Liberty
Freedom (from Latin: libertas, -ātis) in a broad sense is the human capacity to act of one's own free will.
According to meanings 1, 2, 3 and 4 of this term in the dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy, the state of freedom defines the situation, circumstances or conditions of someone who is not a slave, subject, or imposed on desire from others coercively. In other words, what allows someone to decide if he wants to do something or not makes him free, but also responsible for his actions to the extent that he understands their consequences.
The fifth meaning of the term defines freedom in democratic States as a «right of higher value that ensures the self-determination of people». Based on this, the protection of interpersonal freedom is the subject of social and political research.
The metaphysical foundation of inner freedom is a psychological and philosophical question. Both forms of freedom come together in each individual as the internal and external of a mesh of values, together in a dynamic of commitment.[citation required]
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Spanish and English origin.
In Spanish the word libertad comes from the Latin libertas, -ātis, with the same meaning.
The English word for freedom, freedom, comes from an Indo-European root meaning to love; The word of the same language to say fear, afraid, comes from the same root, used as an opposition to freedom through the prefix a due to the influence of Vulgar Latin. [citation required]
Philosophical Considerations
Freedom as the disappearance of oppression means not wanting to subjugate or be subjugated, and implies the end of a state of servitude. The achievement of this form of freedom depends on a combination of the resistance of the individual (or group) and their environment.
Artificial laws limit this form of freedom, for example, no one is free not to be represented by politicians within a nation (although we may or may not be free to try).
Natural laws, such as physical laws, or the law of gravity, are also an important foundation for the freedom of all living beings in the universe.
Philosophical ethics points out that freedom is inherent to the human being, it is a fundamental data originating in human existence, based on self-awareness and moral responsibility. Therefore, the human individual cannot refer his own freedom/responsibility to anyone else and, for this reason, freedom, in its anthropological sense, is something that cannot be eliminated or contradicted.[citation required ]
All acts presuppose freedom in order to be infinitely attributable (free will). Freedom is located inside the person and following this line of thought Ricardo Yepes Stork affirms:
It's one of the person's defining notes. It allows man to attain his greatest grandeur but also his greatest degradation. It is perhaps your most valuable gift because it soaks and defines all your actions. Man is free from the depths of his being. That is why modern men have identified the exercise of freedom with the realization of the person: it is a right and an ideal that we cannot and do not want to give up. It is not understood that it can be truly human without being truly free.[chuckles]required]
Freedom has often been used to refer to revolution or rebellion. For example, the Bible records the story of Moses leading his people out of Egypt and their oppression (slavery).
Superior autonomy
In the framework of internal control, freedom is also known as self-determination, individuality, or autonomy but subject to a higher authority.[citation needed]
Freedom for a person can also mean internal autonomy, or mastery over the internal condition. This has several possible meanings:
- The ability to act in accordance with one's true self or values.
- The ability to act in accordance with universal values (such as truth and good).
- The ability to act independently of the dictates of reason and the instance of desire, that is, arbitrarily (autonomous).
- The ability to act in accordance with the dictates of reason.
In a work by Hans Sachs, the Greek philosopher Diogenes refers to Alexander the Great, telling him: "You are the servant of my servants." The philosopher has conquered fear, lust, and anger; Alejandro still serves these masters. Despite having conquered the outer world, he still hasn't mastered the inner world. This type of domain does not depend on anything or anyone other than ourselves.
In the 20th century notable personalities have exemplified this way of embracing freedom, such as Nelson Mandela, Rabbi Leo Baeck, and Mahatma Gandhi.
French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau asserted that the condition of freedom is inherent in humanity, an inevitable facet of soul possession, with the implication that all social interactions after birth involve a loss of freedom, voluntarily or involuntarily. He made the famous phrase "Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains".
Attempts to refute Ricardo Yepes Stork, who states:
I am not free to have a certain biopsychological constitution, or to be born in a certain historical moment or in a certain region, but I am free to assume it or not in my biographical project. To imagine a pure freedom, lacking these conditions, without limitation, is a utopia; such freedom simply does not exist, because we are all initially determined in our decisions by the situation we live and by the time we are born.[chuckles]required]
Therefore, the sphere of freedom is not given once and for all, but must be conquered every day, through each of the actions carried out.
Rudolf Steiner developed a philosophy of Freedom based on the development of ethical intuitions in sensible circumstances.
In philosophy
Early philosophers have considered the question of freedom. The Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (AD 121–180) wrote:
"a one-size-fits-all policy, a managed policy regarding equal rights and freedom of expression, and the idea of a real government that respects above all the freedom of individuals. governed.
A free man is one who in those things that by his strength and ingenuity he is capable of doing, is not prevented from doing what he has the will to do."
Leviathan, part 2, ch. XXI John Locke (1632–1704) rejected that definition of freedom. Although he does not specifically mention Hobbes, he attacks Sir Robert Filmer that he had the same definition. According to Locke:
In the state of nature, freedom consists of being free from any higher power on Earth. People are not under the will or legislative authority of others, but have only the law of nature for their government.
In political society, freedom consists in not being under any other legislative power, except that established by consent in the community. People are free from the domain of any will or legal restriction other than that promulgated by their own legislative power constituted in accordance with the trust placed in it.
Therefore, liberty is not as Sir Robert Filmer defines it: "A liberty for all to do as they please, live as they please, and not be bound by any law." Freedom is limited by laws both in the state of nature and in political society. The freedom of nature must not be under any other restriction than the law of nature. The freedom of people under the government should not be subject to restrictions, apart from the current rules of living that are common to everyone in society and created by the legislative power established in it. People have the right or freedom to follow their own will in everything that the law has not prohibited and not be subject to the fickle, uncertain, unknown and arbitrary wills of others.
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), in his work, On Liberty, was the first to recognize the difference between liberty as the freedom to act and liberty as the absence of coercion.
In his book Two Concepts of Freedom, Isaiah Berlin formally frames the differences between two perspectives as the distinction between two opposing concepts of freedom: positive freedom and negative freedom. The latter designates a negative condition in which an individual is protected from tyranny and the arbitrary exercise of authority, while the former refers to the freedom that comes from self-control, the freedom from internal compulsions such as weakness and self-control. fear.
In politics
Liberalism
According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, liberalism is "the belief that the goal of politics is to preserve individual rights and maximize freedom of choice". But they point out that there is considerable discussion about how to achieve those goals. Any discussion of freedom hinges on three key components: who is free, what is free to do, and what forces restrict their freedom.
John Gray argues that the central belief of liberalism is tolerance. Liberals allow others the freedom to do what they want, in exchange for having the same freedom. This idea of freedom is personal rather than political. Modern liberalism has sustained its ideological base through the claim of the primacy of the economic over the political, as a way of expanding individual liberties within a free trade system.
William Safire points out that both the right and the left attack liberalism: from the right for defending practices such as abortion, homosexuality and atheism, and from the left for defending free enterprise and the rights of the individual over the collective.
Libertarians
According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, libertarians hold liberty as their main political value. His approach to implementing freedom involves opposing any government coercion, apart from what is necessary to prevent people from coercing each other.
Republican Liberty
According to republican theorists of freedom, such as the historian Quentin Skinner or the philosopher Philip Pettit, freedom should not be seen as the absence of interference in actions, but as non-domination.
According to this view, which originates in the Roman Digest, being a liber homo, a free man, means not being subject to the arbitrary will of another, that is, dominated by another.
They also cite Machiavelli, who stated that you must be a member of a free and autonomous civil association, a republic, if you want to enjoy individual freedom.
The dominance of this view of liberty among Parliamentarians during the English Civil War resulted in the creation of the liberal concept of liberty as non-interference in Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan
Civic Freedoms
According to the Royal Spanish Academy, freedom (From the lat. libertas, -ātis) is, in its first meaning, the «natural Faculty that man has of to act in one way or another, and not to act, for which reason he is responsible for his actions. That is, freedom is being able to choose between multiple options, the greater the number of options, the greater the freedom, therefore, the greatest freedom would be to be able to choose between an infinite number of options, without limitations.
But if we add to individual freedom the fact that we do not live alone but share reality with other individuals who also have interests, then freedom must be limited for the benefit of all. According to article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, freedom is defined by adding an exception, which consists of limiting freedom when it causes harm to others: "Freedom consists of being able to do everything that does not cause harm to the other ».
The concept of political freedom is closely linked to the concepts of civic or civil liberties and individual rights, included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Points of view
In the case of anarchism, freedom is understood as the absence of coercion or imposition. Anarchists consider that both personal and economic freedoms are equally important, and that association or cooperation must be voluntary, given the status sovereign to all reciprocal agreements between adults, making unnecessary and undesirable any external interference in such agreements (unjustified, involuntary or permanent authority). Anarchists understand freedom as a condition inherent to the human being and its development.
As an example of the various uses of the word freedom, some say that Iraq was free under Paul Bremer on the grounds that his government was a humanist government and not vassal to other governments, long before the elections were held. Others have argued that Iraq was free under Saddam Hussein's regime because under him Iraq was not a colony; while a third part of the claim is that neither as a Dictatorial State nor as a Colonial State, Iraq is precisely an example of political freedom at all.
Environmentalists argue that social political liberties must often include some restrictions on the use of ecosystems. They argue that there can be no place for, for example, "freedom to pollute" or "freedom to deforest" given the consequences. The popularity of SUVs, golf, and urban sprawl has been used as proof that some ideas of freedom and ecological conservation can clash.
Animalists, especially vegans, argue that animals of other species should have rights against humans, which leads to a clash of values that is reflected in advertising campaigns from organizations such as PETA, HSUS, etc. in relation to the use of animals as a source of food, entertainment, clothing, experimentation, etc.[citation required]
There have been numerous philosophical debates about the nature of freedom, the claimed differences between the various types of freedom, and the extent to which freedom is desirable. Determinists hold that all human actions are predetermined and therefore freedom is an illusion. A determined cause has a determined consequence based mainly on the laws of physics, therefore, by increasing the level of complexity, consciousness and the idea of freedom are only a determined consequence of known physical events and regulated by laws of which we are not aware. you can escape.
In jurisprudence, freedom is the right to determine one's own autonomous action, which is generally granted in fields in which the subject is not required to comply with the laws to be obeyed or, according to the interpretation that the hypothetical natural unlimited freedom is limited by law for some matters.
Sartre talks about freedom in his work The Flies where he says that each individual is born free but depending on the circumstances this may or may not remain free. This explains that there are different kinds of freedoms and each one is marked in different societies.
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