Monopoly
Monopoly (Monopoly in some Spanish versions) is a board game based on the exchange and sale of real estate (usually, inspired by the names of the streets of a certain city), today it is owned by the American company Hasbro. Monopoly is one of the best-selling commercial board games in the world.[citation needed]
As the name suggests, the object of the game is to form a supply monopoly, owning all the real estate featured in the game. Players move their respective tokens, called in-game "tokens" They take turns clockwise around a board, based on the dice score, and land on properties that they can buy from an imaginary bank, or let the bank auction if they aren't bought. If the properties in which they fall already have owners, the owners can charge to go through their property or whoever falls can buy them, in case of advancing by chance or communal coffer, the properties cannot be bought.
It originates from a game from the early XX century, The Landlord's Game, created by Elizabeth Magie, from which other real estate games and Monopoly itself were derived. From the United States, the game spread to other countries in various versions, such as the Danish Matador. Players in England or the United States, for example, adapted this type of game to their localities, adding names from places near the game boards.
History
The game originates from a game created by Elizabeth Magie in 1903 and patented in 1904, called The Landlord's Game. The game became popular in several cities in the United States in the following years, it was published in various forms and versions without the control of its original author.
In 1935 Charles Darrow, an unemployed home heater salesman in southeastern Pennsylvania during the Great Depression of the 1930s, patented the Atlantic City version of that game under the name Monopoly. After an unsuccessful first attempt to sell it to the Parker Brothers toy company, he started a small-scale production of the game that was successful. Parker then knocked on his door again to take over the game.
The Parker Brothers company, now part of the multinational Hasbro, has maintained that the author of the game is solely Charles Darrow (in 1935) for marketing reasons. But the original author is Elizabeth Magie (in 1903) and the origin of Monopoly as an evolution of previous games (all of them derived from The Landlord's Game ), has even been recognized by US courts in the case of Parker v. Ralph Anspach, during the long judicial process that occurred between 1975 and 1986 following the publication of a board game entitled Anti-Monopoly.
The name of one of the properties, Marvin Gardens (Jardines Marvin), is actually derived from Marven Gardens, with e instead of i, the name of a neighborhood west of Atlantic City that lies between the towns of Margate City and Ventnor City. All these towns are on an island called Absecon Island.
Darrow initially made his Monopoly games by hand, with the help of his first son, William Darrow, and his wife, who colored the spaces designed with pen by Charles Darrow on circular pieces of oilcloth and cut out and marked the cards of cardboard. Later, when the demand to buy the game increased, Darrow had the games made by a printer in Philadelphia, with square cardboard boards. Later in 1935, Darrow sold the production rights to Monopoly to the Massachusetts company Parker Brothers.
According to Hasbro, which acquired Parker Brothers in 1991, since Charles Darrow sold the production rights to Monopoly to Parker Brothers in 1935, more than half a billion people have played the game.
The Guinness Book of Records gives a number of close to 500 million Monopoly players as of 1999, thus making it the most played board game in the world.
Today, Hasbro regularly hosts US and World Monopoly Championships. Hasbro also sponsors local championships in the United States, organized by fans of the game. The current world champion is the Norwegian Bjørn Halvard Knappskog, winner of the last championship in Las Vegas. The next one will be in 2015.
Editions
A particularity of the game is that many players create their own house rules, or learn house rules from other players. However, Monopoly has a written rulebook, the essence of which has changed little since the game was patented in 1935. Only a few details have evolved, such as the detail about the tax value on players who land in the two tax slots it has. the board. The rules have been raised for clarification, but the essence has not changed.
Hasbro produces different editions of Monopoly. Some editions are constantly available, such as Monopoly Standard or Monopoly Deluxe. Special editions are also made to promote products from other companies, such as the animated film Shrek 2, Disney characters, The Simpsons television series or to commemorate special dates, such as the seventieth anniversary of Monopoly in 2005 or the Monopoly Star Wars to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Star Wars. The most recent Monopoly is the Monopoly Empire, in which players can take over major international brands, such as Coca-Cola, Paramount, Samsung, McDonald's, etc; this edition of the game is after Monopoly City, in which you can create your own city with 80 different buildings.
Hasbro also licenses the production of Monopoly to other companies inside and outside the United States. For example, the California company USAopoly makes editions adapted to different cities in the United States or to the products and services of other American companies, as advertising, such as the Coca-Cola Company, the NFL, or the NASCAR automobile racing association.
In the United States, in addition to the English version, Hasbro produces an American edition of Monopoly, with locations in Atlantic City, translated into Spanish. The current translation of the US rules from English to Spanish is quite accurate.
In 2004, commemorating the 150th anniversary of the founding of Atlantic City, the southern New Jersey newspaper Courier-Post, owned by the Virginia Gannett Company, published a series of articles online about the Atlantic City locations named in Monopoly. They described what the streets and surroundings of Atlantic City were like at the time of Charles Darrow in the thirties, and how they have been changing. Darrow's oldest son, William, who helped his father craft the Monopoly games, and who has been a farmer in Pennsylvania, was among those interviewed for this series of articles. Also interviewed was Phil Orbanes, a former Parker Brothers employee who worked in Monopoly's design division and who published a book about the game's history and strategy.
In 2009, for the first time since its invention in 1930, Monopoly changes its game system in the new edition Monopoly City. Players will now be able to build a city from the first roll of the dice, eliminating the need to get a full property pool in order to build buildings on their properties. Also, just like in real life, property values and player rental income can go up or down as the landscape of the city changes. Players can build buildings that increase the value of their property, such as schools or environmentally friendly wind farms, or they can sabotage their opponents by building sewage treatment plants or prisons on their property.
There is also the game "Monopoly World Edition" in which, with credit cards, you can buy the main cities of the world such as Barcelona, Montreal, London, Tokyo, Jerusalem, Paris, Sydney or Rome.
Spain
Hasbro divisions outside the United States produce editions of Monopoly with local places, such as Hasbro Iberia, which produces editions of Monopoly with places in the European Union or cities such as Madrid, Barcelona, Seville, Zaragoza, Valencia, Malaga, Bilbao, Valladolid, Vigo, Palma de Mallorca, Murcia, Oviedo, Granada, Santander and the city of Elda.
In Spain, between the thirties and sixties, the game was sold under the names of El Palé, and La Paz with Madrid streets such as Paseo del Prado. Apparently, El Palé was patented by Francisco Leyva Vances from Málaga, and his name derives from the initial letters of Paco Leyva.
Variants of the game were also sold, such as The Treasure Route published by Cefa in the eighties, one of its main attractions being the use of coins, and Petrópolis based on the oil trade.
In Christmas 2006, Monopoly was launched with places in Zaragoza and also the Nostalgia versions, with a wooden box, and electronics, which substitute the players' money for credit cards.
Hispanic America
In Argentina, a game based on Monopoly known as Estanciero is very popular, a kind of Monopoly with Provinces of Argentina. Additionally, there is an edition of Monopoly adapted to the Argentine territory.
In Mexico there is a very attractive game called Turista, where territories representing Mexican States are traded. It also has a version called Turista Mundial, which, as its name indicates, includes many of the world.
In Guatemala, the company Juegos Metta produces the Bancopoly, which is a modified version with names of Guatemalan places.
In Cuba there is a similar game called Eternal Debt in which, instead of businessmen, the participants play the role of governments, and the objective is to defeat the International Monetary Fund (which fulfills the role of the bank in Monopoly). Eternal debt has been later adapted and marketed in Argentina.
Since 1989, Industrias Ronda, from Colombia, under license from Parker Brothers, publishes a local edition called Monopoly Colombia Edition, which replaces the classic places of the game, with common and representative places from eight Colombian cities, Bogotá, Medellín, San Andrés, Cartagena, Cali, Manizales, Cúcuta and Popayán. In addition, the actions of train stations are replaced by transport terminals in Cali, Pereira, Medellín and Bogotá. Use the peso as currency. The most recent version, from 2006, is the sixth edition of this game. This company also publishes the standard and special editions that are sold in the Chilean market.
In Chile there is a totally Creole simile of Monopoly called "El Gran Santiago" "The Great Capital" or "La Gran Metrópolis", where you can buy streets and avenues of the Chilean capital and even Chilean companies such as Chilectra, GASCO and emblematic places such as the National Stadium of Chile, Club Hípico de Santiago, Aeropuerto de Pudahuel, etc. The game was popular until the arrival of Monopoly in the 90s. The original Monopoly Chile was launched in 2009 and had 22 different cities in the country, but this time, it was decided to opt for tourist sites or iconic places that represent the best of Chili. 48 sites were applied for, divided into four different categories: Chile Azul, representing lakes, rivers and coasts; Chile Cordillerano, paying homage to the Chile of the mountains, Patrimonial and Modern Chile, with the most representative buildings and monuments and finally Chile Natural Beauties. The selection of places was made by popular vote online on the official website of Hasbro Chile and in April 2018 a second edition of Monopoly Chile was relaunched with 22 additional places to the 22 cities in Chile added in 2009.
In Uruguay there is a version of Monopoly called Monopolio Montevideo. This game comes in a kind of suitcase that has the board and other things inside. This Monopoly has Montevideo Neighborhoods.
In Peru, Hasbro launched Monopoly Peru Edition in October 2010, which contains 22 cultural and natural destinations in the country from among more than 60 representative locations that were voted for by the Internet in March 2010. same year and of which Machu Picchu, the Nazca Lines, Sipán, Caral and Lake Titicaca stand out. Monopoly was manufactured from 1966 to 1996 by the Peruvian company Juguetería y Belenes. Under license from Parker Brothers and a few years under Hasbro. More than 7 editions were produced during those 30 years, with editions that included American streets and Lima streets, such as Jr. de la Unión, Av. España, Lima and Callao Railway.
Monopoly boards
Team
Each player is represented by a small metal symbol called a token that moves around the board according to the number that appears when you roll the dice. The game pieces currently in use are the ones in the photo on the right (from left to right):
- A wheelbarrow
- A warship
- A sack of money (in the 1999-2007 editions)
- A horse rider (retired since 2000)
- A vehicle (Ford 40 Special Speedster 1934)
- A train (only in the luxury edition)
- A parade
- A bus, better known as a cannon
- An old style shoe
- A Scottish Terrier Dog (since the 1942 edition)
- A cup hat
- A plate (retired since 2013)
- A cat (since 2013)
- A guitar (Mexico version)
In the Australian version, a koala also appears.
Many of the tokens were created by companies such as the Dowst Miniature Toy Company, which made metal tokens and charms, designed to be used on bracelets. The warship and cannon were used in the Parker Brothers war game Conflict (released in 1940), but after the game failed to market, the pieces were reused for Monopoly. Hasbro has recently adopted the warship and cannon from the game Diplomacy.
Early editions of the standard version (including some Canadian editions, which use the US board layout) did not include the pewter tokens, instead there were generic wooden pawns identical to those in the game Sorry!. Parker Brothers also acquired Sorry! in the 1930s.
In February 2013, after an online vote made by the players, it was decided to remove the iron and replace it with a cat.
Other articles included in the standard edition are:
- A couple of six-sided dice. (Since 2007, a third given “rapid”Speed Die» was added in some variations.)
- A title for each property. A title of ownership is given to a player when he buys it, and specifies the purchase price, mortgage value, the cost of building houses and hotels on the property, and the different rental prices, depending on the degree of development of the property. The properties include:
- 22 streets, divided into 8 colour groups of two or three streets. A player must possess all of a color group (commonly confused to be called a monopoly), in order to build houses or hotels. If a player wants to mortgage a property of a color group, not only do the hotels or houses of that property withdraw, those of the other properties of the same color also.
- 4 railroads. Players charge the rent $ 25 if they own a station, $50 if they own two, $100 if they own three and $200 if they own the four. These are usually replaced by train stations in Monopoly editions different from those in the United States.
- 2 public service companies. The rent is four times the value of the dice if the player has a utility, but 10 times the value of the dice if the player has both. Hotels and houses cannot be built on public services or stations.
- A supply of paper coin. The supply of money is theoretically unlimited, if the bank is left without money, players must conform to other markers, or calculate on paper. The extra coin paper can be purchased in some places, especially in game stores and hobbies sites, or download it from several websites, print them and cut them by hand (one of these sites has created a $ 1000 ticket for the game, which is not one of the series denominations). In the U.S. standard original edition, the supply usually starts with $15,140. The Monopoly World Championship winner every four years receives the same amount in US dollars.
- 32 houses and 12 wooden or plastic hotels (the original and the luxury edition have wooden houses and hotels, the conventional "basic set" uses plastic buildings). Unlike money, houses and hotels have a limited supply. If no more buildings are available, no replacement is allowed.
- A 16-card deck Casuality and one of 16 letters Communal Ark. Players take these cards out when they are placed on the corresponding checkboxes on the track, and you must follow the printed instructions on them.
Hasbro also sells a deluxe edition, which is mostly similar to the traditional edition, but features wooden houses and hotels and gold-toned tokens, including one token, in addition to the standard eleven (a locomotive from the railway). Other additions to the deluxe edition include a card carousel, which has the letters of title, and money printed in two ink colors.
In 1978, vendor Neiman Marcus made and sold a chocolate edition of Monopoly through his "Christmas Wish Book" of that year.. The entire set was edible, including money, dice, hotels, properties, tokens, and game board. The set was sold for $600.
Rules
Players start in turns, the player who starts the game is decided randomly before the game. Each player starts the game with $1,500. To buy avenues, it is not necessary to go around twice, but only one. In turn, as is customary, you begin by rolling the dice and advance your piece clockwise around the board, the corresponding number of spaces.
If a player lands on the Chance or Communal Chest space, pick up the top card of the corresponding deck and follow the instructions written on it (these cards must be face up). down before starting the game). Once the letter has been removed, it is placed at the bottom. If the player lands on unowned property, be it a street, railroad, or utility, they may purchase the property for the listed purchase price, unless they are in the first turn of the game. If he decides not to make this purchase, the property is available to another player who has the money to buy it. If the property already has an owner, you must pay the owner a certain rent, the price depends on whether the property is part of a complex or its level of development. If a player rolls the same value with all 2 dice (roll doubles ), he rolls again after completing his turn. If the player rolls 3 doubles in a row, he must go to jail. In the event that in the first round you go to jail, that lap will not count, you will have to finish the lap and complete it.
If a player is in jail, doesn't take a normal turn, they can pay $50 to be released from jail, or try to roll a double five on the dice. If a player does not roll a double five to get out of jail, he gives up his turn. If he tries this 3 times he will have to pay the $50 bond fee to be released. While the player is in jail, he can still sell property and buildings, and collect rent. If a player rolls a double five, he may immediately move according to the amount indicated by the dice, but may not do so a second time after being released from jail. During a player's turn, that player may also choose to develop properties, if he owns all properties in the color group. Development involves building homes or hotels on the properties, certain amounts of money being paid to the bank, and tracked on the board by adding houses and hotels to the plaza. Development must be uniform across a monopoly (group of properties of the same color), so that a second home cannot be built on a monopoly property until others have a home.
Although houses and hotels cannot be built on railways or utilities, the rent increases if a player has multiple railways or both utilities.
Properties can also be foreclosed, although all developments made on the monopoly must be sold before the property is foreclosed or marketed. The bank also pays the player each time the established price falls on his property. The player receives money from the bank for each mortgaged property, which must be paid back with interest to retire the mortgage. Houses and hotels can be sold back to the bank at half price. Property cannot be given to another player.
When a player goes bankrupt, they are removed from the game if they cannot pay what they owe. If the bankrupt player owes the bank, he must transfer all of his property to the bank. If the debt is owed to another player, all property must be given to the opponent, but the new owner has to pay the bank to retire the mortgage on any property received. The winner is the player left after everyone else goes bankrupt.
Household Rules
The official Parker Brothers instructions have long allowed the use of specific house rules, additions or subtractions from the established official rules. Many casual Monopoly players are surprised to discover that some of the rules they use are not part of the official rules. Many of these house rules tend to randomly make the game longer giving players more money. Some common house rules are listed below:
- Without auctions: If a player decides not to buy a property without owner, the auction is not held, and the turn passes to the next player. This lengthens the game by increasing the amount of time required for all properties to be bought and developed, and by reducing the speed at which money is exchanged.
- A bonus to land directly on Go when throwing dice (commonly an addition of $200 or $500). This may or may not include cards that send the player to Go.
- In business, players can offer "rental immunity" of their own properties (someone who doesn't have to pay rent when landing on that property) as part of an agreement (this can be good for a certain number of landings or the whole game).
- When taxes or amounts are to be paid in the bank's lucky cards, this money is placed in the center of the board, so that when someone falls into the free parking box they take all this money.
- The bank pays the player for every time he falls on his property the price set
- If you get a street tax payment card, if you don't have property on that street, taxes are invalid.
- If a player retires having more money is the winner
- The properties are placed in the center of the board, grouped by color, services or transport, randomly ordered from 1 to 10; The properties are purchased by groups of color, or set of services or all the transport, only one group per turn of player, is purchased only when you arrive to the box of chance or fortune, at that time the player will have to decide whether to draw a card or buy a set of properties, if you decide the last thing is to throw the dice It also applies that any tax or fine expressed on the cards or fine to get out of jail, such money is placed in the center of the board, so that the player arriving at free parking will take everything, but also when you arrive to free parking, the player benefits at no cost, from a set of properties, if there were still, throwing the dice described above. The houses are built on the ground level, for example there can be no land of the same color with three houses and the other lands with a single house, in such case there should be two land with two houses and a land with a house.
The House Rules, while unofficial, are not fully recognized by Parker Brothers.
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