Moravian

Origins of the Empire

After the arrival of the Czech, Moravian and Slovak peoples, they were organized in the Empire of Samo, a confederation that brought together the different local tribes. This protostate did not survive its founder, King Samo (623-658). The indebted attempt of state organization led to the creation and promotion of a land-based aristocracy, which was strengthened in clashes against the Avary Kaganato.

The contact with the French favored the economic flourishing, the foundation of numerous settlements in the valley of the Morava River and the construction of fortresses on the hills. The so-called culture of Blatnica-Mikulčice is the largest representative of this socio-political scenario.

During the time of Charlemagne, the Slavic tribes of the area were gathered and guided in numerous wars that finally succeeded in destroying the Avarean Kaganato. The progress of the Carolingian government, in terms of the centralization of power and the creation of administrative structures, influenced the Slavs, Czechs and Moravians to constitute two very diverse political realities:

• the principality of Moravia: extended by the present Moravia and Western Slovakia, the principality was ruled by Mojmír I, who introduced Christianity with the missions of the diocese of Passau. The first historical history of the principality is data of the tributes given to the Frankfurt Diet. His capital was Mikulčice.

• the principality of Nitra: extended by the present Eastern Slovakia, was ruled by Prince Pribina, who, while being pagan, commanded to build the first Christian church in 828. His capital was Nitra.

In 833, Mojmír I submitted the principality of Nitra, gathering for the first time in a single political unit to Slavs, Czechs and Moravos. Probina and his family managed to escape to Franco territory, where they were granted the Principality of Balaton or Pannonia Inferior.

Development of the Empire

At the death of Mojmír I in 846, his grandson, Ratislav I, assumed the throne. Although he was initially appointed by the Frank sovereigns, the prince succeeded in imposing his independent policy. To do so, it must have diminished the frank influence on the territory, which obtained it in two ways. On the one hand, he succeeded in defeating the French army in 855; on the other he defeated the monopoly and influence of the French clergy in the area by calling on the Byzantine emperor, Michael III, to send missionaries to evangelize the region in Slavic language. The response of the Byzantine monarch came immediately by sending Cirilo and Metodio in 863. These created the primitive Slavic alphabet (glagothic alphabet) and translated the scriptures into the ancient ecclesiastical Slavic Slav. The government of Ratislav I also took charge of defending its territory by building numerous fortifications. Finally, the prince granted his nephew, Svatopluk I, the title of Prince of Nitra. This one joined the francs getting rid of Ratislav.

The beginning of the reign of Svatopluk I was turbulent in refusing to leave the western part of the Greater Moravia. Captured by the French and with the people in insurrection, led by Slavomír, the years ahead were difficult, until the release of Svatopluk. The latter, in return, succeeded in taking over the insurgents, expelling and defending themselves from the Franks, repeling Hungarians and the First Bulgarian Empire, in addition to achieving the maximum extent of the Empire encompassing the Czech Republic and Slovakia and areas of modern Hungary, Romania, Poland, Austria, Germany, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia and Ukraine. This led him to intitulate as Rex Magna Moravia.

In 880, Pope John VIII published the Bula Industriae Tuae, creating the independent ecclesiastical province of Gran Moravia, with Methodius as Archbishop, and recognizing Slavic as the fourth liturgical language (along with Latin, Greek and Hebrew).

Declive and Fall of the Empire

As Svatopluk I died in 894, the Empire became decayed by splitting between his sons Mojmír II and Svatopluk II, which they assumed as king of Great Moravia and Prince of Nitra, respectively. Metted in internal struggles and invaded by the Eastern Franco kingdom, the Great Moravia lost most of its peripheral territories.

The nomadic or Hungarian nomads, taking advantage of this fact, invaded the Danube River basin occupying the territories of the Carpathian Basin located south and part of the Moravian empire. In 902, they would annihilate the army of the Great Moravia, which would become a mere border kingdom, which would gradually disappear. While there is no accurate data on when the last Moravian monarchs, Mojmír II and Svatopluk II died, it is estimated that they probably perished around 907, when the Hungarians won the battle of Bratislava against the Bavarian army.

Destroyed the empire, its remains were distributed as follows:

• Western Area: in the hands of Eastern France (Germany), then Sacro German Roman Empire, where a series of marquises were formed to contain the Hungarian threat. Among these marquesados are: Brand of Moravia, Brand of Austria, Brand of Styria, Brand of Carinthia, Brand of Carniola and Brand of Istria. The Duchy of Bohemia was also founded in that area.

• Southern Area: annexed to the Hungarian state formed by the Arpád dynasty at the end of the centuryX.

• Eastern Area: in the hands of the terratenant Slavic aristocracy, it was submitted and annexed in 999 to the Duchy of Poland of the Piast dynasty.

As for the main fortifications, such as Nitra, Bratislava and Zemplin, they retain their functions for their strategic importance. In the common case these cities will remain active within the new States as administrative units, especially in the Kingdom of Hungary, which will allow the land-based aristocracy to have a wide dynamism and independence within the new state units. With regard to the ecclesiastical division, he did not suffer any alteration because of the Hungarian invasion.

In terms of demographic and cultural impact, scholars have concluded that it was not tajante and shocking. Special mention deserves the relationship between magicians and Slavs, who carried out a deep ethnic and cultural fusion, which does not allow to follow the archaeological trail beyond the centuryXI.

The history of the Great Moravia and the impact of the work of Cyril and Methodius will constitute a deep cultural root of the Slavic nations of Central Europe, especially in Slovakia. The memory and historical basis of this Empire will be revived in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries with the attempts to create a single identity in the Czechoslovakia nation.

The brand was originally created, such as similar brands — Austria, Estiria, Carniola and Carintia — in the first half of the X century on earth that had previously been part of the Great Moravia, a Slavic State that succumbed to the Magyre incursions in the early X century.

Between Poland and Bohemia

In the second half of the X century, when the magicians were finally defeated and no longer constituted a threat, a new danger appeared in the north: the Bohemians. In 955, Duke Boleslao I the Cruel, of the dynasty of the přemyslidas, joined the German king Oton I to defeat the magicians in the battle of Lechfeld. After the victory, Boleslao received Moravia. In 999 the Polish Duke Boleslao I the Bravo conquered Moravia and incorporated it into his kingdom until 1019 or 1029 in which the prince of Bohemia Bretislao I recovered it.

Part of the Bohemia Principality

When his father died in 1035, Bretislao also became ruler of Bohemia. In 1054, Bretislao decreed that the lands of Bohemia and Moravia would be inherited jointly by agnation, although he also prescribed that their minor children would govern parts of Moravia as vassals of their eldest son. After that date, the mark of Moravia was a possession of Bohemia granted as a semi-independent inheritance to the minor children of the sovereigns of Bohemia. This dependency used to be governed by dukes. Because there were usually multiple minor children at any time, Moravia used to split into three (variable) independent ducats/marks (in Czech úděly): Brno, Olomouc and Znojmo.

Creation of the Margraviate (1182/1197)

In 1182 Emperor Frederick I Barbarosja intervened in the affairs of Bohemia to prevent any successor dispute by raising the Duke of Znojmo Conrado III Oton to the dignity of margrave. This status was brief: in 1197, Duke Vladislao III of Bohemia resolved the successor dispute between him and his brother Otakar abdicating from the throne of Bohemia and accepting the Moravian margraviate as vassal of Bohemia. It remained as the territory of Bohemia (from 1348 onwards, as the Lands of the Crown of Bohemia) after receiving Otakar the title heir of king of the hands of Philip of Suabia and the recognition of his status by the Golden Bull of Sicily of 1212. When the grandson of Otakar, King Otakar II of Bohemia, was defeated in 1278 in the battle of Marchfeld, his opponent King Rodolfo I of Germany took Moravia, but gave it back to the son of Otakar II and successor Wenceslao II five years later.

1526-1918

As the archduke Fernando I of Austria ascended to the throne of Bohemia in 1526, the Margraviate of Moravia became a constituent part of the Monarchy of the Habsburgs.

In 1608 the government of Bohemia and Moravia was last separated, when the Moravian states supported Matías de Habsburg against his brother Emperor Rodolfo II. Since Rodolfo had surrendered the throne of Bohemia to Matías in 1611, Moravia was ruled by the Habsburgs of Vienna, who took the title of margraves of Moravia.

In 1867 the margraviate became the lands of the crown of the part of Austria-Hungary Cysleithania.

At the death of this “husita” the Polish dynasty of the Jagellón rises to the Czech throne, which will rule until 1526 when, after the death of King Louis of Jagellon in the battle of Mohács, the Catholic Fernando I of Austria was elected Czech king.

The years that followed were characterized by conflicts and religious intolerance between the noble Protestants of Bohemia and the house of the Habsburgs. However, during the Rodolfo II government (1576-1609-1611-1692), Prague becomes the centre of the empire and one of the most important cultural centres in Europe. In spite of everything, his death again arises the conflicts between Catholics and defenders of the reforms, culminating in the uprising against Matías, the brother and successor of Rodolfo, accused of not fulfilling the promises of religious tolerance and replenishment of privileges.

This rebellion, like the Husita, began with a defensiveness. On May 23, 1618 the viceroys were thrown out of a window of the castle and then a Czech king was elected. But the Catholic troops crushed the "rebellion of the states" in the battle of the White Mountain (in Czech: Nice time.), which begins, on the one hand, to a hard recovery of a country that was in 90% Protestant and on the other, to the war of the Thirty Years.^{[chuckles]required]}

With the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the Czech destiny was sealed. The people lost their rights and properties at the hands of an absolutist and Catholic monarchy, which persecuted any indication of Protestantism, and their capital moved to Vienna.

In addition, the war absolutely decimated the country (from having 3 million inhabitants to 800 000).^{[chuckles]required]} The Czech highest thinkers had to leave exile and those who remained were forced to become Catholicism. The most important of these exiles was undoubtedly Jan Amos Comenius (in Czech: Jan Amos Komenský). In contrast, it highlights the beauty of the baroque monuments of this time of recataliation (especially the first half of the {sigloUDXVIIIALES}}), both in popular and religious architecture.

This situation spread for more than one hundred years, during which the Czech culture was influenced by the German. The reforms of Emperor Joseph II (1780-1790) make important progress: it prohibits the Order of Jesus and torture, separates the judiciary from the executive and, in 1781, abolishes servitude and approves religious tolerance. At the same time, however, the centralization of administration in Vienna and the germination of the upper school and the organs of administration occurs.

The Moravian peoples originate in Central Europe. The first historical mention of this town dates from the year 822, when the successor of Carlomagno, Ludovico Pio, convenes an assembly in Frankfurt and this is attended by the Moors and Dukes Bohemos (checos). It was called morava because the point of union of the Slovaks, Bohemians and Moravos.