1880: Juan Veltroni, Italian architect (f. 1942).
• 1882: Harold Lowe, Welsh officer of the ship Titanic (f. 1944).

Cesar Miranda.

• 1884: César Miranda, a Uruguayan politician and writer (f. 1960).
• 1885: Pedro Gual Villalbí, economist and Spanish politician (f. 1968).
• 1897: Mollie Steimer American anarchist of Russian origin (f. 1980).
• 1898: René Magritte, Belgian painter (f. 1967).
• 1899: Jobyna Ralston, American actress (f. 1967).
• 1901: Francisco Cantera Burgos, humanist, hebraist and Spanish historian (f. 1978).
• 1902: Isaac Bashevis Singer, Polish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature in 1978 (f. 1991).
• 1902: Mikhail Súslov, Soviet politician (f. 1982).
• 1904: Isaac Bashevis Singer, Polish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature in 1978 (f. 1991).
• 1904: Coleman Hawkins, American jazz saxophoneist (f. 1969).

Eleanor Powell.

• 1912: Eleanor Powell, American actress and dancer (f. 1982).
• 1912: Braulio Fernández Aguirre, Mexican politician (f. 2013).
• 1914: Henri Laborit, French physicist and philosopher (f. 1995).
• 1919: Steve Brodie, American actor (f. 1992).
• 1920: Stan Musial, American baseball player (f. 2013).
• 1921: Pepe Luis Vázquez, Spanish bullfighter (f. 2013).
• 1922: María Casares, a Spanish actress (f. 1996).
• 1923: Veliko Kadiyévich, Yugoslav general. (f. 2014).
• 1924: Víctor Martínez, Argentine lawyer and politician (f. 2017).
• 1924: Christopher Tolkien, British writer (f. 2020).
• 1925: Xie Jin, Chinese filmmaker (f. 2008).
• 1926: Odd Børretzen, Norwegian singer and writer (f. 2012).
• 1926: William Wakefield Baum, American Archbishop (f. 2015).
• 1927: Georgia Frontiere, American businessman (f. 2008).
• 1927: Andrés Donoso, Chilean engineer (f. 2005).
• 1927: Ernesto de la Peña, Mexican poet, philosopher and academic (f. 2012).
• 1929: Marilyn French, American writer (f. 2009).
• 1930: Alfonso Calderón, poet, novelist, essayist and Chilean critic (f. 2009).
• 1931: Lewis Binford, American archaeologist (f. 2011).
• 1932: Beryl Bainbridge, British writer (f. 2010).
• 1935: Fairuz, Lebanese singer and actress.
• 1937: Ingrid Pitt, Polish actress (f. 2010).
• 1938: Bernt Carlsson, Swedish diplomat (f. 1988).
• 1939: Budd Dwyer, American politician (f. 1987).
• 1940: Freddy Beras-Goico, TV presenter and Dominican comedian (f. 2010).

Julio Anguita.

• 1941: Julio Anguita, Spanish politician (f. 2020).
• 1941: Idil Biret, Turkish pianist.
• 1942: Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul, German politics.
• 1943: Jacques Laffite, a French motorist pilot.
• 1944: Richard Durbin, American politician.
• 1944: Earl Monroe, American basketball player.
• 1944: Harold Ramis, American actor and filmmaker (f. 2014).
• 1945: Carmen Avendaño, a Galician activist against drug trafficking.

Goldie Hawn.

• 1945: Goldie Hawn, American actress.
• 1946: Emma Cohen, Spanish actress (f. 2016).
• 1947: Jorge Coulón, Chilean and political singer, from the Inti-Illimani group
• 1948: Alphonse Mouzon, American jazzer (f. 2016).
• 1948: Michel Suleiman, Lebanese military and political president of Lebanon between 2008 and 2014.
• 1952: Pedro Lemebel, Chilean writer and visual artist (f. 2015).
• 1954: Fiona Pitt-Kethley, poet, novelist, writer and British journalist.
• 1955: Cedric Maxwell, American basketball player.
• 1956: José Ramón de la Morena, Spanish journalist.
• 1956: Cherry Jones, American actress.
• 1958: David Reivers, American actor.
• 1959: Naoko Watanabe, Japanese seiyū.
• 1961: Maria Kawamura, actress, seiyū and Japanese singer.
• 1962: Steven Curtis Chapman, American musician.
• 1962: Roberto Musso, Uruguayan singer, of the band El Cuarteto de Nos.
• 1963: Nicollette Sheridan, Anglo-American actress.
• 1964: Shane Douglas, American professional fighter.
• 1964: Olden Polynice, Haitian basketball.

Björk.

• 1965: Björk, singer, composer and Icelandic actress, from the band The Sugarcubes.
• 1965: Reggie Lewis, American basketball player (f. 1993).
• 1965: Alexander Siddig, British actor.
• 1965: Yuriko Yamaguchi, Japanese seiyū.
• 1966: Troy Aikman, American ex-player of football.
• 1966: Evgeny Bareev, Russian chess player.
• 1967: Ken Block, American motor racing pilot (f. 2023).
• 1968: Alex James, British bassist of the Blur band.
• 1968: Antonio Tarver, American boxer.
• 1969: Ken Griffey, Jr., American baseball player.
• 1971: Luis Alfredo Hernández, Venezuelan speaker.
• 1972: David Tua, Samoano boxer.
• 1972: Leo Allen, American comedian and writer.
• 1972: Cristian Moreni, Italian cyclist.
• 1972: Bae Seong-woo, South Korean actor.
• 1972: Thomas Schleicher, Austrian Yudoca (f. 2001).
• 1973: Inés Sastre, model and Spanish actress.
• 1973: Jorge Azcón, mayor of Zaragoza.
• 1975: Chris Moneymaker, American poker player.
• 1975: Erlend Hey, Norwegian musician, Kings of Convenience bands and The Whitest Boy Alive.
• 1975: Carolina Escobar, Chilean journalist and presenter.
• 1977: Bruno Berner, Swiss footballer.
• 1977: Mar Gómez Glez, writer and Spanish playwright.
• 1977: Tobias Sammet, German vocalist, Edguy band.

Lucia Jiménez, Spanish actress and singer.

• 1978: Lucia Jiménez, Spanish actress and singer.
• 1978: Yasmine Al Massr, Lebanese actress and dancer
• 1979: Vincenzo Iaquinta, Italian footballer.
• 1979: Stromile Swift, American basketball player.
• 1979: Saeed al-Ghamdi, a Saudi terrorist who participated in 11S (f. 2001).
• 1980: Leonardo González, a Costa Rican footballer.
• 1980: Tim Lambesis, American vocalist, of the band As I Lay Dying.
• 1981: Jonny Magallón, Mexican footballer.
• 1981: Chizuru Ikewaki, Japanese actress.
• 1982: Pablo Salazar, Costa Rican footballer.
• 1983: Brie Bella, American fighter.
• 1983: Nikki Bella, American fighter.
• 1984: Alvaro Bautista, Spanish bike rider.
• 1984: Hope Dworaczyk, American model.
• 1984: Jena Malone, American actress.
• 1985: Jesus Navas, Spanish footballer.
• 1985: Carly Rae Jepsen, Canadian singer.
• 1988: Alexander Robinson, Costa Rican footballer.
• 1989: Darvin Chávez, Mexican footballer.
• 1989: Fabian Delph, British footballer.
• 1990: Dani King, British cyclist.
• 1992: Conor Maynard, British singer.
• 1994: Saul Ñíguez, Spanish footballer.

Deaths

Pope Gelasio I.

• 496: Gelasio I, Italian potato (n.?)
• 615: Columbano de Luxeuil, an Irish missionary (n. 543).
• 1011: Reizei Japanese emperor (n. 950).
• 1150: García Ramírez, king Navarro (n. 1150).
• 1361: Philip I of Burgundy (n. 1346).
• 1555: Georgius Agrícola, German minerologist (n. 1494).
• 1579: Thomas Gresham, English merchant and financial (n. 1519).
• 1652: Jan Brożek, Polish mathematician and physical (n. 1585).

Henry Purcell.

• 1695: Henry Purcell, British composer (n. 1659).
• 1730: François de Troy, French painter (n. 1645).
• 1775: John Hill, British botanist (n. ca. 1716).
• 1782: Jacques de Vaucanson, French inventor (n. 1709).
• 1811: Heinrich von Kleist, German poet (n. 1777).
• 1829: José Félix Bogado, an Argentine military of Paraguayan origin (n. 1777).
• 1844: Ivan Krylov, Russian writer (n. 1769).
• 1853: Rufino Cuervo, politician, statesman and Colombian journalist (n. 1801).
• 1859: Yoshida Shōin, a Japanese intellectual (n. 1830).
• 1861: Enrique Lacordaire, bishop and French activist (n. 1802).

Catalan painter Mariano Fortuny.

• 1874: Mariano Fortuny, a Spanish painter (n. 1838).
• 1881: Ami Boué, Austrian geologist (n. 1794).
• 1899: Garret Hobart, politician and U.S. Vice President (n. 1844).
• 1907: Paula Modersohn-Becker, German painter (n. 1876).
• 1908: Carl Friedrich Schmidt, German Baltic geologist and botanist (n. 1832).
• 1909: Peder Severin Krøyer, Norwegian painter (n. 1851).
• 1911: Scholastic Rubio Gómez, Spanish politician (n. 1846).
• 1912: Maximum Tajes, Uruguayan President (n. 1852).
• 1916: Francis Joseph I, Austrian emperor (n. 1830).
• 1922: Ricardo Flores Magón, Mexican anarchist (n. 1873).
• 1928: Hermann Sudermann, German novelist (n. 1857).
• 1938: Leopold Godowsky, American pianist and composer (n. 1870).
• 1942: Barry Hertzog, general and South African prime minister (n. 1866).
• 1944: Joseph Caillaux, a French politician (n. 1863).
• 1945: Robert Benchley, American actor and critic (n. 1889).
• 1945: Saul Montes Bradley, Argentine publicist (n. 1907).

Eduardo Marquina.

• 1946: Eduardo Marquina, Spanish writer (n. 1879).
• 1951: Jean d'Agraives, French writer (n. 1892).
• 1952: Henriette Roland Holst, a Dutch poet and socialist (n. 1869).
• 1958: Mel Ott, American baseball player (n. 1909).
• 1959: Max Baer, American boxer (n. 1909).
• 1963: Robert Franklin Stroud, American criminal and ornithologist (n. 1890).
• 1965: Astrojildo Pereira, Brazilian writer and politician (n. 1890).
• 1969: Mutesa II of Buganda, Ugandan president between 1963 and 1966 (n. 1924).
• 1970: Chandrasekhara Raman, Indian physicist, nobel prize of physics in 1930 (n. 1888).
• 1974: Frank Martin, Swiss composer (n. 1890).
• 1975: Luis Felipe Vivanco, Spanish poet (n. 1907).
• 1979: Asja Lācis, director of Latvian theatre (n. 1891).
• 1980: Sara García, Mexican actress (n. 1895).
• 1981: Harry von Zell, American actor (n. 1906).
• 1983: Alphonse Barbé, French anarchist (n. 1885).
• 1986: Jerry Colonna, American comic and singer (n. 1904).
• 1987: Howard E. Bigelow, American micrologist (n. 1923).
• 1988: Carl Hubbell, American baseball player (n. 1903).
• 1992: Severino Gazzelloni, Italian flautist (n. 1919).
• 1992: Kaysone Phomvihane, Laosian President (n. 1920).

Bill Bixby.

• 1993: Bill Bixby, American actor (n. 1934).
• 1994: Santiago Chalar, poet, songwriter and Uruguayan traumatologist (n. 1938).
• 1994: Willem Jacob Luyten, Dutch astronomer (n. 1899).
• 1994: Juancho Rois, Colombian accordionist (n. 1958).
• 1995: Peter Grant, British music band manager (n. 1935).
• 1996: Abdus Salam, Pakistani physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979 (n. 1926).
• 1999: Quentin Crisp, British writer (n. 1908).
• 1999: Horacio Gómez Bolaños, Mexican actor and screenwriter (n. 1930).
• 2000: Ernest Lluch, politician and Spanish minister (n. 1937).
• 2002: Norihito, Japanese aristocrat (n. 1954).
• 2005: Rafael Humberto Moreno-Durán, novelist, reporter, essayist and playwright (n. 1945).
• 2006: Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali-Yibutian politician, the first president of Djibouti (n. 1916).
• 2006: Pierre Amine Gemayel, a Lebanese politician and minister (n. 1972).
• 2006: José María Jover, Spanish historian (n. 1920).

American guitarist Robert Lockwood Jr.

• 2006: Robert Lockwood Jr., American blues guitarist (n. 1915).
• 2007: Fernando Fernán Gómez, writer, actor and Spanish director (n. 1921).
• 2008: Malevo Ferreyra, Argentinian Commissioner accused of crimes against humanity (n. 1945).
• 2010: Rosaura Andreu, Cuban television actress and presenter (n. 1922).
• 2010: Silverio Cavazos, Mexican politician; assassinated (n. 1968).
• 2010: David Nolan, American politician and activist (n. 1943).
• 2011: Anne McCaffrey, American writer (n. 1926).
• 2012: Deborah Raffin, American actress (n. 1953).
• 2014: Joaquín Bedoya, Colombian singer and composer (n. 1943).
• 2016: Dicken Castro, a Colombian architect and graphic designer. (n. 1922).
• 2021: Antonio Escohotado, philosopher and Spanish jurist (n. 1941).
• 2022: Gabriel Camargo Salamanca, president of the Tolima Sports

Celebrations

• World Day of Recycling and Pure Air
• World Day of the Spina Bifida
• World Television Day
• World Dress Day
• Argentina: Sick Day.
• Venezuela Venezuela: University Student Day

Catholic saints list

• Presentation of the Virgin.
• San Agapio de Cesarea
• San Alberto de Lovaina
• San Gelasio I
• San Marino de Porec
• San Mauro de Cesana
• San Mauro de Verona
• Saint Rufo of Rome
• Beato Gelosio
• Blessed Mary of Jesus Good Shepherd
• Beato Romeo de Llívia