Jujuy Province

View of the Launa de Yala

Chess Square in Fuente de Aguas Danzantes, located in Av. Mina 9 de Octubre near the Bus Terminal and access to Palpalá from Ruta Nacional 66 Sur.

Jujuy, in the text of the provincial Constitution: Province of Jujuy, is one of the twenty-three provinces of the Argentine Republic. In turn, it is one of the twenty-four self-governing states or first-order jurisdictions that make up the country, and one of the twenty-four national legislative electoral districts. It has a population of 673,307 inhabitants (2010), an area of 53,291 km² and a population density of 12.7 inhab./km². It is located in the northwest of the country, limiting to the west with the Republic of Chile up to the trifinio Cerro Zapaleri, where its border begins with the Plurinational State of Bolivia (to the north), and to the east and south with the Province of Salta. Its capital and most populated city is San Salvador de Jujuy while cities such as San Pedro de Jujuy, Palpalá, Perico and Libertador General San Martín are also important population centers. Its economy represents 1.1% of the National GDP and its territory represents 1.68% of the national surface and it is the fourth smallest jurisdiction of first order, ahead of Misiones, Tucumán and the City of Buenos Aires.

Toponymy

Possible origin of the word «Jujuy»: in the work Marta Riquelme, Guillermo Enrique Hudson (also known as William Henry Hudson, 1841-1922) says: «The kakuy is a bird that frequents the forests (...) Kakuy was the old name of that territory, which the first explorers mistakenly spelled 'Jujuy', a corrupt name that had finally stuck to it».

History

Colonial period

View of Jujuy at the end of the 19th century. Highlight the tower of the Campanario de la Capilla de Santa Barbara.

In the 15th century, the current territory of Jujuy was populated by various indigenous peoples. predominated the Ocloyas, Quechuas, Aimaras and the Jujuyes, from whom the name of the province derives, although the Atacameños -especially the Lipo partiality- were predominant in the Puna region. The Omaguacas were an ethnic synthesis of Calchaquíes and Atacameños with a strong Arawak genetic component. The tenacious resistance of these populations first hindered the advance of the Incas and then the Spanish advance, around 1470 the territory was invaded by the Quechuas from southern Peru allied with the Aymara from the north of the territory that today belongs to Peru. In 1536 Diego de Almagro toured the Puna of Jujuy. On August 20, 1561 Juan Pérez de Zurita founded a city with the name of Nieva in the current territory of Jujuy between the Grande and Xibi-Xibi rivers, but in mid-1563 it was destroyed by the natives.

Pucará de Tilcara is a fortress built by the tilcaras, partiality of the omaguacas, located in the Quebrada de Humahuaca, at the top of the hills to be able to defend itself from eventual attacks. With 900 years old, it is one of the most important ruins in the region, and it covers housing, corral, necropolis and ceremonial sites.

In 1563, King Philip II of Spain issued a Royal Decree determining the jurisdictional limits of the Royal Audience of Charcas within the Viceroyalty of Peru, including the Governorate of Tucumán. In this way it was separated from Chile, a separation that was completed in 1564 with the appointment of a governor for the "Province of Tucumán, Diaguitas and Juríes", with residence in Santiago del Estero. The current territory of Jujuy was included in the new government.

The encomendero of Omaguaca Pedro Ortiz de Zárate founded San Francisco de la Nueva Provincia de Álava, on October 13, 1575 in the area called Punta de Diamante due to the close union of the rivers that cross the city (the Grande de Jujuy and the Xibi Xibi), but at the beginning of 1576 it was destroyed again.

The resistance of the omahuaca or omaguacas was included with that of the diaguitas so that in the so-called Calchaquí War the aboriginal towns of Jujuy participated, standing out among them the chiefs Kipildor (Quipildor) and Viltipoco, it was precisely in this province that the The Spanish closed the siege of the "calchaquíes" when it was founded on April 19, 1593, in the place where Belgrano Square is currently located, being an Easter Monday of Resurrection and under the invocation of the Savior, Francisco de Argañarás y Murguía left established the foundation of the city of San Salvador de Velasco in the valley of Jujuy where it was definitively settled.

Another perspective of the ruins of the Pucará de Tilcara

Throughout the XVII century the population settled in the city, towns, ranches, haciendas and farms grew slowly. According to the first census (1779) there were 14,694 people. Of these, 14% lived in the city where Spaniards, blacks, mulattoes and mestizos were the majority, while in the rural area the indigenous people predominated. The black slaves came from Buenos Aires and were assigned to domestic or craft tasks. Their unions with indigenous or Spanish (miscegenation) gave rise to the Afromestiza castes: mulattoes, zambos.

The region was part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until 1776, when the Spanish crown created the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata. When the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata was administratively subdivided, in accordance with the Royal Ordinance of Intendants of January 28, 1782, the current Province of Jujuy was located within the Intendancy of San Miguel de Tucumán Governorate. A year and a half later, the Royal Decree of August 5, 1783, abolished the Government of Tucumán, with which Jujuy, together with Catamarca, Santiago del Estero, Salta, Tucumán and the Puna de Atacama, became part of the new Government. Municipality of Salta del Tucumán, with government headquarters in the city of Salta.

Since the creation of the province

Jinetes on the dot in the centuryXIX

On November 18, 1834, Jujuy and its area of influence proclaimed provincial autonomy and separated from the province of Salta, much behind the other Argentine provinces of the century XIX. The lieutenant governor, Colonel José María Fascio, called an open town hall and consulted the crowd:

Do you freely and spontaneously swear to God our Lord, by the sign of the Cross, to sustain and defend with your fortune and your life the political independence of this city, its territory and campaign and its separation from the capital of Salta?

Given the response of Yes, we swear!, provincial autonomy was proclaimed and Fascio was appointed provisional governor. Fascio was a Spanish soldier, who had fought on the royalist side. On December 2, 1834, the Salta Legislature recognized the autonomy of Jujuy.Fascio invaded Salta and on December 13 managed to triumph in the Battle of Castañares, for which he assured autonomy. On December 27, he was named proprietary governor and resigned on February 25, 1835.

On November 29, 1835, the second provincial constitution was sanctioned, and Colonel Fermín de la Quintana was governor.

In 1836, most of the province was invaded by the troops of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.

On December 17, 1836, Jujuy's autonomy was officially recognized by the Argentine Confederation.

In 1839 the Provincial Statute for the Regime and Administration of the Province of Jujuy was promulgated, a new provincial constitution.

On January 28, 1851, the Provisional Statute for the direction and administration of the Province of Jujuy was sanctioned, replacing the 1839 statute.

On July 9, 1855, a Constitution was sanctioned in accordance with the National Constitution of 1853. It was reformed on January 8, 1856, March 10, 1866, and September 12, 1893.

In 1876, an indigenous rebellion to demand land in the departments of Rinconada, Cochinoca and Yavi was brutally suppressed by the provincial government after the rebels were defeated in the battle of Quera.

In 1900, rectifications of the international boundaries made the small towns of Esmoraca and Estarca remain within Bolivian territory.

By the treaty of May 10, 1889 with Bolivia, Argentina renounced its claim on Tarija and part of the Chaco Boreal, and Bolivia, in compensation, ceded the Puna de Atacama, which was in the power of Chile later of the Pacific War (1879-1880). This Bolivian action granted Argentina a territory that was part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, but which was in fact in the hands of Chile, seeking to force a war between Chile and Argentina. As Chile refused to hand over the territories ceded by Bolivia, it was decided to submit the issue to arbitration by American diplomat William Insco Buchanan, who in 1899 granted Argentina 75% of the disputed territory and the rest to Chile. By Law No. 3906 of January 9, 1900, the National Territory of the Andes was organized. By decree of May 12, 1900, the National Executive Branch divided the Territory of the Andes into three administrative departments; the northernmost was "Susques o del Norte", which bordered to the east with the province of Jujuy and to the north with Bolivia, whose head would be the town of Susques.

On February 28, 1935, a new provincial constitution was sanctioned, reformed on April 23, 1949, and the reform was annulled after the Liberating Revolution in 1956.

In 1943, the Governorate of the Andes was dissolved and Jujuy received the department of Susques, together with territories previously ceded by Bolivia due to the border rectification:

Art. 1. The national territory of Los Andes will be divided into three fractions that will comprise: 1.a) Department of Susques or the North that will pass to the jurisdiction of the Province of Jujuy (...) Art. 2.o- The area located north of Los Andes, on the 23rd parallel that culminates in the Branqui hill, which was ceded to the Nation under the Carrillo protocol and that Jujuy always claimed possession rights, will become part of the territory of that province, (...).

On October 13, 1943, the province of Jujuy took possession of the department of Susques, and the following day it took possession of the area north of the 23rd parallel south where the town of Rosario de Susques is located.

On October 22, 1986, the constitution currently in force was sanctioned.

Jujuy host of the Copa América Argentina 2011

In 2009, the Argentine Football Association designated San Salvador de Jujuy as the sub-venue for the 2011 Copa América. Two matches were played at the 23 de Agosto Stadium: Costa Rica vs. Colombia and the Bolivian soccer team faced the Costa Rican team. In the opening match of the Colombian team, Radamel Falcao García, Luis Amaranto Perea and Mario Alberto Yepes, among others, played. The Colombian team beat the Costa Rican team one goal by nil. The Colombian fans traveled from cities like Bogotá (Colombia's Capital) to watch the game.

Geography

Geographically, the province of Jujuy is divided into four large regions:

• The Puna or Altiplano.
• Humahuaca Quebrada.
• The Eastern Valleys
• Yungas

Cerro de los Siete Colores en Purmamarca

From west to east it tends to drop from altitudes ranging from 6000 to 500 m a.s.l. no. m., the highest altitudes are located in the Andes Mountains, especially in the northwestern sector of the province, where Cerro Vilama stands out ({5578 m a.s.l.), the Zapaleri hill (5653) and above all the Andean lateral branch of the Serranías de Zapaleri that has its summit at {5959 m a.s.l. no. m. in the Nevado de San Pedro, these peaks mark the limit between the Puna de Jujuy and the Puna de Lípez, the Puna de Jujuy to the south of the aforementioned orographic accidents and to the south of Cerro Branqui also indicate the structure of the graben type, some of the valleys are wide and have given rise to endorheic basins or basins at the bottom of which are salt flats such as the Cauchari-Olaroz, the very alkaline and brackish lagoons of Vilama, Guayatayoc, Pozuelos, the Rontuyoc lagoon and the Salinas Grandes of the NOA.

To the east of the Sierra del Aguilar and the Serranía de Chañí (the Nevado de Chañí reaches 6200 m a.s.l.) the westernmost horsts that mark the limit of the Altiplano the terrain falls into the long and elevated graben of the Quebrada de Humahuaca opening towards the south in the area of the ravine and valley where the cities of San Salvador de Jujuy, Palpalá, Perico and San Pedro de Jujuy are located, in this graben the The valleys are fertile and the Río Grande runs down from the Quebrada de Humahuaca and the Río Chico de Jujuy or Xibi Xibi that runs down from the Chañi foothills, both of these rivers converge in the city of San Salvador de Jujuy. and they take a single large channel heading towards the northeast called the San Francisco River (a tributary of the Bermejo River and, with this the previous ones, a member of the Cuenca del Plata). The graben through which the San Francisco River flows is delimited from west to east by three smaller mountain ranges: the Sierra de Santa Bárbara, the Sierra del Centinela and the Sierra del Maíz Gordo, from the last two fluvial courses that flow directly into the Dorado River in the Southern Chaco.

That is: from west to east the Andes mountain range, the Altiplano, the Quebradas and Valles are successively staggered, the easternmost zone of the mountain ranges is of nimbosilva forming part of the extensive biomatic corridor of the Yungas, the valley of the The San Francisco River is an important ecotone between the Yungas and the Chaco region, that ecotone of the San Francisco River Valley is known as El Ramal for its pristine and dense forests.

If in the Andes the climate is cold at altitude, and in the Jujuy valley the climate is mesothermal with cold days and snowfall in winter, in the lower areas of El Ramal a fairly warm tropical climate prevails throughout the year wet.

Seismicity

The seismicity of the Jujuy area is frequent and of low intensity, and a seismic silence of medium to severe earthquakes every 40 years.

• Sismo de 1863: Although such catastrophic geological activity occurs since prehistoric times, the earthquake of January 4, 1863 (160 years), noted an important milestone in the history of Jewish seismic events, with 6,4 Richter. He destroyed some buildings, including the lobby.
• 1948 earthquake: 25 August 1948 (74 years) with 7.0 Richter, which destroyed buildings and opened numerous cracks in vast areas
• Sismo de 2011: on October 6, 2011 (11 years) with 6,2 Richter, produced breakage of glass and masonry.

Climate

Jujuy climate rates according to the climate classification of Köppen

In the area of the Sub-Andean Sierras the climate is hot and humid; presenting a tropical climate. On the contrary, in the wide region of the highlands of the Puna of Jujuy, the climate is extremely cold and with little rainfall in most of the year, characterized by its plains and high plateaus and the enormous temperature variations registered between the maximum of summer and winter lows, up to 50 °C. Consequently, Jujuy is one of the provinces with the greatest climatic diversity in Argentina, since it has diverse ecosystems (yungas, ravine, Altiplano and valleys).

Political organization

Government

House of Government of Jujuy

The governor of Jujuy has 4 years of government dictated by the Constitution and can be re-elected once. The current head of government in charge is Gerardo Morales.

Administrative division

The province of Jujuy is divided into 16 departments. The departments are further divided into municipalities. For a complete list of them, see: Annex: Jujuy Municipalities and Municipal Commissions. For information on the municipal organization of the province, see: Municipal Organization of Jujuy.

Map	Department	Main location	Surface	Population
	Cochinoca	Abra Pampa	7837 km2	12 111.
	Dr. Manuel Belgrano	San Salvador de Jujuy	1917 km2	278 336 hab.
	El Carmen	El Carmen	912 km2	84 667.
	Humahuaca	Humahuaca	3792 km2	16 765.
	Ledesma	Libertador General San Martín	3249 km2	75 716
	Palpalá	Palpalá	467 km2	48 199.
	Rinconada	Rinconada	6407 km2	2298.
	San Antonio	San Antonio	690 km2	3698.
	San Pedro	San Pedro de Jujuy	2150 km2	71 037 hab.
	Barbara	Santa Clara	4448 km2	17 115 hab.
	Saint Catherine	Saint Catherine	2960 km2	3140.
	Susques	Susques	9199 km2	3628 hab.
	Tilcara	Tilcara	1845 km2	10 403.
	Tumbaya	Tumbaya	3442 km2	4553.
	Grande Valley	Grande Valley	962 km2	2386.
	Yavi	The Quiaca	2942 km2	18 160 hab.

Limit dispute with Salta

The four zones for which there were borderline differences between the provinces of Salta and Jujuy were awarded by the Military Geographic Institute on August 12, 1948 for Zone I, from April 28, 1949 for Zone II, from October 7, 1952 for Zone III and May 12, 1953 for Zone IV.

As a consequence of a flood that occurred in 1957, which changed the course of the Las Piedras River, Yuto's Jujuy lands were located on the left bank of the new course in the areas called "La Isla" and "El Bolsón". Due to disputes over judicial jurisdiction, on March 11, 1983, the governors of Salta and Jujuy signed a joint declaration in which they agreed to maintain the status quo, so that the interprovincial boundary continued to be the channel history of the Las Piedras river, prior to the flood of 1957, as established by the Spanish Royal Decree of the Crown of the year 1797 that approved the Foundation of Orán in 1725.

The border zone in dispute is close to the town of Urundel, Department of Orán in Salta and El Talar, Department of Santa Bárbara in Jujuy.

At the end of 2005, police forces from both provinces were stationed in the area.

Demographics

Figure of demographic evolution of Jujuy Province between 1869 and 2010

Source: National Population, Home and Housing Censuses.

Evolution of the population up to 1869:

• 1778: 13 619 hectares.
• 1820: 30 000 hectares.
• 1847: 20 000 hab.
• 1853: 40 000 hab.

Distribution of the population according to the 1991, 2001 and 2010 censuses:

• Census 1991: 512 329 inhabitants (Indec, 1991) (urban population: 418 153 inhabitants (Indec, 1991), (rural population: 94 176 inhabitants (Indec, 1991).
• Census 2001: 611 484 inhabitants (Indec, 2001) (urban population: 521 561 (Indec, 2001), (rural population: 89 923 (Indec, 2001).
• Census 2010: 672 260 inhabitants (urban population: 588 570 (Indec, 2010), (rural population: 84 737 (Indec, 2010)).

Main cities

San Salvador de Jujuy

Gaps

Laguna Runtuyoc

The Cuesta de Lipán, a zigzagante section of National Route 52

Serrania de Hornocal

In the department of Santa Bárbara, halfway between the yungas area and the Chaco region are the Lagunas de la Brea, San Miguel, Agua Caliente and Totorillá, surrounded by exuberant vegetation.

16 kilometers from the town of Caimancito, in the Department of Ledesma, are the Aguas Calientes hot springs, also known as the Caimancito hot springs, with a temperature of around 53 degrees.

In the Department of Dr. Manuel Belgrano, in the valleys area, are the mountains that delimit the area with a portion of the yungas, the Lagunas de Yala, located at more than 2000 m s. no. m.; There are a total of 6 lagoons called Alizar, Noques, Comedero, Desaguadero, Larga and Rodeo. The latter is a provincial reserve and has an old inn, now a ranger's house. The adequate temperature and clarity of the water means that some of these lagoons have been closed to the public and are dedicated to the breeding of the Pejerrey and the Trout.

In this region there are also hot springs, on which the complex of Termas de Reyes has been built.

The Puna region is the one that contains the largest and most particular lagoons, since they occur at a very high altitude surrounded by desert, some even salt flats.

The Guayatayoc Lagoon is located in the middle of the Salinas Grandes and has a great annual variation, reaching its maximum extension at 240 square kilometers. For these dates the lagoon is filled with different species of birds, among which can be located the guayatas (wild goose that gives its name to the lagoon) and pink flamingos.

Another of the region's lagoons is the so-called Runtuyoc, located at the foot of the hill between the towns of Abra Pampa and Puesto del Marqués, with around 6 square kilometers it has a permanent colony bird's.

Two of the lagoons of the Puna are among the Ramsar Sites in Argentina, these are the Laguna de Pozuelos and the Laguna de Vilama.

Pozuelos, named a Biosphere Reserve by Unesco, a natural monument and a Ramsar site, is one of the most important enclaves of waterfowl in the Andean region of the NOA, with up to 26,000 registered flamingos of native species in its vicinity. Its extension averages 200 km².

Located at 4500 m s. no. m., the Vilama lagoons, also a Ramsar site, located in the vicinity of the Andes are difficult to access. In its eco-environment there are various species of birds, vicuñas and chinchillas. The area includes 11 medium-sized lagoons, including Vilama Lagoon (the largest), Palar, Catal, Arenal, Pululos and a hundred small water mirrors.

The region of the Quebrada de Humahuaca has, among the semi-desert and colorful mountains that delimit the area, the Leandro lagoons, white lagoon and the Volcán Lagoon, all located at significant heights, which requires a long walk to access them. Despite the isolation of these lagoons, the so-called rainbow trout can be found in some of them.

The legend of Leandro's lagoon

The Leandro lagoon has a particular presence in popular mythology, as a legend states that when the Spanish asked for the ransom of the Inca Atahualpa, the peoples of the region organized a caravan carrying the gold and silver required. But arriving at the mentioned lagoon, they find out that the Inca has been assassinated, then deciding to throw the riches at the bottom of the lagoon. Legend holds that a resident of the area named Leandro found out about the existence of the treasure from an old man.

Determined to get hold of the loot, Leandro dug a ditch to drain the lagoon, but when he was almost done with his mission, an Apu-Yaya (old god of the hill) warned of his action, leaving Leandro the task.

However, some time later the runa returned to his efforts, being then taken by the god to the lagoon.

Although with different variants, this is the essence of the legend, apparently based on the golden colors that can be seen in the lagoon at sunset.

Economy

The economic structure is based on primary activities. Among the crops are: sugar cane, banana and tobacco, followed by citrus, mangoes, papayas, custard apples and avocados as "traditional" productions; (although modern since they date from the XX century) of the province. To this must be added the production of fuels: oil, gas and the ancestral mining activity: (lead, silver, copper, gold, saltpeter, potassium, borax).

In the eastern cordillera, the production of metals such as iron, zinc, silver and lead (in the Zapla and El Aguilar mines) stands out, while in the Puna the production of salts stands out.

Commercial activity is concentrated in the vicinity of the provincial capital, where the Palpalá steel plant is located, and in the eastern sector, in the area of the San Francisco River valley, agribusiness stands out.

Jujuy's situation is commercially strategic: the Quebrada de Humahuaca to the north and the Paso de Jama to the west are two trade routes that are practicable in all seasons and with intense traffic.

Jujuy is one of the most traditional provinces in northern Argentina, which makes it an important tourist spot. Wines: Jujuy currently has 26 wine enterprises, 12 of which are located in the Quebrada de Humahuaca, where high altitude Malbec stands out, the remaining twelve are distributed in the valleys (Monterrico, Perico, San Antonio and El Carmen).

Transportation

Jujuy can be accessed by land through its terminals and in particular the San Salvador de Jujuy bus terminal, located at the intersection of Route 9 with Highway 66. In addition, it is possible to reach the province by air through the Dr. Horacio Guzmán Airport, located in the town of Perico and linked to the city center by Highway 66. The airport has daily flights to the cities of Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Mendoza and Salta. In high season there are also flights to Mar del Plata and the Chilean city of Iquique. Due to its proximity to the area, many people from Jujuy also fly from the Salta International Airport in the City of Salta, capital of the province of the same name, in the Argentine Republic.

Tourism

Tilcara Street

Great Salinas

View of the hills from Tilcara

Courtyard of Jujuy Cathedral, San Salvador de Jujuy

Among the tourist attractions of the province is the Quebrada de Humahuaca, declared in 2003 "Natural and Cultural Heritage of Humanity" by UNESCO. It stands out for its scenic beauty and its rich cultural heritage. The main tourist attractions in the area are the Pucara de Tilcara, the hill of Seven Colors in Purmamarca, the Monument to the Heroes of Independence in Humahuaca and the Hornocal mountain range located 25 km from the city of Humahuaca.

The puna zone is a region characterized by the aridity of the highlands. In it are salt flats, volcanoes and geysers. The Laguna de los Pozuelos Natural Monument and the Provincial Reserve of the Laguna de Guayatayoc are part of this region.

The Yunga area, characterized by important biodiversity, includes the Calilegua National Park.

Main tourist centers:

Festivities of national interest

• Carnival (february, moving date)
• Holy Week (March or April, moving date)
• Vincha Toreo (15 August)
• Exodus Jujeño (23 August)
• National Festival of Students (2nd week of September)
• Huancar Folkloric Festival (now mobile date)
• Pachamama (1 August)

Cooperation Agreements

• Vienne, France
• La Paz, Bolivia
• Galicia, Spain