Jules Ferry

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Jules Ferry (Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, 1832-1893) was a French politician, anticlerical activist and promoter of colonialism.

The tache noire (Black stain(1887), work by Albert Bettannier who artistically describes a geography lesson from the time when Jules Ferry was Minister of Public Instruction. In addition to moral and civic instruction (which replaced the courses of moral and religious education), the law of 1882 in France established "military exercises for children" (and "for girls, sewing"). On the map of the board appears the region of Alsace-Lorena painted in black, which justifies the title of the work. In addition, the student standing in military uniform, the model student (sensed, white) with the cross to merit, a drum next to the teacher's desk, as well as a set of long weapons (in the background to the right) that reminiscent of the type of military instruction of children in force in the educational framework for the aforementioned law.

He was Minister of Public Instruction (1879-1881 and 1882) and President of the Council of Ministers (1880-1881 and 1883-1885). With the so-called Jules Ferry Laws, he established a system of secular, compulsory and free public education. During his ministry, the cartography of the time presented Alsace and Lorraine painted black on the map of France: these were those territories ceded by France to the German Empire in the Treaty of Frankfurt following the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. Children were taught with these maps (called "Ferry maps"). Thus, that generation of students was educated with the idea of avenging the affront of 1870, defeating the Germans. Jules Ferry also regulated the divorce law and freedoms of the press, assembly and association.

A supporter of French colonial imperialism and its expansion, he maintained that France had a civilizing mission in the world. He went so far as to affirm in a speech given before the Chamber of Deputies on July 28, 1885, that the superior races had a right with respect to the inferior races because there was a duty towards them; that the superior races had the duty to civilize the inferior races ("Messieurs, il faut parler plus haut et plus vrai! il faut dire ouvertement qu'en effet les races supérieures ont un droit vis-à-vis des roots inférieures... Je répète qu'il y a pour les races supérieures un droit, parce qu'il y a un devoir pour elles.).

Together with Léon Gambetta, he is considered one of the leading French colonialists of his time. In that sense, he established the French protectorate of Tunisia (1881) and promoted French penetration into Africa (Madagascar, Congo and Niger). The failure of his policy in Asia (conquest of Tonkin) triggered his fall from power and a discredit that prevented him from aspiring to preside over the French Republic. He was defeated in the elections of 1889. He had survived an attack in 1887. In 1893 he was elected president of the Senate, but died three months later.

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