Lime
Lima, officially (in the text of the Constitution) City of Lima, is the capital of the Republic of Peru. It is located on the central coast of the country, on the shores of the Pacific Ocean, integrating an extensive and populated urban area, flanked by the coastal desert and extended over the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers. It was founded under the name of City of Kings.
The 2022 census projection established a population of 13,943,800 inhabitants, a figure that makes it the most populous city in the country. The urban conglomerate made up of Lima and Callao, on the other hand, has a population of 11,098,000 inhabitants distributed in fifty districts, where the province of Lima concentrates forty-three districts and the province of Callao, seven districts. The urban agglomeration is also organized in cones or axes of the city: North Lima, South Lima, East Lima and Central Lima.
Currently, it is considered the political, economic, industrial, cultural, financial and commercial center of the country. Internationally, it is the fifth largest city in Latin America, the fourth by GDP, the fifth by number of inhabitants and one of the thirty most populous urban agglomerations in the world. Due to its geostrategic importance, it has been defined as a city global "beta+ class".
On January 18, 1535, it was founded as City of Kings by the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro within the agricultural region known to the coastal natives as Limac, later as Lima, a name that it acquired over time. It was the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru due to its valleys and its low altitude above sea level, replacing Jauja, which is located in the heights of the Andes.
The viceroyalty, at the time, served as the most important administrative entity of the Hispanic Monarchy within South America, while Lima was the largest and most important city in all of South America during the colonial period. After the independence process, it became the capital of the free departments and, later, of the Peruvian Republic. It was also the capital of the North-Peruvian State. Lima is the seat of the oldest institution of higher education in the New World, the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, founded on May 12, 1551 during the Spanish viceregal regime, it is the oldest, most recognized and most important university in Peru. Also, the first officially founded and oldest continuously operating in America.
In October 2013, Lima was chosen to host the 2019 Pan American Games. It also hosted the United Nations Conference on Climate Change in the 2014 edition, hosted the APEC world forum in the 2008 and 2016, of the Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group in October 2015, of the Miss Universe 1982 pageant and is scheduled to host the 2023 U-17 Soccer World Cup.
Toponymy
The Rímac river valley was called Rimaq (pronounced [ˈli.maq] according to the pronunciation of coastal Quechua lambdacism and as [ˈɾi.maq] in the variants of the sierra) as a reference to the construction that today is known as huaca de Santa Ana ("guaca of the Indians of Lima who called themselves ychmas, it was a round stone ». As in other place names, the final plosive ended up being eliminated when passing into the Spanish language, with the spelling Lima being preferred over time after coexisting in documents with the forms Limac and Lyma.
In the origin of this place name, as it happened with many others in the New World, it is very probable that the Spaniards easily accepted the one already used by the aboriginal communities, mutating it for another with a very similar sound extracted from the Iberian geography. In this case they were able to apply that of the Limia River, a cross-border between Portugal and Spain, whose Portuguese name is Lima River.
When it was founded on January 18, it was given the name City of Kings due to the proximity of the date to January 6, the day of the Three Kings and perhaps also as homage to the Kings of Spain: Juana I and Carlos I. However, the toponymic name of the region was always maintained, which little by little was consolidated on the foundational name, which is why the new populated center ended up being known as the Lima city. The name of the river, on the other hand, saw its spelling altered according to the uses of the Third Council of Limense influenced by Aymara pronunciation habits, as happened with many other place names of Quechua origin.
Symbols
Flag
Historically, it is known as "Standard of the City of the Kings of Peru". It is made up of a gold-colored silk canvas and in the center is the coat of arms of the embroidered city.
Shield
The coat of arms of Lima was granted by the Spanish Crown on December 7, 1537 through a Royal Decree signed in Valladolid by Emperor Charles V and his mother, Queen Juana I of Castilla. It consists of a blue main field, with three gold crowns of kings placed in a triangle and on top of them a gold star that touches the three crowns with its points, and on the border some gold letters that say: Hoc signum vere regum est (This is the true sign of kings). Outside the shield are the initials I and K (Ioana and Karolus), which They are the names of Queen Juana I and her son Carlos I. Above the letters is a star and embracing them two crowned saber-fronted eagles, which hold the shield.
Anthem
The anthem of Lima was heard for the first time on January 18, 2008, in a solemn session that was attended by the then President of Peru Alan García, the mayor of the city Luis Castañeda Lossio and various authorities. Those in charge of creating the anthem were the aldermen Luis Enrique Tord (author of the lyrics), Euding Maeshiro (composer of the melody) and the music producer Ricardo Núñez (arranger).
History
Pre-Hispanic period
Although the history of the city of Lima began with its Spanish foundation in 1535, the territory made up of the valleys of the Rímac, Chillón and Lurín rivers was occupied by pre-Inca settlements, which were grouped under the dominion of ichma. The Maranga culture and the Lima culture were the ones that established themselves and forged an identity in these territories. During those times, the sanctuaries of Lati (present-day Puruchuco) and Pachacámac (the main pilgrimage sanctuary during the time of the Incas) were built..
These cultures were conquered by the Huari Empire during the height of their imperial expansion. It is during this time that the ceremonial center of Cajamarquilla was built. As the Huari declined in importance, the local cultures once again acquired autonomy, highlighting the Chancay culture. Later, in the XV century, these territories were incorporated into the Tahuantinsuyo. From this time we can find a great variety of huacas throughout the city, some of which are under investigation.
The most important or well-known are those of Huallamarca, Pucllana and Mateo Salado, all located in the middle of Lima districts with very high urban growth, which is why they are surrounded by business and residential buildings; however, that does not hinder its perfect state of conservation. On the outskirts of the city are the ruins of Pachacámac, an important religious center built by the Lima culture 3,000 years ago and which was used even until the time when the Spanish conquistadors arrived.
Lima Foundation
In 1532, the Spanish and their indigenous allies (of the ethnic groups subjugated by the Incas) under the command of Francisco Pizarro took Atahualpa prisoner in the city of Cajamarca. Although he was paid a ransom, he was sentenced to death for political and strategic reasons. After some battles, the Spanish conquered his empire. The Spanish crown named Francisco Pizarro governor of the lands he had conquered.Pizarro decided to found the capital in the Rímac river valley, after the failed attempt to establish it in Jauja.
He considered that Lima was strategically located, close to a favorable coast for the construction of a port but prudently far from it to prevent attacks by pirates and foreign powers, on fertile lands and with a convenient cool climate. Thus, on January 18, 1535, Lima was founded with the name of "City of Kings", named in this way in honor of the epiphany, on territories that had belonged to the curaca Taulichusco. The explanation of this name is due because «at the same time in January the Spaniards were looking for the place for the foundation of the new city, [...] not far from the sanctuary of Pachacámac, near the Rímac river.
However, as had happened with the region, initially called Nueva Castilla and later Peru, the City of Kings soon lost its name in favor of Lima." Pizarro, with the collaboration of Nicolás de Ribera, Diego de Agüero and Francisco Quintero personally laid out the Plaza de Armas and the rest of the city grid, building the Viceregal Palace (today transformed into the Government Palace of Peru, which hence retains the traditional name of Casa de Pizarro) and the Cathedral, whose first stone Pizarro laid with his own hands. In August 1536, the flourishing city was besieged by the troops of Manco Cápac II, but the Spanish and their indigenous allies managed to defeat them.
In the following years, Lima gained prestige by being designated the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru and the seat of a Royal Audience in 1543. Since the location of the coastal city was conditioned by the facilities of communications with Spain, it soon became consolidated a close bond with the port of Callao.
Viceregal period
For the next century, it prospered as the center of an extensive trade network that integrated the viceroyalty with the Americas, Europe, and East Asia. But the city was not without its dangers; violent earthquakes destroyed a large part of it between 1586 and 1687, which will give rise to a great display of construction activity. It is then that aqueducts, cutwaters and retaining walls appear before the rivers flood, the bridge over the Rímac is finished, the cathedral is built (finished in 1622) and numerous hospitals, convents and monasteries are built. Then we can see that the city is articulated around its neighborhoods. Another threat was the presence of pirates and corsairs in the Pacific Ocean, which led to the construction of the walls of Lima between 1684 and 1687.
The earthquake of 1687 marked a turning point in the history of Lima, as it coincided with a recession in trade due to economic competition with other cities such as Buenos Aires. With the creation of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717, the they reorganized the political demarcations, and Lima lost only a few territories that actually already enjoyed their autonomy. In 1746 a strong earthquake severely damaged the city and destroyed Callao, forcing a massive reconstruction effort by Viceroy José Antonio Manso de Velasco.
In the second half of the 18th century, Enlightenment ideas about public health and social control influenced in the development of the city. During this period, the Peruvian capital was affected by the Bourbon reforms as it lost its monopoly over foreign trade and its control over the important mining region of Upper Peru. This economic weakening led to the elite of the city to depend on the positions granted by the viceregal government and the Church, which contributed to keeping them more linked to the Crown than to the cause of independence.
The greatest political-economic impact that the city experienced at that time occurred with the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776, which changed the course and orientations imposed by the new commercial traffic. Among the buildings built during this period there is a rooster arena, the bullring of Acho and the General Cemetery. The first two were erected to regulate these popular activities, centralizing them in a single place, while the cemetery put an end to the practice of burying the dead in churches, considered unhealthy by public authorities.
Independence
A combined expedition of Argentine and Chilean independentistas led by General Don José de San Martín landed in the south of Lima in 1820, but did not attack the city. Faced with a naval blockade and guerrilla action on the mainland, Viceroy José de la Serna was forced to evacuate the city in July 1821 to save the royalist army. Fearing a popular uprising and lacking the means to impose the order, the City Council invited San Martín to enter the city, signing a Declaration of Independence at his request.
After the independence of Peru was proclaimed in 1821 by General San Martín, Lima became the capital of the brand new Republic of Peru. Thus, it was the seat of the government of the liberator and also the seat of the first Constituent Congress that the country had. The war lasted for two more years, during which the city changed hands many times and suffered abuses from both sides. By the time the war was decided, on December 9, 1824 in the battle of Ayacucho, Lima had been considerably impoverished.
Republican era
After the War of Independence, Lima became the capital of the Republic of Peru but the country's economic stagnation and political disorder paralyzed its urban development. This situation was reversed in the 1850s, when the growing public and private income derived from the export of guano allowed a rapid expansion of the city. In the following twenty years, the State financed the construction of large public buildings for replace the old viceregal establishments, among these are the Central Market, the General Camal, the Mental Asylum, the Penitentiary and the Dos de Mayo Hospital. There were also improvements in communications; in 1850 a railway line between Lima and Callao was completed and in 1870 an iron bridge was inaugurated over the Rímac River, named Puente Balta. In 1872 the city walls were demolished anticipating greater urban growth in the future. However, this period of economic expansion also widened the gap between rich and poor, producing widespread social discontent.
During the War of the Pacific (1879-1883), the Chilean army occupied Lima after defeating Peruvian troops and reserves in the battles of San Juan and Miraflores. The city suffered from the excesses of the invaders, who looted museums, public libraries and educational institutions. At the same time, angry mobs attacked wealthy citizens and the Asian colony, looting their properties and businesses.
20th century
After the war, and the withdrawal of Chilean troops, in the last years of the XIX century, with Piérola assuming power and the beginning of what was called the Aristocratic Republic, began its true and intense reconstruction that lasted until the remodeling that Augusto Leguía carried out in preparation for the centenary of independence in 1921. At the beginning of the century XX began the construction of avenues that would serve as a matrix for the development of the city. Paseo de la República, Paseo de la República, and Leguía (today called Arequipa), Brasil and the scenic Salaverry that went to the south and Venezuela and Colonial avenues to the west joining the port of Callao.
In the 1930s, major construction began with the remodeling of the Government Palace and the Municipal House. These constructions had their peak in the 1950s, during the government of Manuel A. Odría when the large buildings of the Ministry of Economy and the Ministry of Education were built (Edificio Javier Alzamora Valdez, current headquarters of the Superior Court of Justice of Lima), the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Labor and the Hospitals del Seguro Obrero and Empleado as well as the National Stadium and several large housing units. Also in those years a phenomenon began that changed the configuration of the city, which was the massive immigration of settlers from the interior of the country, producing the exponential growth of the capital's population and the consequent urban expansion. The new populations were settling on land near the center which was used as an agricultural area. The current districts of Lince, La Victoria to the south were populated; Breña and Pueblo Libre to the west; El Agustino, Ate and San Juan de Lurigancho to the east and San Martín de Porres and Comas to the north. As an emblematic point of this expansion, in 1973 the self-managed community of Villa el Salvador (current Villa El Salvador district) was created, located 30 km south of the city center and currently integrated into the metropolitan area. In the 1980s, Terrorist violence added to the disorderly growth of the city the increase in residents who arrived as internally displaced persons. The historic center of the city suffered increasing deterioration and many areas of the city constantly lacked basic services.
Geography
Location
Lima is located in the coastal desert of Peru, on the western slopes of the central Andes of Peru. Although it was initially founded on the Rímac river valley, today it extends over extensive desert areas and even over other valleys such as the Chillón and Lurín rivers.
It borders the coast from km 50 of the Panamericana Norte, on the border of the district of Ancón with the province of Huaral; up to km 70 of the Panamericana Sur, on the border of the district of Pucusana with the province of Cañete; that add up to an extension of just over 130 km of coastline and beach. Towards the east it extends approximately to kilometer 37 of the Central highway, on the border of the district of Lurigancho-Chosica with the province of Huarochirí.
Climate
The climate of the city is especially particular, given its location. It combines an almost total absence of precipitation with a very high level of atmospheric humidity and persistent cloud cover. Thus, it surprises with its strange characteristics despite being located in a tropical area at 12 degrees south latitude and almost at sea level. The Peruvian central coast shows a series of atypical microclimates due to the influential and cold Humboldt current that derives from Antarctica, the proximity of the Andes mountain range and its geographical location, giving Lima a subtropical, cool, desert climate and wet at the same time.
It can be said that it has a warm climate without excessive tropical heat or extreme cold that requires heating at home, with the exception of very few winters. The average annual temperature is 17.5 to 19 °C, with an annual summer maximum of about 29 °C. Summers, from December to April, have temperatures ranging from 29 to 30 °C during the day and 21 to 22 °C at night. Only when the El Niño phenomenon occurs, the temperature in the summer season can exceed 31 °C. Winters range from June to mid-October, with temperatures ranging between 12 and 19 °C, with 8.8 °C being the lowest temperature recorded historically. The spring and autumn months (November and May) have temperatures temperate that oscillate between 17 and 23 °C.
On the other hand, the relative humidity is extremely high (up to 100%), producing persistent mist from June to October, even in some years until the beginning of summer when the clouds are less. It is sunny, humid and hot in the summers (December-April), cloudy and mild in the winters (June to September). Rainfall is almost zero. The annual average is 7 mm reported at the Jorge Chávez International Airport, being the least amount in a metropolitan area in the world.[citation required] A downpour in Lima can be seen as a totally strange and atypical phenomenon by most of the population.
Only a few times has it rained heavily in the city. The phenomenon of rain occurs especially in the districts with higher altitudes such as La Molina and Lurigancho-Chosica. One of the heaviest rains that the city experienced in the last decade was endured by the districts of La Molina, San Juan de Miraflores, Villa María del Triunfo, Villa El Salvador and Cieneguilla on April 6, 2001. That night, there was a heavy rain with thunder and lightning, which surprised the inhabitants. It was produced by the detachment of a convective cell that traveled from the mountains to enter the coast.
The last heavy rain with thunder occurred on May 24, 2021 in Metropolitan Lima, due to an unusual moisture load in the clouds near the sea.
When it rains very hard in Lima there are usually problems, because the city is not prepared for the rain., houses and infrastructures with flat roofs suffer water leaks, streets and sidewalks are flooded due to the absence of collector sewage stormwater, gutters or drains. In the hills there are landslides or avalanches. When a dry stream is reactivated by rain, it generates great damage. In 2002 there were avalanches in the area of Huaycán and Santa María de Huachipa. Over the years there have also been some landslides in Lurigancho-Chosica and Chaclacayo. The last anomalous phenomenon in Lima of consideration occurred in January 2011, due to the arrival of clouds from the mountains to the coast, which produced intense rains in several districts of the capital. Lima has only 1,280 hours of sunshine per year, 28.6 hours in July and 179.1 hours in January, values exceptionally low for the latitude. December through April mostly clear, cloudless skies predominate; in May, and from November to December, the skies remain partly cloudy; from June to October the skies remain gray, covered almost permanently. The combination of climatic phenomena is presented as follows:
The cold Humboldt Current that runs along the coast cools the water temperature. This is much colder than what would correspond to the tropical latitude in which the city is located. Thus, cold conditions at sea level with an upper atmosphere warmer due to solar action generate a thermal inversion that prevents the phenomenon of convection, by which the warmer and less dense air rises. This, together with the surrounding Andean mountain range, causes an almost permanent layer of extremely low cloudiness to appear (less than 500 m from the ground), which prevents the passage of direct solar radiation. In turn, the blockage by a layer of warm upper air prevents the formation of vertically developing cumulonimbus clouds, which explains the absence of precipitation. This is the reason for the paradox of having an extremely cloudy and humid climate, and yet desert. The scant rainfall (less than 8 mm per year) known as drizzle is the product of condensation from the low cloudiness that forms the system.
 Average climate parameters of Lima (Aeropuerto Internacional Jorge Chávez) 1961–1990, extremes 1960–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Ene. | Feb. | Mar. | Open up. | May. | Jun. | Jul. | Ago. | Sep. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Annual |
| Temp. max. abs. (°C) | 32.7 | 32.5 | 33.4 | 31.6 | 30.3 | 30.0 | 28.3 | 29.0 | 28.0 | 25.2 | 29.0 | 30.4 | 33.4 |
| Average temperature (°C) | 26.9 | 28.6 | 28.6 | 26.5 | 23.4 | 21.1 | 19.1 | 18.8 | 18.1 | 21.5 | 23.7 | 27.8 | 22.5 |
| Average temperature (°C) | 22.1 | 22.7 | 22.2 | 20.6 | 18.8 | 17.5 | 16.7 | 16.2 | 16.4 | 17.3 | 18.7 | 20.7 | 19.2 |
| Temp. medium (°C) | 19.2 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 18.2 | 17.5 | 15.2 | 14.5 | 14.5 | 14.5 | 14.5 | 16.5 | 18.5 | 17 |
| Temp. min. abs. (°C) | 12.0 | 15.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 8.0 | 10.0 | 8.9 | 10.0 | 12.5 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 13.9 | 8.0 |
| Total precipitation (mm) | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 6.4 |
| Precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 18.2 |
| Hours of sun | 179.1 | 169 | 139.2 | 184 | 116.4 | 50.6 | 28.6 | 32.3 | 37.3 | 65.3 | 89 | 139.2 | 1230 |
| Relative humidity (%) | 81.6 | 82.1 | 82.7 | 85.0 | 85.1 | 85.1 | 84.8 | 84.8 | 85.5 | 83.5 | 82.1 | 81.5 | 82.8 |
| [chuckles]required] | |||||||||||||
Relief
In terms of morphology, the department of Lima is made up of two distinct regions, the coast and the more. In the coastal area, desert pampas predominate, framed by hills, in many cases interrupted by rain formed by rivers They carry water all year. They are the coastal valleys, where cities are settled and agriculture prospers. The most important features are isolated hills or forming systems, dry ravines, fluvial and marine terraces, and undulating reliefs, as well as coastal cliffs. The sierra region is formed by the Western Cordillera of the Andes, with elevations reaching more than 6000 m a.s.l. no. m.
Hydrography
For its water supply, the population of Lima depends on three rivers: Rímac, Chillón and Lurín. Like most Peruvian rivers, they originate in the high mountains of the Andes and flow into the Pacific Ocean. They are short, with a steep course and seasonal regime. both located in the department of Lima.
At the height of the city of Lima, the river is crossed by several bridges, the most representative of which is the Puente de Piedra built by Viceroy Juan de Mendoza y Luna in 1610. The plant of water treatment La Atarjea (managed by the state company Sedapal), in addition to the hydroelectric plants of Huampaní, Matucana, Huinco, Barbablanca and Moyopampa.
The Chillón River is the second most important source of water for Lima. It forms on the western slope of the La Viuda mountain range. Its basin covers an area of 2,444 km². Its valley is fertile, as evidenced by the presence of various human settlements from pre-Hispanic times to the present. It was here that the colli culture was formed. In addition, the Chivateros culture was established in the valley formed by this river.
The Lurín River originates from the glaciers and lagoons of the western Andes. Its basin covers an area of 1,670 km² and extends from the edge of the coast to the area of the snow-capped Otoshmicumán and Chanape mountains in the province of Huarochiri. It is known as the Chalilla river until its confluence with the Taquía stream from where it receives their common name. Its main tributaries are the Taquía, Llacomayqui, Tinajas, Numincancha and Canchahuara on its left bank and the Chamacna on the right.
Ecology
Flora and fauna
The flora of the capital is made up of a great variety of herbs, plants, shrubs and trees that grow on the hills and in the riverside mountains. The amancay is the typical flower of the city, it is endemic to the coastal hills of Peru and only appears in the cold and cloudy season. Other species that are part of the Lima flora are the begonia, the nettle, the ficus, the ponciana, the elephant ear, the olive tree and the geranium. Regarding fauna, in the city you can find more than a hundred different species of birds. The most common are the domestic pigeon or pigeon of Castilla, the cuculí, the goldfinches and the sparrows.
Protected areas
The city of Lima has two natural areas protected by the National Service of Natural Areas Protected by the State, the Pantanos de Villa wildlife refuge and the Lomas de Ancón reserved area. The Pantanos de Villa are located in the Chorrillos district, they are natural wetlands that allow the nesting and transit of migratory and resident birds. The Lomas de Ancón are located in the Ancón district. They cover an area of 10,962.14 hectares, and it was named a reserved area since a great variety of flora not seen in other areas have been found in the place.
In 2019, the Peruvian government established the first Regional Conservation Area (ACR) for the city, called the Lomas de Lima System, with an extension of 13,475.95 ha; covering the Lomas de Ancón, Carabayllo, Amancaes and Villa María. Although these hills represent around 20% of the total that the hills within the city represent, it is expected that other hills such as Mangomarca, Lúcumo, Collique, among others, can be included in the future.
Politics
National Government
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Lima is the capital city of the Republic of Peru, as such it is the seat of the three powers that make up the Peruvian State. Thus, the executive power has its headquarters in the Government Palace located in the Plaza Mayor. The legislative power constituted by the Congress of the Republic and the judicial power with its highest-ranking body, the Supreme Court of Justice of the Republic of Peru, are also located in the city in the Palace of Justice of Lima.
In the same way, all the Ministries have their headquarters in the capital. Internationally, the city is also the headquarters of the General Secretariat of the Andean Community of Nations, the Andean Health Organization, and other regional and international organizations. As practically all the political, industrial and financial power of the country is concentrated in Lima, it has produced a serious centralism, which is demonstrated in the population and economic disproportion of the capital city in comparison with other important cities of the country, such as Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Arequipa, Cuzco.
Local government
There is no governing body for the city as such. The city is included in the province of Lima, which is subdivided into forty-three districts, so the local authority is the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima, which, unlike other municipalities, is the only one that has the "metropolitan" character.. The municipality of Lima has jurisdiction over the entire territory of the province. Each of the forty-three districts over which the city extends has its own district municipality, which has jurisdiction over its own district, but also has an obligation to coordination with the metropolitan municipality. The current mayor of the city is Jorge Muñoz Wells.
Political system
Unlike the rest of the republic, the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima also exercises regional government functions since it is not part of any administrative region, according to article 65 of Law 27867 of Regional Governments of November 16, 2002. However, the previous political organization is maintained in the sense that there is still a "governor" who is the political authority in the entire area of the department of Lima and the city itself. The functions of this authority are more police and military. The very administration of the city is assigned to the local municipal authority.
Judicial system
Lima is the seat of the Superior Court of Justice of Lima, the governing body of the judicial district of Lima. According to the judicial organization of Peru, the greatest judicial burden is concentrated in the city, despite the fact that it only has jurisdiction over thirty-five of the forty-three districts that make up the province of Lima. There are ninety justices of the peace, lawyers, two hundred and twenty-eight specialized courts (two for preparatory investigation, three for one-person, forty-two civil, ten constitutional, seventeen administrative litigation, eight transitory administrative litigation, seventeen civil with commercial subspecialty, fifty-nine criminal, thirty-four labor specialized, twenty-one family and fifteen mixed), thirty-seven superior chambers (seven civil, one mixed, five administrative litigation, two civil with a commercial subspecialty, six prisons for free prisoners, four prisons for inmates in jail, four settlement prisons, one for appeals, three labor, one temporary labor, one temporary administrative litigation and two of family).
Also, within the territory of the city there are other judicial divisions:
- Judicial District of Lima North
- Judicial District of South Lima
- Judicial District of Lima Este
Demographics
According to the 2017 Peruvian census, the population of the province of Lima is 8,574,974 inhabitants, with a population density of 3,208.8 inhab/km². The first settlement in what would become the Historic Center of Lima was made up of only 117 blocks of flats.
In 1562, a second district was built on the other side of the Rímac River and, in 1610, the first stone bridge was built. The city then had a population of about 26,000, with blacks making up about 40% of the population and whites about 38% of the population.
In 1748, the white population was more than 16,000 inhabitants. At the beginning of independence, the population was essentially made up of the old white population of Spanish, mestizo, Amerindian and African origin that it had had since the viceroyalty. With the beginning of the Republic, the city became the recipient of a large number of European immigrants. The population has a very complex mix of various racial and ethnic groups. Mestizos of mixed Amerindian and European (mainly Spanish and Italian) ancestry are the largest ethnic group. Peruvians of European descent are the second largest group. Many are of Spanish, Italian, German, French, British, or Croatian descent.
Among the ethnic minorities in Lima are indigenous (mostly Aymara, Quechua and Shipibo-Konibo); In addition, the district with the largest number of people who have Quechua as their mother tongue in all of Peru is located in Lima, the district of San Juan de Lurigancho. Likewise, Afro-Peruvians, whose African ancestors were initially brought to the region as slaves, are another part of the city's ethnic diversity. There are also numerous Jews of European descent and some from the Middle East. Asians make up a large number of the metropolitan population, especially those of Chinese (mainly Cantonese) and Japanese descent, whose ancestors came mostly from the XIX and XX. Lima has the largest ethnic Chinese community in Latin America.
Metropolitan Lima
North
South Lima
Lima East
Shut up.
Also known as Lima-Callao, it is the metropolis made up of the great central conurbation of the city of Lima and its extension to the north, south and east, which covers a large part of the province of Lima and all of Callao. It is the most populous metropolitan area in Peru, the fifth largest in Latin America, the eighth largest in the Americas, and one of the largest in the world. The conurbation process began to be evident in the 1980s.
The urban agglomeration has an area of 2,926 km² and a population of 11,098,000. It is mainly concentrated in the coastal zone and extends from north to south along the Pacific Ocean coast for almost 200 km, beginning in the north in the district of Ancón, on the border with the province of Huaral in the department of Lima. and ending to the south in the district of Pucusana, on the border with the province of Cañete, also in the department of Lima.
Lima and Callao, years ago separated by a semi-desert and connected in the XIX century by a railway, meet today totally united, their limits must be indicated according to the avenues or by means of signs so that they do not go completely unnoticed. An aerial view from the satellite shows us a single urban fabric where it is practically impossible to differentiate Lima from Callao, in fact they are only administratively separated.
The metropolitan area of Lima is made up of five sub-regions called "los conos". These sub-regions are the following:
- Lima Centre: Also known as Cono Centro, the city where the conurbation of the capital began to develop, includes the districts of Breña, Jesús María, La Victoria, Rimac, Lima, Lince, Magdalena del Mar, Miraflores, Pueblo Libre, San Borja, San Isidro, Barranco, San Miguel, Santiago de Surco and Surquillo.
- North: Also known as Cono Norte, includes the districts of Ancón, Carabayllo, Comas, Independencia, Los Olivos, Puente Piedra, San Martín de Porres and Santa Rosa.
- Lima East: Also known as Cono Este, includes the districts of Ate, Chaclacayo, Cieneguilla, El Agustino, La Molina, Lurigancho-Chosica, San Juan de Lurigancho, San Luis and Santa Anita.
- South Lima: Also known as Cono Sur, includes the districts of Chorrillos, Lurín, Pachacámac, Pucusana, Punta Hermosa, Punta Negra, San Bartolo, San Juan de Miraflores, Santa María del Mar, Villa el Salvador and Villa María del Triunfo.
- Shut up. It comprises the districts of Bellavista, Callao, Carmen de La Legua-Reynoso, La Perla, La Punta, Mi Perú and Ventanilla.
| Evolution of the Metropolitan Area of Lima | ||
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| 1535 | 1750 | 1910 |
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| 1940 | 1970 | 1995 |
Urban issues
Since the middle of the XX century, while Lima grew and modernized with modern buildings and huge conglomerates of housing apartments, the city began to receive a significant number of immigrants from the interior of the country. The rural exodus intensified between the 1960s and 1980s, and its magnitude contributed to a decisive change in the ethnic composition of the Peruvian capital, since the new human settlements that emerged were mainly made up of inhabitants of mostly indigenous origin.
The magnitude of the problem of irregular settlements or young towns in Peru has contributed to the fact that the country has been one of the Latin American countries subject to the greatest number of sociological investigations on shantytowns with precarious housing, becoming the phenomenon of substandard housing object of study by various universities, social scientists and non-governmental organizations.
Over time, the rural characteristics of the conglomerate of people who live in informal settlements have diminished, since the new generations have already grown up in the city and have adopted urban customs along with their own. Currently the growth of the city is not based so much on immigration from the countryside, but on the natural growth of the population of the city itself.
Despite the fact that health indices and access to public services have progressively improved in the poorest areas of the city, the levels of social inequality still persist. The areas of the capital that present these circumstances are mostly on the outskirts of it, in sectors known as "cones", which in turn divide the city into North, East and South. However, the great abundance of commerce in these areas is what makes them continue to expand and their inhabitants have jobs to support their families.
Economy
The Peruvian capital is the main industrial, commercial and financial center of the country. It is one of the most important financial centers in Latin America. The main economic sectors that present a high activity are industry, commerce, services and tourism. Lima is responsible for more than two thirds of Peru's industrial production and most of its tertiary sector.
Diverse headquarters of national and transnational companies can be seen in the city, many of which are located in modern buildings constructed in different sectors, especially in the district of San Isidro, which in recent decades has become the financial center of the city. The metropolitan area, with about eight thousand factories, is also the center of industrial development in the country, thanks to the quantity and quality of the available workforce and the infrastructure of the city's internal routes and highways.
The most relevant industrial sectors are textiles, agro-industry, food, derivatives of chemical products, fish, leather and oil, which are processed and manufactured in the same city. Lima has the largest export industry in South America and is a regional center for the operating freight industry. Industrialization began to gain strength between the years 1930 and 1950, through import substitution policies, in 1950 the manufacture of products represented 14% of GDP.
In the 1950s, up to 70% of consumer goods were manufactured in the city. The port of Callao is one of the main commercial ports in South America, being used as the point of entry and exit for 75% of imports and 25% of the country's exports. The main export products are oil, steel, silver, zinc, cotton, sugar and coffee.
Lima concentrates most of the economic activity: 57% of industry, 62% of commerce, 46% of the EAP and 52% of GDP. In 2007, the Peruvian economy grew by 9%, the fastest growth rate in all of South America. The Stock Market increased 185.24% in 2006, and grew 168.3% in 2007, making it one of the fastest growing stock markets in the world.
In 2006, the Lima Stock Exchange was the most profitable in the world. The unemployment rate in the metropolitan area is 7.2%. The Peruvian capital is also the headquarters of the country's largest banks such as Banco de Crédito del Perú, Interbank, Banco de la Nación, BBVA Continental, Mibanco, Banco Interamericano de Finanzas, Banco Pichincha, Banco de Comercio and Scotiabank. It is also the headquarters of the largest insurance companies, such as Rímac Seguros, Mapfre Peru, Interseguro, Pacífico and La Positiva.
Tourism
As the main point of entry into the country, Lima has developed an important tourism industry, among which its historic center, its archaeological centers, its nightlife, museums, art galleries, festivities and traditions stand out popular. Lima is currently leading the index of most visited cities in Latin America and is in the top 20 globally, with 5.11 million visitors in 2014.
The historic center of Lima, which includes part of the districts of Lima and Rímac, was declared a World Heritage Site by Unesco in 1988 due to the importance that the city had during the Viceroyalty of Peru, leaving as testimony a a large number of architectural legacies. The Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, the Plaza Mayor, the Cathedral of Lima, the Basilica and Convent of Santo Domingo, the Torre Tagle Palace, among others, stand out. The tour of the city's churches is very popular among tourists. In a short tour of the city center we can find many, several of which date from the 16th and centuries. style="font-variant:small-caps;text-transform:lowercase">XVII.
Among them, the Cathedral of Lima and the Basilica of San Francisco stand out, of which it is said that they are linked by the underground passages of their catacombs. The Sanctuary and Monastery of Las Nazarenas also stands out, a place of pilgrimage to the Lord de los Milagros, whose festivities in the month of October constitute the most important religious manifestation of Lima and of all Peruvians. Some sections of the viceregal walls of Lima can still be seen: such is the case of the Baluarte Santa Lucía, remains of the old Spanish fortification built by the viceroy Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull around the city center, whose location adjoins the limit of the Barrios Altos and El Agustino.
Likewise, Lima having the privilege of being the only capital in South America with immediate access to the sea, it has extensive tourist boardwalks that in recent years have become a great attraction for thousands of tourists, especially in the districts of Miraflores and Barranco, where there is also a wide development in entertainment in those areas, turning the capital into a place with several places of tourism and entertainment.
Until the 1970s, the hotel offer was characterized by having the best hotels in the city in the center of Lima, however, since the early 1990s to date, these establishments have positioned themselves in other areas such as the center-south of the capital as in Miraflores, Barranco, Santiago de Surco, Surquillo and San Borja; in addition to the district of San Isidro that has the largest hotel building in Peru, the 30-story Westin Libertador.
These fine examples of Spanish medieval fortifications were used to defend the city from attacks by pirates and corsairs. For this, part of the wall corresponding to the area behind the Church of San Francisco, very close to the Palace, was recovered of Government, in which a park (called Parque de la Muralla) was built and in which remains of it can be observed. Half an hour from the historic center, in the district of Miraflores you can visit the tourist center and Larcomar entertainment which is located on the cliffs facing the sea.
The city has two traditional zoos: the main and oldest one is Parque de las Leyendas, located in the district of San Miguel, and the other is Parque Zoológico Huachipa located to the east of the city in the district of Lurigancho-Chosica. On the other hand, the offer of cinemas is wide and has numerous state-of-the-art rooms (4D) that program international film premieres.
Exclusive beaches are visited during the summer months, which are located on the Pan-American highway, to the north are the resorts of Santa Rosa and Ancón; The latter was until the eighties the most exclusive in Lima and Peru. Currently, although it maintains its architectural beauty, it is visited by people from all over Lima Norte and Centro. And to the south of the city, the resorts of Punta Hermosa, Punta Negra, San Bartolo and Pucusana. Numerous restaurants, discos, lounges, bars, clubs and hotels have been opened in such places to cater to bathers.
The suburban district of Cieneguilla, the district of Pachacámac and the district of Chosica provide important tourist attractions among locals. Due to its elevation (over 500 m a.s.l.), the sun shines in Chosica during the winter, and it is highly visited by Lima residents to escape the urban fog.
Transportation
External transportation
Air transportation
Jorge Chávez International Airport is the main air terminal of the metropolitan city. Although it is located in the constitutional province of Callao, northwest of Lima, which is the natural airport of Lima. It was conceived in 1960 to replace the old Limatambo Airport, located in the San Isidro district, because it had been surrounded by the new residential areas of the city. It is the most important airport in Peru, as it concentrates the vast majority of international and domestic flights in the country, serving more than 22,000,000 passengers per year.
Its strategic location in the middle of the west coast of South America has made it an important connection center for the subcontinent. It is the center of operations for South America of the Colombian airline Avianca with its Peruvian associate Avianca Peru and the Chilean LAN with its Peruvian associate LATAM Peru. In 2015 and for the seventh consecutive year, it was chosen as the "Best Airport in South America". South", placing itself in the top positions in the world ranking, according to a survey carried out via the Internet by Skytrax Research to more than 13 million passengers of 112 nationalities and users of 550 air terminals around the world.
On the other hand, in 2013 it was distinguished for the fifth consecutive year with the World Travel Awards in the category of "Main Airport of South America". The city also has four other aerodromes such as the Las Palmas Air Base located in the district of Santiago de Surco, for exclusively military use, and other runways for smaller aircraft in the resorts of Santa María del Mar and San Bartolo. In the latter, the Lib Mandi Aerodrome is located, which is an aerodrome in which Aero Link planes operate with charter flights within the country.
Sea transport
Although civil maritime transport in Peru does not offer regular commercial services, several cruise ships anchor in Callao periodically. In Lima there is also a small port in the Lurín district whose transit is mainly due to oil tankers from the nearby Conchán refinery.
Rail transport
Lima also has an old railway station called Estación de Desamparados. It is located on the left bank of the Rímac River. Its name is due to the Church of Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados that was next to the station. The project was started in 1890 by The Peruvian Corporation and three years later the Lima–La Oroya route was inaugurated. The three-story station building was the first public work projected by the Peruvian architect Rafael Marquina y Bueno y construction was completed in 1912.
Currently its use is exclusively administrative, although it eventually offers cargo and passenger transport services from Lima to the central highlands. It also functions as an exhibition hall, among the main exhibits is the presidential wagon called Paquita, ordered to be built in honor of the wife of the then President of Peru Óscar Benavides.
Ground transportation
Due to its location in the center of the Peruvian coast, Lima is the point of confluence of the country's main highways. The capital communicates with all the cities on the coast through the Pan-American Highway, which runs parallel to the sea; its northern section reaches Tumbes (border with Ecuador), 1,370 km away, and the southern section runs 1,291 km to Tacna (border with Chile). The connection with the cities of the mountains is through the Central Highway and some established penetration roads towards Yauyos, Huancayo, Oyón, Huánuco, Canta, La Oroya, Pucallpa, among others. There are three trunk roads that originate in Lima and that connect all of Peru:
- Pan American North Road, communicates the districts of the center and north of the city (Lima, Rimac, San Martín de Porres, Independencia, Los Olivos, Comas, Puente Piedra, Santa Rosa and Ancón) with the northern departments (north of Lima, Áncash, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Piura and Tumbes). From the route of this road there are several routes of penetration to the other departments of the north of the country.
- Central road, communicates the districts of the east of the city (Ate, Santa Anita, Chaclacayo and Lurigancho) with the departments of the center of the country (departments of Junín, Pasco, Huánuco, Ucayali). The central road has several branches of penetration in each of these departments.
- Pan American South Road, communicates the districts of the east and south of the city (Ate, Santiago de Surco, San Borja, San Juan de Miraflores, Chorrillos, Villa El Salvador, Lurín, Punta Hermosa, Punta Negra, San Bartolo, Santa María del Mar and Pucusana) with the southern departments (south of Lima, Ica, Arequipa, Moquegua and Tacna). From the route of this road there are several routes of penetration to the other departments of the south of the country.
The city also has a terrestrial port called the Gran Terminal Terrestre de Plaza Norte, inaugurated in 2010, which allows you to board buses with national and international routes. There are also private terminals of some transport companies and there are other informal stations such as Fiori in the district of San Martín de Porres for the routes to the north, Yerbateros in the district of Ate for the routes to the center and Atocongo in the district of San Juan de Miraflores for the southern routes.
Urban transportation
One of the major current problems in the city of Lima is related to public transportation. This situation has led to the construction, by the municipal authorities, of viaducts, bridges, road interchanges, express roads and overpasses as a formula to solve the constant congestion. For this reason, transport systems began to be developed public and private as is the case of the Metropolitan Transport System whose objective is to improve the safety and quality of the transport service in Lima, in addition to the construction of more than 100 km of bicycle lanes in Metropolitan Lima.
Subway
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The Lima and Callao metro, popularly known as the electric train, is a metropolitan railway that currently has a single operational line, which runs through the city from south to northeast. The line operates almost entirely under the elevated viaduct system, however it was determined that line 2 and the following four lines will be underground.
When its first section was completed in 1990, the system had a 9.2 km viaduct metro line, crossing three districts: Villa El Salvador, Villa María del Triunfo and San Juan de Miraflores. Despite the fact that This initial section had thirty-two wagons and seven stations, the subway did not come into operation, because it did not have the distance or the sufficient demand to make it commercially profitable.
At the beginning of 2010, the construction project for the extension of Line 1 began from the Atocongo Station in the San Juan de Miraflores district to the Dos de Mayo National Hospital on Miguel Grau avenue (in the center of Lima) adding a total of 21.48 km of route. With the conclusion of this new section, the Lima Metro was officially inaugurated on July 11, 2011. In November 2011 construction began on the final section of the Line 1, which reaches a total length of 35 km and was put into operation in July 2014. With some improvements made to the system after the opening of the second section, it currently transports around 500,000 people in one day labor.
Line 2 and a section of Line 4 are also under construction, belonging to Av. Elmer Faucett and Av. Néstor Gambetta in the Constitutional Province of Callao.
Metropolitan
The Metropolitan is an integrated public transport system, which has high-capacity articulated buses that circulate through exclusive corridors, under the bus rapid transit (BRT) scheme. Its construction began in 2006, during the mayoral administration of Luis Castañeda Lossio and its commercial operation began partially on July 28, 2010. The High Capacity Segregated Corridor (COSAC) covers a segregated route that from south to north runs through sixteen districts of the city from Chorrillos to Independencia in North Lima.
The length of this trunk route is 26 km and the total number of stations is 38. In addition, it is complemented by feeder routes at its southern and northern ends. This service benefits more than 600,000 users per day. This system is similar to the TransMilenio in Bogotá or the Red Metropolitana de Movilidad in Santiago de Chile.
It is worth mentioning that its trunk route will expand to the north to the district of Carabayllo, it will be made up of the last 10 km of the route and 18 new stations, thus completing the work.
Complementary brokers
It is a medium-capacity urban bus system that was designed to gradually replace the conventional route scheme and complement mass transit systems such as the BRT and the subway. Currently, the system is made up of four corridors and 17 services operated by a fleet of approximately 800 units, mostly 12-meter buses. From the beginning of its implementation in 2014 to the present, the corridors have made more than 520 million travel. Likewise, it is estimated that the operational services mobilize more than 425,000 users per day.
Conventional transport
Also known as the "conventional route system" or "traditional bus system", it is the prevailing public transport system in the metropolitan area of Lima. There are currently 511 routes authorized by the ATU, which together make up 80% of the demand for urban transport. The fleet is mainly made up of buses, midibuses and microbuses.
Taxis
Due to the large margins of unemployment that Peru faced in the 1980s and the free importation of used cars, there was an oversupply of taxis and motorcycle taxis for several years. Although the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima began a reorganization of the Metropolitan Taxi Service (SETAME) several years ago, informal taxis still circulate. The vehicles do not have taximeters, so the amount of the fare is negotiated at the time of taking the service.
However, there are numerous private radio taxi companies that provide door-to-door service and offer a reliable and safe service. On the other hand, there are also taxi remisse companies for services between the international airport and the different hotels that the city has. These vehicles can also be rented for private tourist services and are highly sought after by senior executives visiting Lima.
The main difference between private company taxis and conventional taxis is their exterior color, while those of private companies are mostly black, conventional ones vary between blue and yellow with red and white rectangles on the doors and trunk. Many taxis in Lima have started working for companies that develop mobile applications through which users, which are increasing exponentially, use to order taxis.
Education
Education in Lima, as in the rest of the country, is divided into different levels. Initial education corresponds to the period between zero and five years of age, and is in charge of the cribs that have the purpose of providing children with the stimulations required for their integral development and the gardens that offer technical-pedagogical activities. Primary education begins with the first cycle, made up of the first and second grades. The entry age for children is six years. This level begins in the first grade and ends in the sixth grade of primary school. Secondary education consists of five years, from the first to the fifth year. Then comes higher education that can be technical, productive, technological or university. To provide basic education (from preschool to secondary), the city has 9,953 private educational centers and 5,083 public institutions.
The Peruvian capital has the highest concentration of higher education institutions in the country. It houses more than fifty universities, among which is the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos ("University of Peru and Dean of America"), the oldest in America and the first in Peru, founded on May 12, 1551, giving place for the celebration of Peruvian University Day.
Other public universities play an important role in teaching and research, such as the National Engineering University, founded in 1876, the Federico Villarreal National University, the La Molina National Agrarian University, and the only national university dedicated to the training of teachers, the Enrique Guzmán y Valle National University of Education, known as "La Cantuta" located in the district of Lurigancho - Chosica and founded on July 6, 1822 by the Liberator Don José de San Martín, thus giving rise to the celebration of Teacher's Day, as it is the founding date of the first School of Preceptors in Peru.
In 1917, the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru was founded, which is the first private university in the country. Other private university institutions located in the city are: César Vallejo University, San Martín de Porres University, ESAN University, the University of Piura, the University of the Pacific, the University of Lima, the Peruvian University Cayetano Heredia, the Peruvian University of Applied Sciences, the San Juan Bautista Private University, the Southern Scientific University, the San Ignacio de Loyola University, the Ricardo Palma, the Sedes Sapientiae Catholic University, among others.
According to the results obtained in the 2007 Peruvian census, 93.44% of Lima residents aged three or more are literate. Regarding the level of education attained, 37.73% of the people have secondary education, while 19.76% have completed higher education. The average number of years of study is 9 years.
Health
According to the 2007 Population and Housing Census, 41.86% of the Lima population has some type of health insurance, that is, 3,285,178 people, despite this, 58.13% of the The population does not have any type of insurance. The results obtained in the censuses also indicate that men and women access health insurance with almost the same percentage. Thus, 42.18% of men, that is, 1,566,399, and 41.56% of women, which is equivalent to 1,517,572 people, have some kind of health insurance.
Regarding the type of insurance to which the population is affiliated, of the total number of people who stated that they had some kind of health insurance, 6.43% are protected by Comprehensive Health Insurance, 24.55% only access to the EsSalud social security, while 12.22% are affiliated with private insurance companies. To access the health service, Lima residents currently have 367 establishments (188 health centers, seventeen hospitals, six specialized institutes and 156 health posts) dependent on the Ministry of Health of Peru; and with forty-eight care centers (fifteen hospitals, fifteen polyclinics, three medical centers, nine medical posts, five primary care centers and one clinic) belonging to the Social Security of Health from Peru.
In the city there are also a large number of private clinics among which stand out: the Javier Prado clinic, the Good Hope clinic (promoted by the Seventh-day Adventist Church), the Maison de Santé clinic (founders of the Sociedad Francesa de Beneficencia), the Stella Maris clinic (constituted by the Congregation of the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart of Jesus), the Anglo Americana, and the Internacional and Ricardo Palma clinics included in the ranking of the forty-two best clinics in Latin America by the AméricaEconomía magazine.
Media
Written press
The first Lima newspaper was the Gaceta de Lima, which first circulated in the year 1715. In 1790, the Curious, Scholarly, Economic and Commercial Journal was created, published by Jaime Bausate y Mesa; A year later, Mercurio Peruano was founded, a biweekly newspaper edited by a group of young intellectuals belonging to the Society of Lovers of the Country. Currently, the city is the headquarters of the main and largest circulation newspapers including: Depor, Correo, El Peruano, El Comercio, El Bocón , Express, La Razón, La República, Líbero, Perú 21, La Nación, Todo Sport and Trome.
Radius
The first radio station in Peru was called OAX-AM (today Nacional), it was inaugurated on June 20, 1925 by then President Augusto Leguía. The first transmission was under the direction of the Peruvian Broadcasting Company and It worked with equipment from the British company Marconi. Dozens of AM and FM stations broadcast from Lima with local, national and international coverage. According to a survey carried out by the Compañía Peruana de Estudios de Mercado y Opinión Pública S.A.C. in 2017, the Lima radio stations with the largest audience are RPP, Exitosa, La Zona, Moda, Karibeña, Ritmo Romántica, Onda Cero, Panamericana, La Unforgettable, New Q, La Kalle and Happiness.
Television
The history of television in Peru began in Lima in 1939, the year in which the first experimental demonstration of television was carried out in the country, when a film and an artistic program were broadcast from the Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe National College. another test was carried out, this time from the Gran Hotel Bolívar on May 28, 1954. Finally on January 17, 1958, the state channel of Peru began its broadcasts, with the transmission of a technical documentary.
Lima is the headquarters of the most important national television channels in the country. The city has twelve television channels (América TV, ATV, La Tele, Canal IPe, Latina TV, ATV+, Global TV, TV Peru Noticias, Panamericana TV, TV Peru 7.2, ATV Sur and TV Peru), which broadcast its programming by open signal for the whole country with the exception of Viva TV and Willax TV that can only be seen in Lima and in some cities of Peru via cable or satellite. The city also has numerous subscription television and satellite television providers such as Best Cable, Cable Peru, Cable Visión Peru, El Canal De Las Estrellas, Canal N, and Movistar TV.
Culture and society
Architecture
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Capital architecture is characterized by having a mixture of styles as reflected in the changes between trends throughout various periods of the city's history. Examples of colonial architecture include structures such as the Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, the Cathedral of Lima, and the Palacio de Torre Tagle. These constructions were generally influenced by the styles of Spanish Neoclassicism, Spanish Baroque, and Spanish Colonial styles.
In the buildings of the historic center you can see more than 1,600 balconies dating from the Viceroyalty and Republican times. The types of balconies that the city presents are open, flat, box, and long balconies, among others. After the Independence of Peru, a gradual shift towards neoclassical and art nouveau styles took place. Many of these buildings were influenced by the French architectural style.
In 1940, the results of the census reflected major urban problems of the city such as sanitation, housing, work, recreation, and transportation. During the following years, the Society of Architects, the Institute of Urbanism, the Grupo Espacio, the magazine El Arquitecto Peruano and the Department of Architecture at the National School of Engineers were created. These entities tried to promote the improvement of urban conditions based on modern principles. Meanwhile, the State promoted the development of collective housing through organizations such as the National Housing Commission (CNV) and the National Office of Planning and Urbanism (ONPU). With the architect Fernando Belaunde as deputy, in 1945 the Housing Plan based on Neighborhood Units was made official.
Some government buildings as well as major cultural institutions were built in this architectural time period. During the 1950s and 1960s, several Brutalist-style buildings were built at the request of the military government of Juan Velasco Alvarado. Examples of this architecture are the Museo de la Nación and the Ministry of Defense of Peru. The XX century saw the appearance of glass skyscrapers, particularly around the city's financial district. There are also several new architectural and real estate projects.
Parks and gardens
The largest parks in Lima are located on the outskirts of the city and are known as Parques Zonales. In the historic center are the Parque de la Reserva, the Parque de la Exposición, the Campo de Marte, the Parque Universitario, the Parque de La Muralla and the Parque Mariscal Castilla. The Parque de la Reserva has the largest pool complex in the country, it is known as "The Magic Water Circuit".
Other important parks are found in various parts of the city, such as the Bosque el Olivar, Parque Reducto n.º 2, Pantanos de Villa, Parque de las Leyendas, the Malecón de Miraflores, Parque de la Amistad and Kennedy Park, to name a few. The layout of the streets of the city is presented as a system of squares which have a similar purpose to roundabouts. In addition to this practical purpose, the plazas serve as one of the main green spaces in Lima and contain a wide variety of different types of architecture ranging from monuments, statues, and water fountains.
Dialect
The dialect of Lima is known as Ribereño Peruvian Spanish, characterized by a lack of strong intonations as in many other regions of the Spanish-speaking world. It is heavily influenced by the historical Spanish spoken in Castile. Throughout the viceregal era, most of the Spanish nobility living in Lima were originally from this region. Lima Spanish is also characterized by the absence of voseo, a feature present in the dialects of some Latin American countries and in Arequipa Spanish. The Lima accent is distinguished by its relative clarity compared to other Spanish American dialects. The language has been influenced by a number of Italian, Andalusian, Chinese, and Japanese immigrant groups. It has also received the influence of Anglicisms, as a consequence of globalization, as well as Andean Spanish, due to the recent migration of inhabitants from the Andean highlands to Lima.
Gastronomy
Lima cuisine has been the product of the fusion of the culinary tradition of ancient Peru with Spanish cuisine in its variant most strongly influenced by the Moorish presence in the Iberian Peninsula and with important contributions from culinary customs brought from the Atlantic coast sub-Saharan Africa by slaves. Subsequently, this miscegenation was influenced by the culinary uses and customs of French chefs who fled the revolution in their country to settle, in good numbers, in the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
Equally far-reaching was the influence of immigration in the 19th century, which included Cantonese Chinese, Japanese and Italians, among other mainly European origins, as well as a strong internal flow from rural areas to the cities, particularly Lima in the second half of the century XX. The city also has a wide variety of Creole food restaurants, chifa, cebicherías and chicken shops. Peruvian cuisine, widely represented in Lima, has several Guinness Records for its diversity and quality. In 2006, during the annual Madrid Fusion event, the city was declared the Gastronomic Capital of Latin America.
Religion
The arrival of the Spanish conquerors in Peru meant the introduction of the Catholic religion in this area populated by natives of various ethnic groups, who followed animistic and polytheistic religions, which produced a religious syncretism. Through a long process of indoctrination and practices among the pre-Hispanic settlers, the Spanish friars made faith their most important task. The city of Lima, capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru, became a city of monastic life in the 17th century century where saints arose such as Rosa de Lima (patron saint of Catholics in Lima, in the Peruvian National Police, in the Republic of Peru, in the American continent and in the Philippines) and Martín de Porres.
The Peruvian capital is the seat of the Archdiocese of Lima, which was established in 1541 as a Diocese and in 1547 as an Archdiocese. It is one of the oldest Ecclesiastical Provinces in the Americas. Currently the Archdiocese of Lima is headed by Cardinal Juan Luis Cipriani. The city also has two mosques of the Muslim religion, three synagogues of the Jewish religion, a temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints located in La Molina, a church of the Orthodox religion located in the district of Pueblo Libre, five Buddhist temples and six prayer rooms of the Ministerial Church of God of Jesus Christ International.
According to the XI National Population Census and VI Housing Census, 82.83% of Lima residents over the age of twelve declared to be Catholic, while 10.90% profess the Evangelical religion, 3.15% belong to other religions and 3.13% do not specify any religious affiliation. One of the most prominent Catholic religious manifestations in the capital is the procession of the Lord of Miracles, whose image dating from the viceregal era goes in procession through the streets of the city in the month of October each year. The Señor de Los Milagros was named Patron of the city by the Cabildo de Lima in 1715 and Patron of Peru in 2010. There are also the festivities of the Virgen del Carmen in the month of July and that of the Señor del Santuario de Santa Catalina In September.
Museums
The city concentrates the largest number of museums in the entire country, it has nearly fifty museums, among which the National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History of Peru stands out, which among its most important collections houses an impressive sample of textiles pre-Columbian, the National Museum of Peruvian Culture and the Rafael Larco Herrera Archaeological Museum, located inside a viceregal mansion and which presents among its most outstanding attractions a fine collection of gold and silver from ancient Peru, the famous collection of erotic art and deposits where visitors can appreciate 45,000 duly classified archaeological objects.
Both museums are located in the Pueblo Libre district and are connected by a pedestrian blue line that makes it easy to visit together. In Miraflores you can visit the Sala Museo Oro del Perú in Larcomar, which has a collection of pre-Columbian gold objects. There are also the site museums of Lima, Ancón, Pachacámac and the new National Museum in South Lima is also under construction. Not only are there museums dedicated to exposing the manifestations of Peruvian pre-Hispanic culture, but there are also museums of art, natural history, science, religious and thematic. The Museum of Art of Lima, the Museum of Italian Art, the Museum of Natural History, the Museum of Electricity and the Postal and Philatelic Museum of Peru stand out. You can also visit some private collections open to the public such as the Gold Museum of Peru and Arms of the World.
Sports
The main sport practiced in the capital is soccer, as in the rest of the country. In the middle of the XIX century, the first soccer teams began to emerge in Peru, which gave rise to the subsequent organization of football clubs or the inclusion of this sport in already formed clubs. The Peruvian Soccer League was officially created on February 27, 1912 and initially only had teams from the city of Lima that were reinforced with chalacos soccer players. Currently, five teams from the capital participate in the First Division of Peru: Alianza Lima, Deportivo Municipal, Sporting Cristal, Universidad San Martín and Universitario de Deportes.
Alianza Lima, Sporting Cristal and Universitario de Deportes are considered the most important teams in the country, which is why they are known as the three greats of Peruvian soccer. These clubs traditionally compete in the superclassic and the modern classic, and together they are the most popular in the country. The main sports venue for the practice of this sport is the National Stadium, located in the capital, which was inaugurated in 1952 and has a maximum capacity for 43,086 spectators. The Monumental Stadium is considered the largest stadium in South America. Other important football stadiums are: the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Stadium, the Alejandro Villanueva Stadium, the Municipal Stadium de Chorrillos and the Alberto Gallardo Stadium.
Other sports less practiced in the city, but no less important, are: athletics, badminton, cycling, horse riding, futsal, golf, karate, paddle fronton, paragliding, rugby, squash, surfing, tennis, tennis table tennis, shooting, triathlon, sailing and volleyball. For the practice of these other sports, the city has: the Mariscal Cáceres Coliseum (owned by the Peruvian Army), the Eduardo Dibós Coliseum, the Amauta Coliseum, the Campo de Marte (owned by the Peruvian Sports Institute), the Terrazas Tennis Club from Miraflores, the Los Inkas Golf Club, the Lawn Tennis Club of the Exhibition (home of the Davis Cup Team of Peru), the Lima Golf Club, the Lima Cricket and Football Club and the Athletics Stadium of the National Sports Village. Also noteworthy is the fact that the city itself has seven golf courses with the Monterrico Hippodrome in the Santiago de Surco district (owned by the Jockey Club of Peru) and the Villa María del Triunfo Sports Complex.
The city has hosted various important events, six editions of the Copa América were held in Lima (1927, 1935, 1939, 1953, 1957 and 2004); the 2019 Copa Libertadores final and in addition to the 1986, 1995 and 2019 South American Under-17 Championships, the 1975 Under-20 South American Championship, the 2003 South American Women's Championship and the 2005 Under-17 Soccer World Cup.
In January 2009, the first date of the World Qualifying Surfing Series was held in Lima, and in November of the same year the sixth date of the ASP World Tour was held in the women's branch. held the ISA World Surfing Games. Regarding basketball, it hosted the 1964 Women's World Championship and the 1938 and 1943 South American Championships.
As for volleyball, the Peruvian capital hosted the 1982 Women's Volleyball World Championship, the South American Women's Volleyball Championship three times (1961, 1977 and 1997), the U-20 Women's World Volleyball Championship in 1989 and 2011, the 2015 U-18 Women's Volleyball World Championship, the 1961 and 1977 South American Men's Volleyball Championship, the 2008 and 2012 U-20 Women's Volleyball South American Championship, and the South American Women's Volleyball Club Championship in three opportunities (2009, 2010 and 2013), in addition to other international tournaments such as the Federation Cup, the Final Four Cup, the Latin Cup, the Pan American Cup, the U-23 Pan American Cup and the U-20 Pan American Cup.
In the city of Lima, among the numerous public and private facilities for the practice of various sports, the ones that have conditioned stages for sporting (and sometimes artistic) performances with a capacity to accommodate thousands of spectators stand out for their social importance. Of the national ones, the largest and most representative are the National Stadium (belonging to the Peruvian Sports Institute) for 43,086 attendees, and the Stadium of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos for 32,000 attendees. Of the private or private ones, the Monumental Stadium (of the University Sports Club) stands out for 80,000 attendees, the Alejandro Villanueva Stadium (of the Alianza Lima Club) for 34,000 attendees, the Alberto Gallardo-San Martín de Porres Stadium (of the Sporting Club Cristal and IPD) for 18,000 attendees, La Unión Stadium (of AELU) for 10,000 attendees, Hipódromo de Monterrico (of Jockey Club del Perú) for 8,000 attendees, Lolo Fernández Stadium (of Club Universitario de Deportes) for 4,000 attendees, the Caballeros del Deporte Stadium (of the El Bosque Country Club) for 3,000 attendees, the Tennis Coliseum (of the Las Terrazas Tennis Club) for 2,500 attendees, the Club Regatas Lima Soccer Stadium for 2,000 attendees, and the Basketball Coliseum and Volleyball Club Regatas Lima.
In the city, various South American athletics, swimming, rugby and shooting championships have also been held on several occasions. In the last months of the year, the Challenger de Lima takes place. Regarding multidisciplinary competitions, it hosted the II Bolivarian Games in 1947, the IV South American Games in 1990, the I Bolivarian Beach Games in 2012 and the I South American Youth Games in 2013. In 2012, the last stage of the Dakar Rally ended in Lima, and in 2013, it was the starting point of said rally. Also in 2019 it hosted the Pan American and Parapan American Games.
Predecessor: Bogotá |  Bolivarian Republic 1947 | Successor: Caracas |
Predecessor: Toronto |  Pan American City 2019 | Successor: Santiago de Chile |
| Predecessor: Santiago de Chile |  South American City 1990 | Successor: Valencia |
Twinned cities
Town twinning is a concept whereby towns or cities from different geographic and political zones are paired up to foster human contact and cultural links. On October 12, 1982, the city of Lima joined the Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities by signing a declaration of multiple and solidary twinning of all the capitals of Ibero-America. It also belongs to the Mercociudades network. Lima is currently twinned with:
Andorra la Vieja, Andorra.
Assumption, Paraguay.
Austin, United States.
Barcelona, Spain.
Bogotá, Colombia.
Brasilia, Brazil.
Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Bordeaux, France.
Caracas, Venezuela.
Mexico City, Mexico.
Panama City, Panama.- Cleveland, United States.
- Guadalajara, Mexico.
Guatemala City, Guatemala.
Havana, Cuba.
La Paz, Bolivia.
Lisbon, Portugal.- Madrid, Spain.
Managua, Nicaragua.
Manila, Philippines.- Medellin, Colombia.
- Miami, United States.
Montevideo, Uruguay.- New York, United States
Beijing, China.
Pescara, Italy.
Port-au-Prince, Haiti.- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Quito, Ecuador.
San José, Costa Rica.
San Juan, Puerto Rico.
San Salvador, El Salvador.
Santiago, Chile.
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.- São Paulo, Brazil.
Seoul, South Korea.- Stamford, United States.
- Sucre, Bolivia.
Tegucigalpa, Honduras.- Toluca, Mexico.
Ankara, Turkey.
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