Mustafa II

Mustafa II (June 5, 1664 – December 28, 1703) ruled as sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1695 to 1703.

Biography

He was the son of Sultan Mehmed IV and abdicated in favor of his brother Ahmed III in 1703.

Mustafa set out to push back the Austrian advance in his Empire and in 1697 he took command in person to conquer Hungary again. Unfortunately for him, he was defeated at Zenta by Eugene of Savoy and even this event forced the Ottomans to seek a peace agreement. By the Treaty of Karlowitz of 1699, Mustafa ceded Hungary and Transylvania to Austria, the Morea to the Venetian Republic, and withdrew Turkish military detachments from Polish Podolia. Also during this reign, Russian Tsar Peter the Great captured the Black Sea fortress of Azov from the Ottomans (1697).

Reign

Great Turkish War

During his reign, the Great Turkish War which had begun in 1683, was still continuing. After the failure of the second siege of Vienna (1683), the Holy League had captured much of the Empire's territory in Europe. The Habsburg armies reached as far as Niš (present-day Serbia) before being pushed across the Danube in 1690. Sultan Mustafa II was determined to recover the lost territories in Hungary and therefore personally commanded his armies. He set out from Niš with a large Ottoman army to campaign against the Holy League.

Capture of Chios

First, the Ottoman Navy recovered the island of Chios after defeating the Venetian Fleet twice, at the Battle of the Oinousses Islands (1695) and at the Battle of Chios (1695), in February 1695. In June 1695 Mustafa II left Edirne for his first military campaign against the Habsburg Empire. In September 1695 he captured the city of Lipova. On September 18, 1695, the Venetian navy was again defeated in the naval victory of Zeytinburnu. A few days later the Habsburg army was defeated in the Battle of Lugos. Later the Ottoman army returned to the capital. Meanwhile, the Ottoman fortress at Azov was successfully defended against the besieging Russian forces.

When Mustafa tried to realize his thoughts quickly, the island of Chios, which had previously fallen into the hands of the Venetians, was recaptured at that time, the Crimean Tatars Shahbaz Giray entered the territory of Poland and headed to Lemberg (Lviv), and returned with many captives and booty. There were reports that the Venetians were influenced by Ottoman forces on the Herzegovina front in the Peloponnese. Especially the recovery of Chios was considered auspicious and was celebrated with great festivities in Edirne. Meanwhile, people's tips were distributed to the locals.

Hapsburg Wars

In April 1696, Mustafa II left Edirne for his second military campaign against the Habsburg Empire. In August 1696, the Russians besieged Azov for the second time and captured the fortress. In August 1696, Ottoman troops defeated the Habsburg army at the Battle of Ulaş and the Battle of Cenei. After these victories, Ottoman troops captured Timișoara and Koca Cafer Pasha was appointed protector of Belgrade. The army subsequently returned to the Ottoman capital.

In June 1697 Mustafa II left the capital in his third military campaign against the Habsburg Empire. However, the Ottoman army suffered a defeat at the Battle of Zenta and Grand Vizier Elmas Mehmed Pasha was killed in the battle. The Ottomans subsequently signed a treaty with the Holy League.

The most traumatic event of his reign was the loss of Hungary by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699.

However, even if Ottoman power seemed to decline on one side of the empire, this did not mean that Ottoman expansion efforts ceased. In 1700, for example, the grand vizier Amcazade Hüseyin boasted to a recalcitrant tribe residing in the swamps near Baghdad that they must abide by the sultan's rule, since his control extended even to their swampy strongholds. The Grand Vizier added that, after all, Mustafa II was 'the Lord of Water and Mud'.

At the end of his reign, Mustafa II sought to restore the power of the Sultanate, which had been an increasingly symbolic position since the mid-century XVII, when Mehmed IV had ceded his executive powers to the Grand Vizier. Mustafa II's strategy was to create an alternative power base for himself by making the position of the timars, the Ottoman cavalry soldiers, hereditary and therefore loyal to him. The timars, however, were by this point an increasingly obsolete part of the Ottoman military machine.

Deposition

The ploy failed, disgruntled troops linked to a Georgian campaign mutinied in the capital (called the 'Edirne event' by historians), and Mustafa was deposed on August 22, 1703.

Family

With the rise of Mustafa II, the title of " Haseki Sultan " was definitively abolished, to be definitively replaced by the less prestigious and non-exclusive " Kadın " (imperial consort). Mustafa II also created a new class of concubines, the " Ikbal ": lower in rank to the Kadın in the harem hierarchy were initially called with the normal title of " Hatun " (woman), later modified into that, superior, from " Hanim " (lady).

Several of his concubines and consorts married after his deposition by order of the new sultan, his brother Ahmed III.

Consorts

Mustafa II had at least ten consorts and only two of them became Valide Sultan for his children:

• Alicenab Kadın (deceased on 20 April 1699, Edirne Edirne Palace, buried in the Darülhadis Mosque). BaşKadin (first imperial consort) until his death.
• Afife Kadın (c. 1682 - Constantinople, after 1718). Also called Hafife, Hafiten, Hafize or Hafsa in the European chronicles, was Mustafa's most beloved consort, corresponding feeling, although they never married legally. He entered the harem when he was ten and then became one of the Mustafa consorts. In 1696 she gave birth to a daughter, whose identity is not known for certain, although she must have been one of the three older daughters of Mustafa. She was later the mother of five of the eight sons of Mustafa, but unfortunately, unlike her daughter, they all died infants. After the deposition of Mustafa II, the new Sultan Ahmed III, the younger brother of Mustafa, forced her to remarry, despite being the mother of a living princess: he chose Reis ül-Küttab.Ebubekir Efendi, who had first introduced her to Mustafa, because he knew that he would never touch her, and lived with regret and mourn for the loss of Mustafa.
• Saliha Kadın (fallen on 21 September 1739, Palacio Tırnakçı, Istanbul, buried in Mausoleum Turhan Sultan, New Mosque). She was Valide Sultan and mother of Mahmud I.
• Şehsuvar Kadın (fallen on April 27, 1756, Topkapı Palace, Istanbul, buried in the Nuruosmaniye Mosque). She was Valide Sultan son Osman III.
• Bahtiyar Kadin. One of his first concubines.
• Ivaz Kadin. Mentioned as Kadin in a 1696/1697 document, he was probably at least the mother of one of Mustafa's older daughters.
• Hatice Kadin. Before he became a consort, he was a lady of company of a high-ranking harem.
• Hüsnüşah Kadin. He died on January 1, 1700.
• Şahin Fatma HatunThen Hanim. Baş Ikbal (first ikbal). After the deposition of Mustafa, she was taken out of the harem and married by order of Ahmed III.
• Hanife HatunThen Hanim. After the deposition of Mustafa, she was taken out of the harem and married by order of Ahmed III. Her new husband had a son named Ibrahim and a daughter.

Children

Mustafa II had at least eight children, including five who died as babies with Afife Kadın:

• Mahmud I (2 August 1696 - 13 December 1754) - with Saliha Kadin. 24th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
• Şehzade Mehmed (November 27, 1698 - June 3, 1703, Edirne Palace, Edirne, buried in Turhan Sultan New Mosque - with Afife Kadın. He was the predilect son of Mustafa II, who suffered his death immensely.
• Osman III (2 January 1699 - 30 October 1757) - with Şehsuvar Kadin. 25th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
• Şehzade Hasan (28 March 1699 - 25 May 1733). He became heir to the throne in 1730 and spent most of his life locked in the Kafes where he finally died.
• Şehzade Hüseyn (16 May 1699 - 19 September 1700, Edirne Palace, Edirne, buried in the New Mosque) - with Afife Kadın.
• Şehzade Selim (16 May 1700 - 8 June 1702, Edirne Palace, Edirne, buried in the turbe New Mosque of Turhan Sultan) - with Afife Kadın.
• Şehzade Ahmed (3 March 1702 - 7 September 1703, Palace of Edirne Edirne, buried in the mosque of Darülhadis) - with Afife Kadın.
• Şehzade Suleyman (25 December 1697 - 25 December 1697, Palace of Edirne, Edirne, buried in the turf New Mosque of Turhan Sultan) - with Afife Kadın. Birth of a dead child.

Daughters

Mustafa II had at least twelve daughters, of which one, among the three eldest, with Afife Kadin:

• Ayşe Sultan (30 April 1696 - 26 September 1752, Istanbul, buried in the New Mosque). Apodada Büyük Ayşe "the eldest" to distinguish her from her cousin Ayşe Sultan "the youngest" daughter of Ahmed III. He married three times, but he had no children.
• Emine Sultan (1 September 1696-1739, Istanbul, buried in the New Mosque). He married four times, but he had no children.
• Safiye Sultan (13 October 1696 - 15 May 1778, Istanbul, buried in the New Mosque). He married four times and had three sons and one daughter.
• Hatice Sultan (15 March 1698 - before 1703, Palace of Edirne Edirne, buried in the mosque of Darülhadis).
• Rukiye Sultan (13 November 1698 - 28 March 1699, Palace of Edirne Edirne, buried in the mosque of Darülhadis).
• Rukiye Ismihan Sultan (after April 1699 - December 24, 1703, Istanbul, buried in the New Mosque). His father promised Maktülzade Ali Paşah in his wife, but the girl died before she could celebrate the wedding.
• Fatma Sultan (8 October 1699 - 20 May 1700, Istanbul, buried in the New Mosque).
• Ümmügülsüm Sultan (10 June 1700 - 2 May 1701, Palace of Edirne Edirne, buried in the mosque of Darülhadis).
• Emetullah Sultan (June 22, 1701 - April 19, 1727, Istanbul, buried in the New Mosque) - with Şehsuvar Kadın. Also called Ümmetullah Sultan or Heybetullah Sultan. She got married once and had a daughter.
• Zeynep Sultan (10 June 1703-18 December 1705, Istanbul, buried in the New Mosque).
• Atike Sultan (? She died in childhood.
• Sultana (? She died in childhood.

Death

After the new sultan's return to Istanbul, Mustafa and his princes were taken to Istanbul in the Topkapi Palace and were locked up in the Kafes. Mustafa's cage life lasted four months. He died of sadness or of an unknown cause on December 29, 1703. He was buried next to his grandmother, Turhan Hatice Sultan in the New Mosque, Eminönü Istanbul Turkey.