Majorcan

Major variants of Mallorcan. Majority Mallorquín Pollencino Sollerico mall

Mallorquín (Mallorcan: mallorquí) is the variety of Catalan spoken in Mallorca. It is similar to the variants spoken on the other islands of the Balearic archipelago: the Ibizan (eivissenc) in Ibiza and Formentera; and Menorquin (menorquí) in Menorca, although these variants are not officially included in the Statute of Autonomy of the Balearic Islands and become unofficial variants.

History

There are indications that before the conquest, in addition to Arabic, a local Romance or Mozarabic unrelated to Catalan was spoken on the island, of which some place names such as Muro and Campos would survive.

The Catalan language was introduced to Mallorca by the settlers, after being conquered for the Crown of Aragon in 1229. The settlers came from various places and arrived in different proportions. According to the Llibre del Repartiment, the conquered lands were distributed among people from Catalonia (39.71%), from Occitania (24.26%), from Italy (16.19%), from Aragon (7.35%), Navarra (5.88%), France (4.42%), Castilla (1.47%) and Flanders (0.73%). In 1230 the Francheses de Mallorca were issued, privileges that attracted more settlers to cultivate the fields. The new population of Mallorca came mainly from Catalonia, more specifically from Roussillon and Ampurdán, which is why dialectal characteristics related to variants from these areas are preserved, such as the use of article salat. Perhaps due to this origin, Mallorca's own language is an eastern dialect of Catalan. Regarding the denomination of Majorcan, in the XV century, around 1450, the humanist Ferran Valentí (1415-1476) He already used the name Majorcan language in the prologue of his translation of Cicero's Paradoxa.

The strategic position of the Balearic archipelago helped it become a bridge for the expansion of the Crown of Aragon and a center of maritime trade. Thus, both Majorcan and other Balearic dialects have numerous lexical borrowings taken from other languages, such as French, Italian, Provençal and Greek. In the 18th century the British rule over Menorca introduced some words of English origin, such as: “xoc” (from “chalk”, “tiza”), “escrú” (“screw”, “tornillo”), etc.

Most outstanding characteristics of the Majorcan language

• The words in italics represent words or expressions in Majorcan.
• Those in italics are within a parentheses represent words or expressions in standard Catalan.
• To facilitate compression, thus avoiding the use of the entire international phonetic symbolology, when a term or expression appears "intercomillated", is indicating its phonetics or, at least, a part of it: the part of which it is intended to report.

phonetic

• Tonic neutral vocal existence: "Magdal·na" (Magdalena), "(green), "prοnοbοn"Finger"with a"(Rabbit), "decidøsc"(dained)...without any rules exist or have yet been determined to determine when in a tonic syllable the open vowels should be pronounced a or e or ♫ neutral.
• Contundent tendency to pronounce the sound "ts" replacing other sounds in which at least a "s" sound appears (in particular in the following two cases: occlusive sound + sound s and sound s + sound s); which can happen both within the same word and at the end of one and at the beginning of the next. Examples: "Pitsina" (sighs) "Tatsi" (taxi), It's seu... is pronounced "øn οn οlt seu..."to the seu...to his... It's cinema... is pronounced "θ"to the cinema, al/in the cinema), "θtsolut"is the pronunciation of absolute (absolutely), "►"that of exacte (exact)
• Clear difference between l·land the l.
• All union r + l (within a word or at the end of one and at the beginning of the next) pronounces l·l in some localities. So: parlar It's "pal·là", Sporles It's "Espol·les", close-lo It's "fence"...
• Inexistence of many pronomes febles (reflective pronouns and complement pronouns, direct and indirect), as in Majorcan they are usually strong or tonic pronouns: e.g.: Decide-lo (decide-decide, near-là (look-, find her), prendre-lí (prendre-liTake him, take him... (The final errors of the verb and happening by the els, are usually pronounced as l·l, as follows: "fence" (seeking) "decidil·lo"to decide...
• More general intensity when pronounced the vowels open to, and or (similar to certain Andalusian accents). And although not recognized, many vowels are pronounced open to, and or theoretically closed according to the descriptions used by the rules of the accentuation of the standard Catalan, e.g. "tambè" (Tamba, also), so that vowels theoretically pronounced as in Castilian (closed), but that in Majorcan remain open vowels (such as some Andalusian accents) in some localities.
• Except in certain localities (Sóller...) the or atone is pronounced as or, not as u: "compl·sc"Instead of the CatalanCumpléxu"; in Spanish, cumplo", "gulp" (instead of the Catalan "guápu", beautiful, handsome,"dolént" instead of "dulén", dolentBad...
• Never utterance of the final -r in the sharp words or in the monosyllic words: "."cor, heart), ""forfear, "dinàdinarlunch...
• Replacement of certain lles by weak ones: "Fiia"for filla (daughter) "I went" and I didn't full (leaf of book"Guiiem"for Guillem (Guillermo), "camaiot"and not camallot (such as the island).
• Genetic or lexicon arkisms: homo (home, man, adverb Bonus (bé "Good."well"...
• Exceptionally, the vowel or can be pronounced v. e.g.: dive (diuenThey say...
• Some tonic neutral vowel can pronounce !, instead of у, without having anything to do with the open vowel è of the standard Catalan. So, the Catalan veure (see) in Mallorca is pronounced in some localities "voure". Thus, if e.g. in Catalan it is said and writes vèuen (in Spanish: come), by this rule and the previous one, in Mallorca it is said (but it is not written) "voven",. This explains phrases like: "Mě vòvøn"Em veuenSee me.
• In some localities the occurrence of consonant, is pronounced or between u and l. So, Selva can be pronounced practically "Seuva".
• Existence of weak pronouncements. Like in English, certain terms may present two pronouncements, one strong and one weak. Examples:
  • Vaig (1.- I'll go. 2.- Past auxiliary particle for the 1.a pers. sing. of the indicative present: in English did). It's not always "vatx"as in Catalan, for it is usually pronounced "vai". So: Vaig play (I played) pronounces "Vai play."...
  • What? (which can be pronounced) "what" and "qui.". So: What do you think? (What do you think?) "què"But in L'any you see (Next year)... the majority form used is the relative old "qui.": L'any you see.
  • Hiha (hay) can be pronounced ♪ "without just affecting the first term.
• Other differences regarding Catalan: Noltros (nosaltresus), voltros (VosaltresYou), Domés (I don't.alone, nothing else), dobbés is the pronunciation of double (diners or Calés in standard Catalan; in Spanish: money), cotxo (cotxe, car, vehicle), "get"to get, get), prуb (Finger, pepper), Guilty. (c) pronounced quota...

morphology

• Elimination of the a of the disindences - Yeah.: Histori (history) principle (presence) gracis (thank you) as in traditional popular talk on the continent.
• Disincentive -datinstead of -tat: Universidat, crueldat... (although there are cases with -dat in standard: bondat, maldat...)
• The Catalan atonous syllables Cool. and qua They're in Majorcan. Go and co respectivament, as in traditional popular speech on the continent. So: aigo (adjoiningwater), Filled. (Filled., tongue), fat (save, save), Straight. (quarantaForty, chorema (quaresmaLent...
• Widespread use of full forms of reflective pronouns (me, te, se...), as in Spanish, instead of the reinforced forms of the central standard Catalan (em, et, es...). So: Me. veig molt bé (Em veig molt bé, me. I see very well), You're what you Think? (You're what et Think?What? you Do you believe?)...

verbal morphology

• No. termination or or eof the verbs in first person of the singular of the indicative present: Jo thinks (thinkingI think), deman (demanoI ask, sue), caic, dorm (asleepI sleep...
• Certain verbal forms of their own: Som (SocI am), deim pronounced "d`ambiim"with neutral (diem, we say), equally deis pronounced "d`ambiis"dieuand also veim pronounced "v."veiemSee, See pronounced "v`ambiis"veieuYou see...
• Termination of certain verbs in the 1.a pers. singular of the indicative present in - Escin subjunctive - ski....: Decidesc (decidesixo, decide), pairsc (sembloI look like), servesc (serveixoSir, complesc (compleixo...
• Gerundios who end up in -Got. as in the popular talk of the continent: moguent (Move., moving), Venguent (VenintComing...
• Feminized participations: if they refer to women's nouns, such as in the Valencian and the traditional popular talk of the continent. L'he bought (l'he compratI bought it, e.g. a house), L'he ficada (L'he ficatI put it in, for example, a coin in the purse...
• Determined verbal disindences retain, as in Spanish when it is comparable, the a instead of the e Catalan: Cantam (cantemWe sing, Jugam (playmWe play, cantàssim (cantèssim, sing or sing, donàs (donèsgive or give or donate or donate, miràs (mirèsLook or look...

syntax

• The order of pronouns is the reverse to Catalan and Spanish. In Majorcan it is: 1st direct object, 2nd indirect object. So: I am. play. (Em play., I got it. played), ♪ Don (te'l Done, You got it. I give), I love you. deix (I deixed youI'll leave it. (In addition, unlike Catalan, That's it. in these pronouns are pronounced "`", this is, neutras, despite being tonic syllables. Note that it is also neutral e that appears in deixso it is pronounced "døsh"and not as in Catalan."déshu", deixoI quit.
• Use (as in German, aberor in English, ♪) very frequently of the conjunction ? (but) at the end of the sentence. e.g.: I don't give it to you. (But he gave it to me!). (In Mallorca's Spanish it is used equally, but).
• Use of pronoun ♪instead of my like in the north. So: A ♪ not m'agrada (to me not.I don't like it/tasta), M'ho han dit a ♪ (M'ho have given meThey told me.

lexicon

• (Very important). As it can happen in German (and unlike the Castilian or Catalan, that in this and other extremes supersede the good analysis and, consequently, the knowledge of the Majorcan) the preposition in may indicate movement or direction, using instead of the preposition a, especially to avoid the cacophony that means to pronounce twice the neutral vowel (ambi + ambi). Examples:
  • In It's cinema., pronounced "► ^"in das Kino (ins Kino) in German, to the cinema or in the cinema in Catalan, in Spanish can also mean cinema or in cinema),
  • In aquest (aquest or aquest in Catalan, can mean in Spanish a this or in This one, e.g. I gave it to him. a thisor in In this moment...).
  • In is meu conco / oncle (in standard Catalan: to meu oncle, in Spanish: a My uncle...
  • In It's ciutadans., pronounced "øn οn tsiutadáns"als ciutadans in Catalan; in Spanish: to citizens.
  • In this sense, a good example of the lack of knowledge of Majoroch among their own speakers is reflected when they try to write it. Thus, by influence of Castilian and Catalan, instead of writing this preposition indicating movement or direction:
    • In is usually written A + nwithout knowing what the particle responds n It means nothing.
    • Like this, e.g. the rare written in Majorcans usually involve such errors: A nes cinema, To nes ciutadans...

• Use, according to certain rules, of the certain "salted" articles from the Latin pronouns ipse and whose use, according to the standard Catalan, must be excluded from the formal language, being: so. (the) That's it. (the i els; and sa (la) So. (theand ses (themlike that. He's a father. or sa godfather (l'avi or l'àviaGrandpa, Grandma, It's ca. (the goss, the dog or the can)... The (the king, and not It's rei), the celthe celHeaven, the seathe seasea
  • The following contractions occur in the use of some of the aforementioned articles:

1. S is the contraction of the singular That's it. (el) and sa (the), which occurs, except exceptions, if they happen from a word begun with a vowel. Examples: s'al·lot / s'al·lota (the nen / Baby, the child / the girl)...
2. Pes (pel, by the) is the contraction of per is (perby him). So: I walked (I walked.On the way...
3. Descent (of) is the contraction of Of course. (from him).
4. As (al) is the contraction of a (to the one), which is still rarely used as the Catalan or Castilian preposition a indicating movement, direction, indication... is not used in Majorcan, as already said, for these meanings the preposition is used in. Therefore, the preposition a in Majorcan is very rare.

• General use of pronoun I do., also rated as incorrect in standard Catalan: I kill him. (the mateixthe same), Boo! (There you go., the good), the most... (to me, there more...the most...).
• Potential own vocabulary, for various reasons (previous frustration, insularity...): moix (gat, cat), ♪ (go, dog), torcaboques (servilleta), Tasso (sighs) Got it. and also Tassoglass and cup), double, pronounced "dobbés"diners, money), Al·lot (No, kid, boy), batle (alkade), devers (approximately) oi (fàstic, disgust), talment (així mateixas well, padrí, padrina (avi, àviaGrandpa, Grandma, fadrí/na (solter/a or fadrí/nasingle/a), id (pues, so, so) timebaixa (It's late.late, like this: a s'horabaixa That's it. it takes, by tade), capvespre (very used: time between evening and night, nightfall) in setback give-be'n (anar bé a, tant fer-li a algú, give the same or the same, slip, bring loose, like me'n gift, slips, high (satisfied and proud)...
• Natural use of many Castilians, also uttering Castilian phonetics: handsome, cheap, later, Seriously....
• Own constructions and expressions:

-What noms? or What do you think? (Com et dius?What's your name? Literal and respectively would be "What do you name?" and "What do they say to you?"

-Mu mare (Ma mare, Mare!, Mama!My mother, my mother! Mum/Mon stop! (Mon, Stop!, Papa!My Father, Dad!

-Ca (house) is always accompanied by the possessive pronoun, if it is known who the house is. So, Me'n vaig a ca meva (I go home, and never: me'n vaig home (meva)), Ho feren a ca seva (they did it in (your) house, and never ho feren a casa (seva)... However, if the owner or living in the house is appointed, the possessive pronoun should not be put on; thus: A ca na Cati (A /in house of (the) Cati), so also and literally the famous Can Pedro (Casa de(l) Pedroor Can Joan de s'aigo (Casa de(l) Juan del aguaBetween an endless...