New Brunswick

New Brunswick (from English: New Brunswick) (from French: Nouveau-Brunswick), also sometimes called New Brunswick Brunswick or even, without translating, New Brunswick and commonly abbreviated NB, is one of the ten provinces that, together with the three territories, make up the thirteen entities Federals of Canada. Its capital is Fredericton and its most populous city, Moncton. It is located in the east of the country, and is bordered to the north by the Gulf of St. Lawrence —which separates it from Prince Edward Island—, to the east by the Bay of Fundy —which separates it from Nova Scotia—, to the south by the United States and to the west with Quebec. With 72,908 km², it is the third smallest entity —ahead of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, the smallest— and, with 10 inhab/km², the fourth most densely populated, behind Prince Island Eduardo, from Nova Scotia and Ontario.^{[citation needed]}

New Brunswick is part of the Maritime Provinces and the Atlantic Provinces, and is the only Canadian province to have English and French as official languages.

Most of New Brunswick is covered by forests. Forestry is one of the main sources of income for the province. New Brunswick is one of Canada's largest lumber producers, as well as the country's largest producer of newsprint. The most important sources of income for New Brunswick are manufacturing, tourism, forestry, mining, and fishing.^{[citation needed]}

New Brunswick was originally settled by the French, and was part of the French colony of Acadia, part of New France. In 1763, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris, the French ceded the region of present-day New Brunswick to the British. They gave the region its present name, in homage to King George III of the United Kingdom, a descendant of the British royal family Brunswick-Lüneburg. New Brunswick was then relatively sparsely populated by European settlers—mainly French—until the late 1770s. The Thirteen Colonial Revolution of 1776 caused about &&& &&&&&&&014000.&&&&&014,000 inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies, loyal to the British crown —and for this reason, called loyalists (loyalists)—, immigrated to the region, and then gave New Brunswick the nickname The Loyalist Province.^{[citation required]}

Along with Nova Scotia, Ontario and Quebec, New Brunswick is one of the four original provinces of the Canadian Confederation, created on July 1, 1867.^{[citation required]}

History

Until 1763

The Native Americans who lived in the region that is now New Brunswick, before the arrival of the first European explorers in the region, were the Micmac, Maliseet, and Passamaquoddy tribes. The Micmac mainly inhabited the eastern region of present-day New Brunswick, while the Maliseet inhabited the northwestern region and the Passamaquoddy lived in the southwest, around Passamaquoddy Bay.

The first European explorer to explore present-day New Brunswick was Frenchman Jacques Cartier, in 1534, who discovered and named the Baie des Chaleurs, between northern New Brunswick and the Gaspes Peninsula of present-day Quebec. The next French expedition to the region would not occur until 1604, when a group of Frenchmen, led by Pierre Dugua de Mons and Samuel de Champlain, sailed through Passamaquoddy Bay, and established a small winter settlement on Saint Croix Island (now belonging to to Maine), where the explorers were installed. By the end of the winter, 36 of the 87 members of the expedition died from scurvy. After the winter, in 1605, the rest of the expedition moved to the Bay of Fundy, settling where Port Royal, present-day Nova Scotia, is located today.

Gradually, other French settlements were established along the Saint John River and in the Bay of Fundy region, as well as on the northern rim of New Brunswick, throughout the 17th century. These settlements included Fort la Tour (present-day Saint John), villages in the Memramcook and Petitcodiac river valleys, and St. Pierre, current Bathurst. The entire region of New Brunswick, as well as the regions that now make up Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and parts of Maine, were claimed by the French, as part of the Acadia colony (part of New France). The French maintained good relations with the Native Americans in the region. The main source of income for the French in New Brunswick was the fur trade with the Native Americans of the region.

England first claimed the New Brunswick region in 1621, when King James I of England ceded the entire region that was then Acadia to William Alexander. This region would be called, according to the British, Nova Scotia, the Latin meaning of "Nova Scotia". Naturally the French did not accept the British claims to the region. The French, however, gradually lost control of Acadia to the British in a series of wars during the 18th century.

In 1713, under the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht—which officially ended the War of the Spanish Succession—the French ceded the mainland portion of Nova Scotia to the British. The New Brunswick region, as well as Île St-Jean (Prince Edward Island), and Île Royale (present-day Cape Breton Island) would continue under French rule.

Acadia (1754).

Most of the Acadian population of the time, however, lived in the mainland part of Nova Scotia, which came under British control. The rest of Acadia, including the New Brunswick region, was sparsely populated, with primary Acadian settlements in New Brunswick existing only in the Tantramar, Memramcook, and Petitcodiac River regions, as well as Fort la Tour and Fort Anne (present-day Fredericton).

During the French-Indian War (1756-1763), the British conquered all of New Brunswick. Fort Beausejour, near the present city of Sackville, was captured immediately at the start of the war, in 1755. The Acadians of the nearby regions, Beaubassin and Petitcodiac, were expelled from the region, as were the British. they had done with the Acadians in Nova Scotia, earlier that same year. Other conflicts and battles followed the capture of Sackville, and Fort St. Anne was captured by the British in 1759. After this, the entire region of present-day New Brunswick came under British rule. France would finally lose control of its empire in North America after the Battle of Abraham's Plains in Quebec City in 1759. Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1763), the French officially ceded New Brunswick to the British.

1763-1867

After the end of the French-Indian War, the region that now constitutes New Brunswick (plus part of Maine) was incorporated into Sunbury County, in the British colony of Nova Scotia. New Brunswick's location, relatively far from the Atlantic Ocean shoreline, prevented the British from intensively populating the region immediately after the end of the war. Of the attempts to populate the region immediately after the postwar period, the founding of The Bend —now Moncton— in 1766 by Pennsylvanian settlers sponsored by the Philadelphia Land Company stands out. Other settlements founded by settlers from the Thirteen Colonies would be established in the region, mainly in the southern region of former Acadia (Maine and southern New Brunswick)—particularly around present-day Sackville, and around the estuary of the st john river. Shortly before the American Revolution of 1776, English settlers from Yorkshire also settled in the Sackville region.

However, the great population growth would not occur until 1775, when the American Revolution of 1776 began in the British Thirteen Colonies. These had a large number of colonists, called loyalists (loyalists), who were loyal to the British crown. Loyalists from the Thirteen Colonies were offered free lots of land in New Brunswick by the British. However, it should be noted that the majority of the New Brunswick population already settled in the region before the Revolution supported the American rebels, and some believe that New Brunswick, if it were a little more politically organized, could be considered the "fourteenth" British colony. In particular, Johnathan Eddy, commanding a militia, attacked a British military post at Fort Cumberland—present-day Fort Beausejour—several times during the start of the revolution.

Loyalists settled in large numbers in New Brunswick—there were about 14,000 in total, at the end of the revolution, in 1783. A good part of these loyalists settled only once in 1783, soon after the end of the revolution in the United States, being expelled from the new country. Loyalists from this latest wave of migration settled in Parrtown—present-day Saint John. With the sudden growth of the region's population, the need to politically organize the territory became clear and critical. The capital of the colony of which New Brunswick was a part at the time—Halifax, the capital of Nova Scotia—was located so far from the region that the British crown decided that the colonial province of Nova Scotia should be partitioned. The colonial province of New Brunswick was officially founded by Thomas Carleton on August 16, 1784.

New Brunswick was named after the then British monarch, King George III, who was a descendant of the Brunswick-Lüneburg family. For its part Fredericton, the provincial capital, was named in homage to the second son of King George III, Frederick, Duke of York and Albany.

The choice of Fredericton as the capital of New Brunswick offended many residents of Parrtown—later renamed Saint John. Parrtown had a significantly larger population than Fredericton. The main reason for the choice of Fredericton as the capital of New Brunswick was its location in the interior of the province—which made it less vulnerable to possible American (or other enemy) attacks than Parrtown, located on the coast. Parrtown, however, would become Canada's first incorporated city.

Some of the Acadians who had been driven out of Nova Scotia returned to the region of ancient Acadia in the late 18th century and early 19th century. These Acadians settled mainly in the eastern and northern coastal regions of the new colony of New Brunswick. There they lived relatively isolated (isolation in a certain way voluntarily imposed by themselves), to the extent that they fought to keep their traditions alive.

The Anglo-American War of 1812 had little effect on New Brunswick. Forts such as the Carleton Martello Tower were built on Saint John and the St. Andrews Blockhouse, but the Americans did not attack the region, and no battles or armed conflicts of any kind occurred in New Brunswick. The inhabitants of the province had good relations with their neighbors in the state of Maine—as well as with the rest of New England. Even during the war the city of St. Stephen supplied ammunition to the Americans of Calais (both cities separated by a river), in the celebrations of the 4th of July, the day of the independence of the United States.

However, a stretch of the border between Maine and New Brunswick was in dispute between the Americans and the British. Officials in London and Washington D.C. were fighting over the region, but most of the disputed area's inhabitants did not care whether it remained under British rule or being annexed by the United States. The border dispute, known as the Arrostook War, was settled in 1842.

At the beginning of the 19th century, large numbers of Scots and English settled in New Brunswick. In 1845, large numbers of Irish people fleeing the Great Irish Famine. Many of the latter settled in Saint John or Chatham (the latter calling itself the Irish Capital of Canada). The Irish, mainly Catholics, frequently clashed with the rest of the New Brunswick population, the vast majority of which were Protestants. In 1849, the largest of these conflicts occurred in Saint John, when Protestants and Catholics engaged in firefight.

Throughout the 19th century, forestry and shipbuilding—both in the Bay of Fundy and in Miramichi—were New Brunswick's main sources of income. Other important sources of income for the province were agriculture and fishing.

Since 1867

In 1864, officials from the Maritime Provinces—New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island—held a meeting in Charlottetown, where they discussed the formation of a possible merger of the three provincial colonies. Initially the Charlottetown Conference was held with this objective, but the government of the province of Canada (now Ontario and Quebec) became interested in the idea of a possible union, and representatives of the province of Canada joined the meeting. Representatives of the four provinces would meet again in Quebec. On July 1, 1867, the Confederation of Canada was officially created. New Brunswick was one of the original provinces of the Confederation, along with Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec.

Many residents of the Maritime Provinces did not want to join the Confederation, fearing that the needs of the region would be undervalued compared to the needs of the rest of the country. Consequently, many of the "Fathers of the Confederacy" of the Maritime Provinces lost their positions in the governments of their respective provinces, in the subsequent elections.

After the formation of the Confederacy, New Brunswick continued to grow economically, supported by fishing, mining, and forestry. But the increasing use of steamships in Canada and the United States caused New Brunswick's strong shipbuilding industry, which produced wooden sailboats, to collapse. The economic downturn would be exacerbated by the great fire of 1877 in Saint John. Many skilled workers moved west to other parts of Canada or south to the United States. During the 1890s, various railroads linked New Brunswick to the rest of the country. The railways transported mainly products produced in the interior of Canada to ports in the Maritime Provinces. Halifax (in Nova Scotia) and Saint John became major port centers. However, competition from cheaper industrialized products produced in Ontario or Quebec created a general recession in New Brunswick's manufacturing industry.

The economy of the province would recover at the beginning of the 20th century. The manufacturing industry gained strength, especially the production of wooden furniture. New Brunswick's period of greatest economic growth during the turn of the century was the World War I years. Then, after the war, the fall in demand for industrialized products again generated a great recession in the New Brunswick manufacturing industry, only to recover again beginning in 1924.

New Brunswick suffered from the Great Depression of the 1930s, but significantly less than the rest of Canada. This is because the drop in demand for paper —especially newsprint and wood products— was not drastic, as occurred in other sectors of the country's economy in general. The Great Depression ended with the start of World War II. Two influential families, K.C. Irving and McCain Foods, emerged from the depression to begin modernizing the province's economy. The manufacturing industry gained great strength again.

Large deposits of lead, copper, silver, and zinc were discovered in the Bathurst-Newcastle region in 1953. In 1957, a series of hydroelectric power stations were built in New Brunswick. In 1960, Canada's largest oil refinery up to then was built in the province. In 1962, a development project began in the areas where large deposits were discovered. The same year, the extraction of these mineral resources began. In 1968, the Matmaquac hydroelectric station was opened, to supply electricity to the companies operating the Bathurst-Newcastle mines.

The Acadians, who had inhabited the northern and eastern parts of the province, lived in relative isolation from the rest of the province, where most of the inhabitants spoke English. Government services were often not available in French, and infrastructure in predominantly French-speaking areas was significantly less evolved than in the rest of the province. This changed with the election as premier of Louis Robichaud in 1960. He created an ambitious program, called Equal Opportunity, where education, maintenance of rural roads and health services would come to be administered directly by the province. He insisted on equal coverage of these services in all parts of the province—both in the cities and in the countryside. New Brunswick's county administrative councils were abolished, and all rural areas outside cities and towns came under the direct administration of the province. In 1969, New Brunswick passed the Official Languages Act, which made French an official language of the province, along with English, which was already the official language of New Brunswick. In this law, all New Brunswick cities would be required to provide services and signs in French, if French-speakers constituted at least 10% of the city's population.

Language tensions between Anglophones and Francophones grew on both sides, with the militant Acadian Party briefly popular among French-speakers in New Brunswick during the 1970s, and Anglophone groups pushing for the abolition of language reforms. by Robichaud, during the 1980s. Language tensions, however, gradually subsided over time, and had completely disappeared by the early 1990s.

Meanwhile, the shipbuilding industry developed considerably during the 1970s. Several factories were opened in Saint John. In 1982, the first nuclear power plant was commissioned in the Maritime Provinces. In 1997, the Confederation Bridge opened, connecting New Brunswick to neighboring Prince Edward Island.

Geography

Map of New Brunswick

New Brunswick is bordered to the north by Quebec and the Gulf of St. Lawrence (which separates New Brunswick from Prince Edward Island), to the east by Nova Scotia and the Bay of Fundy, and to the south and west by the state Maine American.

The New Brunswick coastline has &&&&&&&&&&&02269.&&&&&02,269 kilometers long. The province's coastline is cut by large bays and inlets. The largest of these bays is the Bay of Fundy. This bay has the largest tidal variations in the world, of more than ten meters. The main river in New Brunswick is the Saint John River, which is 674 kilometers long in the province. Another major river is the Sainte-Croix River, which forms New Brunswick's border with Maine. The highest waterfall in New Brunswick —with a free fall of 23 meters— is located near Grand Falls. Forests cover about 85% of the province.

New Brunswick can be divided into two distinct geographic regions:

• the Region of the Apalaches occupies the west, north and south regions of New Brunswick. It is a very rough region, with many mountains and deep valleys. The mountain ranges located in the north of this region often have more than 600 metres of altitude. The highest point in the province, Monte Carleton, with its 820 meters of altitude, is located in this region. The peaks of the mountain ranges located along the coastline, for their part, rarely exceed 300 metres of altitude. Forests cover most of the Apalaches region.

• the Costumes They cover the central and north-east region of New Brunswick. It is characterized by its uneven terrain and low altitude — not more than 150 meters above sea level. Most of the farms in the province are located in this region, although forests also occupy much of the region.

Climate

Corporal Enrage.

New Brunswick has a temperate climate. The regions located along the coast have milder temperatures and a more unstable climate than the interior of the province. During the winter, New Brunswick's temperatures generally increase as you travel south. In the summer, the highest average temperatures occur in the central-western region of the province.

In winter, southern New Brunswick has an average temperature of -8 °C, with an average low of -14 °C, and an average high of -3 °C. The interior of the north of the province has an average temperature of -13 °C. The average of the minimums is -18 °C, and the average of the maximums is -7 °C. The northeast coast of the province has intermediate temperatures. The lowest temperature recorded in New Brunswick was -47 °C, recorded at Sisson Dam on February 1, 1955.

In summer, west-central New Brunswick has an average temperature of 20°C. The average of the minimums is 13 °C, and the average of the maximums is 26 °C. The interior of the north of the province has an average temperature of 16 °C, with the average minimum of 10 °C, and the average maximum of 25 °C. The highest recorded temperature in New Brunswick was 39 °C, recorded on August 18, 1935, at Nepisiguilt Falls and Woodstock, and on August 19, 1935, at Rexton.

New Brunswick's average annual rainfall rates of rainfall is 108 centimeters, increasing as you travel in a southerly direction. The south registers an average of 110 centimeters of annual precipitation, and most of the center-north region, less than 90 centimeters per year. New Brunswick's average annual snow precipitation rate is 314 centimeters.

Wildlife

The deer population in the province has declined by 70% since 1985. Massive use of glyphosate may have contributed to this.

Government and administration - Politics

The New Brunswick Legislative Building, headquarters of the provincial government since 1882.

The lieutenant governor represents King Charles III as head of state of New Brunswick. The head of government, and, in practice, the highest official of the executive branch of the province, is the Premier or prime minister in Spanish, the person who leads the political party with the most seats in the Legislative Assembly from the province. The premier of New Brunswick chairs an Executive Council, which is the Cabinet of the province. The cabinet is made up of about 25 different ministers, who manage the different departments (economy, education, etc). Both the prime minister and cabinet members resign if they lose the support of a majority of the New Brunswick legislature.

The Legislative Branch of New Brunswick is the Legislative Assembly, which is made up of 55 members. New Brunswick is divided into 55 different electoral districts. The population of each of these districts elects a member who will act as representative of the district in the Assembly, for terms of up to five years. If the lieutenant governor dissolves the Assembly before these five years, at the request of the prime minister, they all need to stand for election again. There is no limit to the number of mandates that a person can exercise.

The largest court in the New Brunswick judiciary is the Court of Appeal of New Brunswick. It is made up of a chief judge and 12 five other judges. The Court of Queens's Bench is the second largest court in the province, and is made up of 61 judges. The Provincial Court of New Brunswick is the third largest court in the province, and is composed of 109 judges. All judges of the Court of Appeal and of the Court of Queen's Bench are chosen by the Premier of New Brunswick and symbolically approved by the Lieutenant Governor. Judges continue to hold office until they are 75 years of age, although they can retire at 65 years of age.

The government of New Brunswick is responsible for the provision of education and health services, and for road maintenance in general. Since 1882, its headquarters have been the New Brunswick Legislative Building. All cities and towns in the province are administered by a mayor and a council, who are elected to terms of up to three years. Taxes are responsible for about half of the composition of the New Brunswick government budget. The rest comes from budgets received from the federal government and from loans.

Politically, New Brunswick has been alternately dominated by liberals and progressive Conservatives. As of September 24, 2018, the Progressive Conservatives are the largest party in the Assembly, holding 22 of the 49 seats and with Blaine Higgs as Prime Minister. They have a majority with the help of the Alianza Popular party, which has 3 seats. The liberal party has 21 seats and the green party has 3.

Demographics

New Brunswick has two official languages: English and French

The 2021 Canadian Population Census put the population of New Brunswick at &&&&&&&&&0775610.&&&&&0775,610 inhabitants, a growth of 3.8% in relation to the population of the province in 2016, of &&&&&&&&&0747101.&&&&&0747,101 inhabitants.

Red: Anglophone majority, 33% French,
orange: majority anglofona,  33 % of francophones
blue: French majority, 33%
green: Francophone majority,  33% of English
brown: mostly alophone
grey: no data.

New Brunswick's major urban areas are the Saint John metropolitan region (Saint John, Quispamsis, and Rothesay) and the Moncton metropolitan region (Moncton, Riverview, and Dieppe). The metropolitan regions of Saint John and Moncton each have between about 120 and 130 thousand inhabitants. The metropolitan region of Fredericton, the provincial capital, has about 85,000 inhabitants.

New Brunswick demographic evolution figure between 1871 and

Languages

New Brunswick's population is largely Anglophone, but there is a sizable French-speaking population, concentrated in the north and east of the province. Anglophones make up 64.36% of New Brunswick's population, compared to 32.37% for Francophones. These Francophones are generally referred to as "Acadians" —name from Acadia, the old name for Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, during the time the region was controlled by the French.

New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province in Canada. Under the Canadian Constitution, both English and French are the official languages of New Brunswick, which is the only officially bilingual province. All public and government services are available in English and French. For education, systems English and French language schools serve both language communities at all levels.

Races and Ethnicities

Racial composition of the population of New Brunswick:

• 96.4 % White
• 2.3 % Native Americans
• 0.5 % African Canadian
• 0.8 % Other breeds

Religion

Percentage of New Brunswick population by religious affiliation:

• Catholic Church - 53.6%
• Baptist Church - 11.2%
• United Church of Canada – 9.6 %
• Anglicanism – 8.1 %
• Non-religious – 7.8 %

New Brunswick is one of only two Canadian provinces where Catholics are a majority in the province, along with Quebec. This is due to the large population of French and Irish origin - who are mostly Catholic. The three largest Protestant affiliations in New Brunswick are the United Church of Canada, the Baptist Church, and the Anglican Church.

Administrative division

The province is made up of 15 counties. They are listed alphabetically below:

Main cities

Saint John.

Fredericton.

There are eight cities in New Brunswick.

Moncton is the largest city in New Brunswick, and its urban area has the highest population growth rates in the province. It is primarily a transportation, distribution, and commercial center. Moncton has a large French-speaking population—about 35% of the city's population. It is considered by the Acadians, unofficially, as the capital of Acadia.

Saint John is the second most populous city in New Brunswick. It is a port city, with a strong manufacturing industry. The main industrialized products processed and produced in the city are wood, paper and oil. Most of the large mass production factories in the city are owned by the K. C. Irving. The Irving family also controls much of the province's economy, as well as three of the four English-language newspapers published in New Brunswick. Saint John should not be confused with Saint John's, the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Fredericton is the capital and the third most populous city. It is the province's main university center as well as a major cultural center, home to the Beaverbrook Gallery of Arts, the New Brunswick Theater and the New Brunswick Sports Hall of Fame.

Economy

Caraquet port.

New Brunswick's Gross Domestic Product is about C$15.7 billion per year. The per capita income of the province is &&&&&&&&&&020833.&&&&&0CAD $20,833.

The primary sector accounts for 5% of New Brunswick's GDP. Agriculture and livestock together account for 2% of the province's GDP, and employ approximately 6.1 thousand people. New Brunswick has about 3.4 thousand farms that cover 5% of the province. The main products of the primary sector in New Brunswick are potatoes, ornamental flowers, and bovine meat and milk. Forestry contributes 2% of the province's GDP, employing about 7 thousand people. Fishing accounts for about 1% of GDP, and employs about 3,000 people. The annual value of the fish caught in the province is approximately C$175 million.

The secondary sector contributes 25% of New Brunswick's GDP. The manufacturing industry contributes 14% of the province's GDP and employs approximately 41,000 people. The construction sector accounts for 5% of the province's GDP and employs about 19.6 thousand people. Mining contributes 2% of GDP and employs approximately 3,000 people. The main natural resources mined in New Brunswick are lead, copper, silver, zinc, cadmium, bismuth, gold, and coal.

The tertiary sector accounts for 70% of New Brunswick's GDP. Services account for 22% of the province's GDP and employ about 127.3 thousand people. Financial and real estate services employ approximately 12.7 thousand people and account for more than 22% of New Brunswick's GDP. Wholesale and retail trade accounts for 11% of the province's GDP and employs approximately 55.1 thousand people. Transportation and telecommunications account for 10% of GDP and employ approximately 32.2 thousand people and government services account for 10% of the province's GDP, employing approximately 22.9 thousand people. Public services account for 4% of the province's GDP and employ approximately 4.3 thousand people.

About 30% of the electricity generated in New Brunswick is produced by the Point Lepreau Nuclear Power Plant, 35% is generated by coal-fired or oil-fired power plants, and 15% by hydroelectric power plants. The other 20% is generated at plants located outside of New Brunswick, but administered by the province. About half of the electricity generated at Point Lapreau is exported to the United States. New Brunswick also exports electricity to Prince Edward Island.

Economic feudalism

The influence of the Irving family (owners of Canada's largest refinery, large farms and forestry estates, newspapers, many sawmills and paper mills, a fleet of ships and trucks, a rail network, etc) in New Brunswick is such that the province is sometimes described as subject to a form of economic feudalism. As of 2016, the 200 companies it controls give it a capital of approximately $10 billion.

The group's activities are supported by the authorities through numerous tax breaks and subsidies, notably through the Renewable Energy Purchase Program for Large Industries. The province has also gradually transferred the management of forest assets from the public sector to the Irving group, with standards regularly lowering. In 2014, the latter reduces the size of the buffer zones between forests and habitable places, allows more logging, increases the expected production volume, and decreases the proportion of protected areas from 31% to 22%.

The family owns all the English-language newspapers in the province. It also owns several local radio and television stations. For the academic Alain Deneault, "the conflicts of interest that derive from this situation seem caricatured: the group's media essentially reflect the positions of the Irving family in all spheres of social and industrial life in which it is involved". The information provided by the group and disseminated by the press is sometimes questioned (particularly in the fall of 2018, during an explosion at the Saint John refinery), but few civil servants, professors and members of parliament report it, since the contributions Family finances to universities and political parties provide him with a means of pressure.

Biologists, academics and Eilish Cleary, the province's former head of public health, reported coming under heavy pressure (up to and including dismissal in the case of Eilish Cleary) for analyzing the impact of pesticides used by the group and its opaque forest management. Since the 1970s, all provincial premiers have been elected with Irving's support. Blaine Higgs, Prime Minister since November 2018, is a former executive of the group. According to journalist Michel Cormier: "Perhaps we could win an election without Irving's tacit support, but it was difficult to claim power if he decided to oppose it openly."

Education

Sir Howard Douglas Hall at New Brunswick University in Fredericton.

During the 18th century, education was provided in homes or in private schools. In 1816, New Brunswick created a public school system, where there would be at least one school in each county of the then British colony. However, insufficient budgets on the part of the New Brunswick government forced many of these schools to charge for the provision of education. It was in 1871 that the province implemented the school district system, giving these administrative divisions the power to collect taxes for educational purposes. In 1967, New Brunswick began to contribute all the necessary budgets for its public school system. School districts, however, were not extinguished, only losing their power to collect taxes.

Currently, the New Brunswick Ministry of Education is responsible for issuing rules and standards for schools in the province. School districts no longer exist in New Brunswick and the schools are administered directly by the province. School attendance is compulsory for all children and adolescents over seven years of age, until the conclusion of secondary education or up to eighteen years of age.

During the 2004/2005 academic year, the public schools of the province served &&&&&&&&&0117205.& &&&&0117,205 students, employing 7,509 faculty. The province's public school system invested C$1,013.6 million, and public school spending per student was C$8,653.

New Brunswick currently has five public library systems. The provincial library, located in Fredericton, provides part of the necessary budgets for the maintenance of these public libraries. New Brunswick's first institution of higher learning, the University of New Brunswick at Fredericton, was founded in 1785.

Transportation

J.C. Bridge. Van Horne on the Ristigouche River in Campbellton.

New Brunswick has about a thousand kilometers of railroads and 955 kilometers of public roads. Saint John is New Brunswick's main general transportation hub, and a major Canadian port, airport, and rail hub. It is one of the few port centers in eastern Canada that operates year-round.

Media

The first newspapers published in New Brunswick were The Royal Gazette and The New Brunswick Advertiser, which were published in 1785. Today they are published in the province about 25 newspapers, of which five are daily.

New Brunswick's first radio station was founded in 1923, in Fredericton. The province's first television station was founded in 1954, in Saint John. Currently, New Brunswick has 31 radio stations—of which 11 stations are AM radio and 20 stations are FM—and three television stations.