Mexican literature

The literature of Mexico is one of the most prolific due to its background, which goes back to pre-Columbian times, going through different stages up to the present day. Among the most important, notorious and recognized figures of this country are José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Juan Rulfo, Juan José Arreola, Elena Garro, Octavio Paz, Rosario Castellanos, José Gorostiza, Carlos Fuentes, Amado Nervo, Jaime Sabines, Federico Gamboa, José Emilio Pacheco, Alfonso Reyes, Fernando del Paso and Ramón López Velarde.

Historically, the peoples of Mesoamerica developed writing systems, these were not used to preserve the literature of those peoples. Most of the myths and literary works of the peoples were transmitted by oral tradition. Modern specialists such as Ángel María Garibay K. and Miguel León-Portilla have translated these works that were scattered in various texts and have gathered or reviewed them in their works.

With the arrival of the Spanish, a process of miscegenation took place that later gave way to a time of creolization of the literature produced in New Spain. The miscegenation of New Spanish literature is evident in the incorporation of numerous terms in current use in the local speech of the Viceroyalty and in some of the themes that were touched on in the works of the period. During the viceregal era, New Spain was home to baroque writers such as Bernardo de Balbuena, Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, Francisco de Castro, Luis de Sandoval y Zapata and Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, called " The tenth muse". All very outstanding, they gave the initial fight for the emancipation of national literature from the literature of the peninsula: Diego José Abad, Francisco Javier Alegre and fray Servando Teresa de Mier.^{[citation required]}

Towards the end of the viceregal regime, figures such as José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi emerged in New Spain, whose work El Periquillo Sarniento is considered the emblem of Mexican picaresque and the first " modern novel" written on the American continent. Towards the second half of that century, works such as Mexicans painted by themselves appeared, a costumbrist book that gives an approximate idea of how the intellectuals of the time viewed the rest of their compatriots. Towards the end of the century, during the Porfiriato, Mexican writers leaned towards the dominant tendencies of the time. To celebrate the centenary of the Independence of Mexico, the so-called Centennial Anthology was prepared, which intended to compile authors from the first hundred years of Mexico, but it was truncated and only the first volume was published in two volumes. which, however, collect poetry. The great poets of the time are fray Manuel de Navarrete, Fernando Calderón and Ignacio Rodríguez Galván. A plethora of modernist poets stand out, including Amado Nervo and Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera. From the same period, the Antología del Centenario included Luis G. Urbina. Of recognized prestige, Efrén Rebolledo, José Juan Tablada, Enrique González Martínez and Ramón López Velarde.

The irruption of the Mexican Revolution favored the development of the journalistic genre. Once the civil conflict ended, the Revolution became a recurring theme in novels, short stories and plays written by Mariano Azuela or Rodolfo Usigli. This trend would be an antecedent of the flowering of a nationalist literature, which took shape in the work of writers such as Rosario Castellanos or Juan Rulfo. Indigenist-style literature also appeared on the scene, which sought to portray the thought and life of the indigenous peoples of Mexico, although ironically, none of the authors were indigenous. Among them, we must point out Miguel Ángel Menéndez Reyes, Ricardo Pozas and Francisco Rojas González. Alternately to these dominant currents, other movements developed in the country, less known for being outside the main focus. Among them, we must point out the stridentists of the 1920s, such as Arqueles Vela and Manuel Maples Arce.

Another movement of great relevance for the country's literary history was the group Los Contemporáneos, which appeared during the 1930s, made up of the journalist Salvador Novo and the poets Xavier Villaurrutia and José Gorostiza. By the second half of the 20th century, Mexican literature had diversified in themes, styles, and genres. New groups arose, such as La onda in the 1960s, which bet on an urban, satirical and rebellious literature; Among the prominent authors are Parménides García Saldaña and José Agustín, as well as the "La Mafia" group, made up of Carlos Fuentes, Salvador Elizondo, José Emilio Pacheco, Carlos Monsiváis, Inés Arredondo, Fernando Benítez and others. The infrarealists of the 1970s, who tried to "blow the brains out of official culture". In 1990, Octavio Paz became the only Mexican to date to have won the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Literature of the pre-Columbian peoples of Mexico

Although the peoples of Mesoamerica developed writing systems, they were not used to preserve the literature of those peoples. Most of the myths and literary works of the peoples of Mesoamerica were transmitted by oral tradition. It is known, for example, that among the activities that the novice priests had to master among the Mexicas was the memorization of lyrical works or the mythology of their people. Some of these productions were fixed forever by means of the Latin alphabet that the missionaries of the Indies used in the 16th century to transcribe the information they received from the indigenous people. Modern specialists such as Ángel María Garibay K. and Miguel León-Portilla have translated these works, which were scattered throughout various texts, and have gathered or reviewed them in works such as Vision of the Vanquished, Poetry indigenous people of the Altiplanicie or History of Nahuatl literature.

The work of the missionaries in central Mexico made it possible to more faithfully preserve the oral tradition of the Nahuatl-speaking peoples, in comparison with the inhabitants of other areas of Mesoamerica. In this sense, the set of lyrical works attributed to Acolmiztli Nezahualcóyotl (1402–1472), tlatoani of Tetzcuco, who passed down to posterity with the title of "King Poet& #34;. His works, along with those of other noblemen from the Nahuatlacan towns of the Neovolcanic Axis such as Ayocuan (from Chalco-Atenco) and Tecayehuatzin (from Huexotzinco), constitute the largest sample of pre-Columbian lyrical and philosophical works recovered for posterity. Of smaller dimensions is the literary heritage recovered among other Postclassic peoples, such as the Purépechas, the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs. The case of the Mixtecs is special, since four codices have been preserved that have allowed an approximation to the history of that town under the imprint of Ocho Venado, yya (Lord) of Tilantongo and Tututepec. On the other hand, in the Maya Area, fragments of the so-called Chilam Balam Books were preserved. On the other hand, the pre-Columbian literature of the Quichés is well known, a Mayan people who, however, did not inhabit present-day Mexican territory, but rather in what is now Guatemala. The Popol Wuh or Book of the Council was written in the Quiché language, which incorporates two Mayan cosmogonic myths: the creation of the world and the descent of Hunahpú and Ixbalanqué to Xibalbá, the underworld. of the mayans

Lastly, outside of Mesoamerica, Arturo Warman hypothesizes that the couplets performed by Yaqui and Mayo musicians during the performance of the Dance of the Deer have their origin in pre-Columbian times, and that they have reached our days with few changes since then.

Among the pre-Hispanic peoples flourished:

• Epic poetry, which recounted the lives of famous characters, about Quetzalcóatl, the foundation of cities and pilgrimages of tribes.
• Lyric poetry of a religious, warlike or philosophical type.
• Dramatic poetry, which mixed musical and dancistic elements, such as the party to Tezcatlipoca.
• The prose: historical and didactic genealogy as the Huehuetlatolli or proverbs.

• Popol VuhXVI)
• Rabinal Achí
• Nezahualcóyotl (1402-1472) «The Poet King»

They were also recognized for their beautiful works such as the musical sentiment

The Viceroyalty and its writers

Sr. Juana Inés de la Cruz

In the viceregal literature of Mexico we can distinguish several periods. In the first, literature is linked to the historical moment of the conquest, in which letters and chronicles abound.

16th century

Works and writers:

• Itinerary of the navy of the Catholic king to the island of Yucatan in India in the year of 1518 in which it was by commander and general captain Juan de Grijalvaprobably from Juan Díaz (1480-1549).
• Relation of some things that happened to the very illustrious lord Don Hernando Cortés marquis del Valle, in New Spain of Andrés de Tapia (1498?-1561)
• Relationship letters of Hernan Cortes (1485-1547).
• True history of the conquest of New Spain of Bernal Díaz del Castillo (1492-1584).
• General History of Things in New Spain de fray Bernardino de Sahagún (1499-1590).
• History of the Indies, Very brief relation of the destruction of the Indies, Apologetic summary history de fray Bartolomé de las Casas (1484-1566).
• General History of the Indias, The Conquest of Mexicoby Francisco López de Gomara (1511–1566).
• Antiquities of New Spainby Francisco Hernández (1517-1578)
• Relationship of the things of Yucatande fray Diego de Landa (1524-1579).
• Mexican Chronicle and Chronic mexicáyotlby Hernando de Alvarado Tezozómoc (c.1525-c.1610).
• History of Tlaxcala of Diego Muñoz Camargo (ca.1530-ca.1600)
• History Chichimeca by Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl (1568?-1648).
• General History of the Western and Particular Indies of the Rule of Chiapa and Guatemala de fray Antonio de Remesal.

• Francisco Cervantes Salazar (1514?-1575). Born in Spain, he was a professor of rhetoric and then rector at the University of Mexico, author of a Chronicle of New Spain and poems, such as "Imperial Thrust" and Latin Dialogues (following Vives) of Mexican theme for Latin teaching.
• Gutierre de Cetina (1520-c.1567). Born in Spain, he lived and died in Mexico. His poetic production is prior to his stay in Mexico, but he has speculated with the existence of the novohispanic play later lost.
• Bernardo de Balbuena (1562-1627). Born in Spain, graduated from the University of Mexico, author of Mexican greatness.
• Fray Luis de Fuensalida, author of "Diálogos o colloquios en lengua mexicano entre la Virgen María y el Arcángel San Gabriel".
• Fray Luis Cancer, author of "Varias canciones en verse zapoteco".
• Francisco Plácido, Prince of Spain, author of "Cánticos de las apariciones de la Virgen María".
• Andrés de Olmos, theatrical author of "Representation of the End of the World".
• Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá (1555-1620). Born in Puebla, he participated in the conquest of the new Mexico. Author of the poem History of the New Mexico (1610) and several printed memorials.
• Francisco de Terrazas (1525 and 1600). First known poet born in New Spain. Next to Cortes, praised by Cervantes as a poet (in The Galatea). Fragments of his poem are preserved Conquest and New World.

17th century

Baroque art flourished in this period. Many of the well-known authors of the century ventured with greater or lesser success into the field of literary games, with works such as anagrams, emblems, and mazes. There were notable authors in poetry, poetry, narrative and drama. Subgenres: sonnet, décima, octava real, romance, epigram, gloss, centón, limerick, go, redondilla, redondilla de pie quebrado, romance with forced assonants.

Authors:

• Alonso Ramírez de Vargas. He participated in several literary contests.
• Arias Villalobos. He wrote "History of Mexico in Spanish verse", a narrative poetry.
• Bernardino de Llanos. Born in Spain, he was distinguished by his literary games and whims.
• Diego de Ribera. Writer of descriptive poetry of nature and art.
• Ioseph de Valdés. I compute a triple poem that projects the pagan cult opposition to Vesta vs. cult to the Virgin Mary.
• Juan Ortiz de Torres and Jerónimo Becerra. Writers of dramatic works.
• José López Avilés. He wrote "fray Payo Enríquez", a biography in verse.
• Matías Bocanegra, author of "Song the View of a Disengagement".
• Mary Estrada Medinilla and Sister Teresa of Christ, versadoras in civil and religious ceremonies.
• Fernando de Córdoba and Bocanegra (1565-1689). He was born in Mexico and died in Puebla. Two mystical rooms are preserved, Song of divine love and Song to the Most Holy Name of Jesus.
• Juan de Guevara, a native of Mexico, was a famous lyric poet.
• Juan Ruiz de Alarcón y Mendoza (1581-1639).
• Sr. Juana Inés de la Cruz (1651-1695).
• Miguel de Guevara (c. 1586-after 1646). Augustinian friar in Michoacán, with donation of languages indigenous. A 1638 manuscript includes, among other poems, the sonnet My God doesn't move me to love you... So it is part of the group of poets to which its authorship has been attributed, although the famous sonnet appears since 1628 in anthologies published in Spain.
• Antonio de Saavedra Guzmán (?-??? He published in 1599). Author of the poem The Indian pilgrim, praise of Cortes.
• Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora (1645-1700).
• Others: Juan Sáenz del Cauri, Felipe de Salayzes Gutiérrez, Nicolás Portillo, Francisco Ramírez de Vargas, Luis de Sandoval Zapata, Francisco Martínez de Zepeda, Juan Bautista de Cárdenas, Antonio Álvarez de Evila, Juan Rojo de Costa

Example of baroque prose:

[...] And that these gods Penates be Neptune and Apollo, is affirmed by the great Father of the Church Saint Augustine, Macrobio, Cornelio and Virgil, where he sings his sacrifices concludes:

Taurum Neptuno, taurum tibi pulcher

And Pierio, quoting Nigido: eos Nigidus whot esse Apollinem, et Neptunumand describing the form of his painting: armed havetatos quippe. The originals, being sacred Neptune of the Mexican lagoon, have already been recognized as the small martyr San Felipe de Iesús, who climbing the seas was armed with the cross of Christo and with the three lanças that passed through his chest forming in him a sovereign trident, weapon or blason of Neptune (as Cartario says): [...]; and Valenoria: Piero et tridens inter psicationes arma connumeratur, it is a weapon of three points, as of three lanças united (say Calepino), the way that in the constant breast of San Felipe is composed this currency that grips Penate glorious head of the temple and divine compatriot, as the Romans revered to the Penates (according to Dionisio Alicarnaceo): [...]. Some called them compatriots, like us to Philip; others, imperfectors or owners of possessions, as to the truth is the glorious Patriarch Saint Francis [...].

Diego de Ribera (1673)

18th century

Enlightenment and classicist writers arose such as:

• Diego José Abad (1727-1779)
• Francisco Javier Alegre (1729-1788)
• Francisco Javier Clavijero (1731-1787)
• Rafael Landívar (1731-1793)
• José Mariano Beristáin and Souza (1756-1817)
• José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi (1776-1827) «The Mexican Thinker»
• Fray Servando Teresa de Mier (1765-1827)

Writers of independent Mexico (19th century)

During the 19th and 20th centuries there were three major literary currents: romanticism, realism-naturalism and modernism.

Romance writers clustered around hundreds of associations; Among the most important are the Lateran Academy, founded in 1836 (José María Lacunza, Guillermo Prieto, Manuel Carpio, Andrés Quintana Roo, José Joaquín Pesado, Ignacio Rodríguez Galván, Ignacio Ramírez), and the Liceo Hidalgo, founded in 1850 (Ignacio Manuel Altamirano, Manuel Acuña, Manuel M. Flores). Those who were labeled as neoclassical or academic, as opposed to the category of "romantics" which was given to the former. José Manuel Martínez de Navarrete, Vicente Riva Palacio, Joaquín Arcadio Pagaza, Justo Sierra and Manuel José Othón also belong to this first group.

Later, during the rise of positivism, aesthetic taste changed. Among the realist and naturalist Mexican writers we have Luis G. Inclán, Rafael Delgado, Emilio Rabasa, José Tomás de Cuéllar, Federico Gamboa and Ángel de Campo Micrós.

Within the modernist current, a literary revolution originating in Latin America, there were numerous metrical and rhyming innovations, a resurgence of obsolete forms and, mainly, symbolic discoveries. Between 1895 and 1910 Mexico became a nucleus of modernist activity; among the writers we have Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera, Enrique González Martínez, Salvador Díaz Mirón and Amado Nervo.

Essayists

(In alphabetical order)

• Lucas Alamán (1792 - 1853)
• Serapio Baqueiro Barrera (1865 - 1940)
• Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera (1859-1895).
• Antonio Menéndez de la Peña (1844-1912).
• Rodolfo Menéndez de la Peña (1850-1928).
• Just Sierra Méndez (1848-1912).
• José Vasconcelos Calderón (1882-1959).

Novelists and short story writers

(In chronological order)

• Manuel Payno (1810-1894).
• Just Sierra O'Reilly (1814-1861).
• Luis G. Inclán (1816-1875).
• Guillermo Prieto (1818-1897).
• Florencio María del Castillo (1828-1863).
• José Tomás de Cuellar (1830-1894).
• Vicente Riva Palacio (1832-1896).
• Ignacio Manuel Altamirano (1834-1893).
• Rafael Delgado (1853-1914).
• Federico Gamboa (1864-1939).
• Victorian Salado Alvarez (1867-1931).
• Angel de Campo Micrós (1868-1908).
• José Rubén Romero (1890-1952).
• Francisco Javier Moreno (1895-1961).
• Gregorio López and Fuentes (1897-1966).

Poets

(In alphabetical order)

• Manuel Acuña (1849-1873).
• Manuel Carpio (1791-1860).
• Salvador Díaz Mirón (1853-1928).
• Enrique González Martínez (1871-1952).
• Enrique González Rojo (1899-1939).
• Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera (1858-1895).
• Renato Leduc (1898-1986).
• Rafael López (1873 - 1943).
• Ramón López Velarde (1888-1921).
• Amado Nervo (1870-1919).
• Manuel José Othón (1858-1906).
• John of God Peza (1852-1910).
• Efrén Rebolledo (1877-1929).
• Alfonso Reyes (1889-1959).
• José Juan Tablada (1871-1945).
• Luis G. Urbina (1864-1934).

Colonialist literature

Some works published between 1917 and 1926 by writers such as Francisco Monterde, Julio Jiménez Rueda, Ermilo Abreu Gómez, Manuel Toussaint, Artemio de Valle Arizpe, Genaro Estrada and Alfonso Cravioto were of a colonialist theme.

Contemporary writers (20th and 21st centuries)

In the years between 1900 and 1914, modernism continued to predominate in poetry and realism and naturalism in prose. During this period, the representatives of nineteenth-century literature coexisted with the members of the Ateneo de la juventud. From 1915 to 1930 there were three currents: a stylistic renewal that incorporated influences from the European avant-garde (stridentism (Manuel Maples Arce, Germán List Arzubide, Arqueles Vela) and the Contemporary), a group of writers took up colonial themes (Xavier Villaurrutia, Jaime Torres Bodet, Jorge Cuesta, José Gorostiza, Salvador Novo), and others who began to publish the so-called "novels of the Revolution" (the best known is Los de abajo by Mariano Azuela): Martín Luis Guzmán, Rafael F. Muñoz, Heriberto Frías, Jorge Ferretis, Nellie Campobello, Francisco L. Urquizo.

Until the mid-1940s there were authors who continued with realistic narrative, but the indigenist novel and reflections on being and national culture also saw their heyday. Two new poetic generations arose, grouped around the magazines Taller and Tierra Nueva.

With the publication of Al filo del agua by Agustín Yáñez in 1947, what we call the «contemporary Mexican novel» began, which incorporated then-new techniques, influences from American writers (William Faulkner and John Dos Passos), and European influence (James Joyce and Franz Kafka), and in 1963, the hitherto known for its articles in newspapers and magazines and its beautiful theater, Elena Garro, published the novel Los recuerdos del porvenir. Although during the period from 1947 to 1961 narrators predominated (Arreola, Rulfo, Fuentes), then poets of worth arose such as Rubén Bonifaz Nuño and Rosario Castellanos (also a narrator).

In 1960 the anthology La espiga mutinada was published, which brought together an important group of poets: Juan Bañuelos, Oscar Oliva, Jaime Augusto Shelley, Eraclio Zepeda and Jaime Labastida. Literary magazines were one of the main vehicles for the dissemination of writers, so many of them tend to be grouped under the name of the magazines in which they participated. The Prodigal Son was directed by Xavier Villaurrutia, from the group Los Contemporáneos, who collaborated with Octavio Paz. After leaving the newspaper Excélsior, Octavio Paz founded the magazine Vuelta, which for many years led national culture, mainly after the death of Martín Luis Guzmán in 1976. After After the death of Octavio Paz, a group of his collaborators tried to found a magazine to take his place, but the nascent magazine, Letras Libres, failed to gain the acceptance that Vuelta had. >.

In 1979, Gabriel Zaid made a census of poets that he published in his anthology Asamblea de poetas jovenes de México; among those who have stood out among those included, as poets, Eduardo Hurtado, Alberto Blanco, Coral Bracho, Eduardo Casar, Eduardo Langagne, Manuel Ulacia, Vicente Quirarte, Víctor Manuel Mendiola, Dante Medina, Verónica Volkow, Perla Schwartz, Jaime Moreno Villarreal and Francisco Segovia. These and the rest of those included are those who currently make up the group of authors at the peak of their literary careers. The majority collaborated in Vuelta. Perhaps the greatest current poets are Elsa Cross and Efraín Bartolomé, whose voices are heard with great force in the mainstream media.

Essayists

(in order of relevance)

• Adolfo Castañón (1952-).
• Jorge Cuesta (1903-1942).
• Germán Dehesa (1944-2010).
• Ricardo Garibay (1923-1999).
• Margo Glantz (1930-).
• Manuel Hernández Gómez (1950-).
• Hugo Hiriart (1942-).
• Carlos Monsivéis (1938-2010).
• Octavio Paz (1914-1998).
• Oscar René Cruz Oliva (1933-).
• Armando Pereira (1950-).
• Sergio Pitol (1933-2018).
• Elena Poniatowska (1932-).
• Vicente Quirarte (1954-).
• Alfonso Reyes (1889-1959).
• Guillermo Samperio (1948-).
• Sara Sefchovich (1949-).
• Carlos J. Sierra (1933-).
• Gabriel Zaid (1934-).
• Janitzio Villamar (1969-).

Novelists and short story writers

(In alphabetical order)

• Andrés Acosta (1964-).
• José Agustín (1944-).
• Homer Aridjis (1940-).
• Inés Arredondo (1928-1989).
• Juan José Arreola (1918-2001).
• René Avilés Fabila (1940-2016).
• René Avilés Rojas (1911-1979).
• Mariano Azuela (1873-1952).
• Mario Bellatín (1960-).
• Rosa Beltrán (1960-)
• Carmen Boullosa (1954-).
• Juan de la Cabada Vera (1901-1986).
• Agustín Cadena (1963-).
• Nellie Campobello (1900-1986).
• Rosario Castellanos (1925-1974).
• José de la Colina (1934-).
• Gerardo Cornejo (1937-2014).
• Alberto Chimal (1970-).
• Leonardo Da Jandra (1951-).
• Amparo Dávila (1928-2020).
• Guadalupe Dueñas (1920-2002).
• Salvador Elizondo (1932-2006).
• Daniel Espartaco Sánchez (1977-).
• Beatriz Espejo (1939-).
• Laura Esquivel (1950-).
• Guillermo Fadanelli (1963-).
• Héctor Aguilar Camín (1946-).
• Bernardo Fernández (1972-).
• Jorge Ferretis (1902-1962).
• Heriberto Frías (1870-1925)
• Carlos Fuentes (1928-2012).
• Sergio Galindo (1926).
• Juan García Ponce (1932-2003).
• Parménides García Saldaña (1944-1982)
• Jesus Gardea (1939-2000).
• Ricardo Garibay (1923-1999).
• Elena Garro (1916-1998).
• Eve Gil (1967-).
• José Luis González (1926).
• Martín Luis Guzmán (1887-1977).
• Andrés Henestrosa (1906-2008).
• Francisco Hinojosa (1954-).
• Jorge Ibargüengoitia (1928-1983).
• Xavier Icaza (1892-1969).
• Monica Lavín (1955-).
• Vicente Leñero (1933-2014).
• Luis Felipe Lomelí (1975-).
• Mauritius Magdalen (1906-1986).
• Antonio Malpica (1967-).
• Angels Mastretta (1949-).
• Elmer Mendoza (1949-).
• Miguel Angel Menéndez Reyes (1904-1982).
• Carlos Montemayor (1947-2010).
• Tomás Mojarro (1932).
• Rafael F. Muñoz (1899-1972).
• Gilberto Owen (1904-1952).
• José Emilio Pacheco (1939-2014).
• Fernando del Paso (1935-2018).
• Armando Pereira (1950-).
• Sergio Pitol (1933-).
• Pedro Ángel Palou García (1966-).
• Gerardo Horacio Porcayo (1966-).
• María Luisa Puga (1944-2004).
• Rafael Ramírez Heredia (1942-2006).
• Sergio-Jesus Rodríguez (1967-).
• Octavio Rodríguez Araujo (1941-)
• José Revolts (1914-1976).
• Martha Robles (1949-).
• Bernardo Ruíz (1953-).
• Juan Antonio Rosado (1964-).
• Juan Rulfo (1918-1986).
• Daniel Sada (1953-2011).
• Alberto Ruy Sánchez (1951-).
• Gustavo Sainz (1940-2015).
• Guillermo Samperio (1948-2016).
• Antonio Sarabia (1944-2017).
• Federico Schaffler (1959-).
• Mauritius-José Schwarz (1955-).
• Enrique Serna (1959-).
• Ignacio Solares (1945-).
• Gerardo de la Torre (1938-).
• David Tuscany (1961-).
• Felipe Montes (1961-).
• Juan Tovar (1941).
• Elman Trevizo (1981-).
• Gabriel Trujillo (1958-).
• Cecilia Urbina (1950-).
• Francisco L. Urquizo (1891-1969)
• Edmundo Valadés (1915-1994).
• Archeles Vela (1899-1977).
• Xavier Velasco (1964-).
• Juan Villoro (1956-).
• Josefina Vicens (1911-1988).
• Janitzio Villamar (1969-).
• Jorge Volpi (1968-).
• Augustine Yáñez (1904-1980).
• José Luis Zárate (1966-).
• Eraclio Zepeda (1937-2015).

Poets

(In alphabetical order)

• Griselda Álvarez (1913-2009).
• Guadalupe Amor (1918-2000).
• Homer Aridjis (1940-).
• Humberto Tejera (1890-1971)
• Juan Bañuelos (1932-).
• Efraín Bartolomé (1950-).
• José Carlos Becerra (1936-1970).
• Abigael Bohórquez (1936-1995).
• Rubén Bonifaz Nuño (1923-2013).
• Adolfo Castañón (1952-).
• Ali Chumacero (1918- 2010).
• Óscar Cortés Tapia (1960-).
• Jorge Cuesta (1903-1942).
• Guadalupe Flores Liera (1961-).
• José Gorostiza (1901-1973).
• Daniel Gutiérrez Pedreiro. (1964-).
• Francisco Hernández (1946-).
• Claudia Hernández de Valle Arizpe (1963-).
• Efraín Huerta (1914-1982).
• Isabel Fraire (1934-2015).
• Martín Jiménez Serrano (1967-).
• Jaime Labastida (1939-).
• Germán List Arzubide (1898-1998).
• Ricardo López Méndez (1903-1989)
• Manuel Maples Arce (1898-1981).
• Carmen Mondragón «Nahui Olin» (1893-1978).
• Marco Antonio Montes de Oca (1932-2008).
• Enriqueta Ochoa (1928-2008).
• Oscar Oliva (1938-).
• Daniel Olivares Viniegra (1963-).
• José Emilio Pacheco (1939-2014).
• Alberto Paredes (1956-).
• Helena Paz Garro.
• Octavio Paz (1914-1998).
• Carlos Pellicer Cámara (1897-1977).
• Isabel Quiñónez (1949 - 2007).
• Jaime Sabines (1926-1999).
• Jaime Augusto Shelley (1937-).
• Javier Sicilia (1956-).
• José Tlatelpas (1956-).
• Concha Urquiza (1910-1945).
• Janitzio Villamar (1969-).
• Xavier Villaurrutia (1903-1950).
• Eraclio Zepeda (1937-).
• Benjamin Valdivia (1960-)
• Rogelio Guedea (1974-).

Playwrights

(In alphabetical order)

• Hugo Argüelles (1932-2003).
• Homer Aridjis (1940-).
• Luis G. Basurto (1920-1990).
• Sabina Berman (1955-).
• José Lorenzo Canchola (1962-).
• Emilio Carballido (1925-2008).
• Andrés Castuera-Micher (1976-).
• Damaris Disner (1973-).
• Elena Garro (1916-1998).
• Ricardo Garibay (1923-1999).
• Juan José Gurrola (1935-2007).
• Luisa Josefina Hernández (1928-).
• Luis Mario Moncada (1963-).
• Vicente Leñero (1933-2014).
• Oscar Liera (1946-1990).
• Carlos Olmos (1947-2003).
• Víctor Hugo Rascón Banda (1948-2008).
• Guillermo Schmidhuber (1943-).
• Miguel ängel Tenorio (1954-1).
• Juan Tovar (1941-).
• Rodolfo Usigli (1905-1980).
• Janitzio Villamar (1969-).
• Xavier Villaurrutia (1903-1951).

Historians

(In alphabetical order)

• Alfonso Junco (1896-1974).
• Alonso de León
• Carlos Antonio Aguirre Rojas (1954-).
• Carlos Pereyra (1871-1942).
• Carlos Alvear Acevedo
• Carlos Arturo Giordano Sánchez Verín
• Eduardo Blanquel
• Guillermo Bonfil Batalla (1935-1991).
• Guillermo Tovar and Teresa
• Humberto Tejera (1890-1971)
• Rafael Tovar and Teresa
• Víctor Manuel Castillo Farreras (1932-).
• Daniel Cosío Villegas (1898-1976).
• Martha Fernández.
• Mariano Cuevas (1879-1949).
• José Fuentes Mares (1918-1986).
• José Rubén Romero Galván
• Adolfo Gilly.
• Pilar Gonzalbo Aizpuru (1935-).
• Lucas Alamán (1792-1853).
• Luis González and González (1925-2003).
• Luis González Obregón (1865-1938).
• Enrique Krauze (1947-).
• Miguel León-Portilla (1926-2019).
• Alfredo López Austin (1936-).
• Leonardo López Luján (1964-).
• Jorge Alberto Manrique (1936-2016).
• Francisco Martín Moreno (1946-).
• Álvaro Matute (century 20:1900-1999:).
• Margarita Menegus.
• Alfonso Mendiola.
• Jean Meyer (1942-).
• Lorenzo Meyer (1942-).
• Juan Bautista Chapa
• Juan Miralles (1930-2011).
• Josefina Moguel Flores (1952-).
• Edmundo O'Gorman (1906-1995).
• Héctor Pérez Martínez (1906-1948).
• Constantine Reyes-Valerio (1922-2006).
• Antonio Rubial (1949-).
• Primo Feliciano Velázquez (1860-1953).
• Paco Ignacio Taibo II (1949-).
• Cristina Torales Pacheco.
• Elisa Vargas Lugo (1923-).
• Bolívar Zapata.
• José David Gamboa.
• Vito Alessio Robles (1879-1957).

Writers

• Alejandro Gómez Arias (1906-1990)

The Lake House Generation

They called it the Lake House Generation or the Revista Mexicana de Literatura, and, like the Rupture movement, a primary objective of these writers was to set aside nationalist sentiments and indigenous literature to launch into a much more universal literary expression, its main models being various Mexican artists who likewise proposed a broader artistic expression, such as the members of the so-called Athenaeum of Youth, contemporary authors and the so-called Generation Workshop. There is no precise date or exact year in which the beginning of this current can be defined; however, the year 1956 was crucial for this group of artists, as it was the year in which Octavio Paz published his essay El arco y la lira, where he referred to the characteristics of writing, of poetry and the novel, the mystical vocation of literature, the sacred and the mystery of art. This work was of the utmost importance for the writers of the Casa del Lago Generation, as it set the tone for them about the characteristics they wanted to convey in their works. José Emilio Pacheco considered that 1958 was another essential year for these intellectuals, marked by the publication of the famous work of the acclaimed writer Carlos Fuentes, The most transparent region, considered the first urban novel par excellence. One factor that favored the cohesion of the authors of this current was their integration into various cultural instances with the help of Jaime García Terrés, who between 1953 and 1965 held the position of Director of Cultural Diffusion of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. A fundamental role in uniting this generation of writers is played by the founding of La Casa del Lago, from whose name the nickname of said generation is acquired, located in Bosque de Chapultepec in Mexico City and whose first director was the talented Juan José Arreola who was in charge of bringing together a series of artists who shook the cultural panorama of the time. In the various spaces, they experimented, broke with the dominant forms of art in the various disciplines and frequently took risks to new limits, turning the Chapultepec university forum into a benchmark for emerging art and a space for training and information on what it happens in art in other countries. The literature of the writers of the Casa del Lago Generation has an end in itself and is full of secret keys, the influences of writers from other latitudes that only they knew in Mexico, there is always much more to read between the lines, being able to It can be said that essentially it was grouped under the following characteristics:

• They were heirs to the generations of Ateneists, Contemporarys and Workshop. The arch and lira, of Octavio Paz, is a kind of manifest of its cohesion as a group. His literary starting point was Carlos Fuentes' most transparent region.

• Through translations and reviews they made known to both Mexican novel writers and consecrated and almost unknown foreigners.

• They unfolded in almost all literary genres, but they stood out as narrators. They gave capital importance to the story and were also editors and translators. They criticized various arts: painting, cinema, literature and music.

• They had a “cosmopolitan challenge”, a need to assert themselves as Mexicans since universalism. Displacement to the city, its literature is more urban than rural or indigenist.

• His literary commitment was immense and intense, while his political commitment was only of word and led them to action until 1968.

• They adopted the characteristics of poetry that enumerates the Octavio Paz in The Arch and the Lira to stories and novels: the sacred, the mystical, the night of the being, the metamorphosis, the otritude, the revelation, the rite, etc.

• His recurring themes were his obsessions: forbidden, taboo, incest, madness, eroticism and violence. Demanders and perfectionists at the end sought “The Truth” as an end in literature.

• They preferred to disconnect from society: the artist creating in solitude.

To date there has not been another generation that surpasses them in talent and productivity. No other group in Mexico has reached such a literary quality and level of commitment to art. The youngest, Carlos Monsiváis (1938-2010) and José Emilio Pacheco (1939-2014), became icons of national culture.

The most representative authors of this literary current are:

• Juan García Ponce (1932-2003).

• Salvador Elizondo (1932-2006).

• Juan Vicente Melo (1932-1996).

• Inés Arredondo (1928-1989).

• Tomás Segovia (1927-2011).

• José de la Colina (1934).

• Emmanuel Carballo (1929-2014).

• Huberto Batis (1934).

Nobel laureates

Nobel Prizes
Image	Writer	Year	Alma Mater
	Eighth Peace	1990	Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)

Fonts

• Avilés Fabila, René. Material of the immediate. Mexico, New Image, 2005.
• White, José Joaquín. Chronicle of Mexican Poetry. Mexico, Katun, 1983.
• Brushwood, John S. et al. Mexican literary essay. Mexico, 2001.
• Cortés, Jaime Erasto. Two centuries of Mexican tale: XIX and XX. Mexico, Promexa, 1979.
• Gonzalez Peña, Carlos. History of Mexican Literature. Mexico, Botas, 1945.
• Jimenez Rueda, Julio. History of Mexican Literature. Mexico, 1960.
• Alessandra Luiselli. Mexican letters. Essays on Mexican writers from the second half of the twentieth century. Mexico: UNAM, 2006.
• Lumbreras, Ernesto and Hernán Bravo Varela. Latent spring. Mexican poetry show from now on: 1986-2002. Mexico, CONACULTA, 2002.
• Martinez, José Luis. The Modern Mexican Trial. Mexico, F.C.E., 1968.
• Munguía Espitia, Jorge. "End with the hypocrisy that persists. Forty years from the novel Games of René Avilés Fabila, in: Eleven look at René Avilés Fabila. Mexico, UAM, 2008.
• Peace, Octavio, et al. Poetry in motion. Mexico, 21st Century, 1966.
• Lopátegui roses, Patricia. The Murder of Elena Garro. Mexico, Porrúa, 2005.
• Valdés, Octavian. Neoclassical and academic poetry. Mexico, UNAM, 1978.
• Zaid, Gabriel. Assembly of young Mexican poets. Mexico, 21st Century, 1980.
• Jimenez Rueda Julio. Mexican letters in the nineteenth century. Mexico, F.C.E, 1989, ISBN 968-16-3219-2.
• Carlos.