Joint (cigarette)
In colloquial language, a joint, bareto, canuto, carrujo, flute b>, blont, peta, phillie, churro, firecracker, trunchus, trocolus etc. It is a cigarette totally or partially filled with cannabis. It is the most common format of consuming marijuana, and a single joint can contain between 0.5 and 1 g of this drug. However, due to pyrolysis, only 10–25% of the active ingredient is absorbed by the user (50–250 mg), an amount sufficient to feel the psychoactive effects. Unlike oral cannabis use, inhalation of smoke produces almost immediate effects, peaking between 30–60 min. following and the gradual disappearance of the effects between 2–3h. The times, however, vary enormously depending on factors such as the amount smoked or the tolerance of the consumer.
History
The consumption of cannabis by humans has an ancient tradition. However, the cannabis cigarette has a relatively recent history. In earlier times, marijuana was smoked through the so-called one hitters, that is, pipes, hookahs, bongs and chilams.
First record written in Mexico
According to academic John Charles Chasteen, the first record of a cannabis cigarette is in Mexico in 1856, when a pharmacist from the University of Guadalajara observed, during field work, how peasants cultivated Cannabis (both hemp and marijuana; called pipiltzintzintli in ancient Nahuatl), harvested its leaves and flowers, and mixed them with tobacco to roll them into cigarettes. In the still young Mexican state, cannabis was not legally regulated. It was considered a "little Catholic" practice, but among the lower classes, marijuana was a cheap substitute for pulque, since this drink, which was obtained from fermenting the maguey, was the most typical and popular intoxicating product at that time. The smoking of cannabis would first spread among the lower classes in rural areas, and later it would reach the big cities. This is demonstrated by several references in the press between 1860 and 1870. By 1900, cannabis cigarettes would be common in the prisons and military barracks in the country.
Marijuana is mentioned in the popular song "La Cucaracha," sung during the Mexican Revolution (1910-1921). Even the very word marijuana would be another gift from Mexicans to the world.
At the same time, a social and revolutionary movement called Rastafarianism would emerge in Jamaica, whose members adopted "ganja" as part of their idiosyncrasy. However, Rastas or Rastafarians traditionally smoked cannabis through chilams, which are a type of pipe, not a cigarette itself.
Popularization in the United States
After the Civil War (1861–1865), the expansion of the railway network throughout the country was promoted, and hundreds of young Mexicans emigrated north to work on it, taking with them the practice of smoking cannabis. According to University of Kansas academic Barney Warf, cannabis also found its way via maritime trade to southern coastal cities such as New Orleans.
In 1870, the French pharmaceutical house Grimault & cie became interested in this product and sold Cannabis indica cigarettes in the United States under the name Indian Cigarettes, mixed with belladonna (another narcotic plant) and nitrate of potassium. In a publication in the Boston Medical Journal from 1897, a pack of 15 cigarettes was advertised at 50 cents.
At the start of the Roaring 20s, the US government launched a fourteen-year war on alcohol. However, Prohibition (1920–1933) had the undesired effect; speakeasies sprang up and marijuana became widely popular.
Cannabis cigarettes were very present from the beginning in the jazz age. In English, jazz cigarette is an alternative way of calling a joint. This era was very prolific for the appearance of euphemistic terms, such as joint or reefer i>. Musicians have smoked marijuana to create imaginative and unique sounds, including Louis Armstrong, who was arrested for possession. In 1937 marijuana would be prohibited by the Marijuana Tax Act, but the joint would already be inherently linked to jazz culture and history..
News
During the 1970s, the thirty-seventh president of the federation, Richard Nixon, launched his particular war on drugs. Paradoxically, at that time the first companies specializing in articles for cannabis smokers arose.
While the tobacco industry has been shrinking for years, the cannabis industry hasn't stopped growing ever since. Some companies are recognizable all over the world, spreading the culture of smoking cannabis to more and more places: Greengo, Raw, Rizla, Smoking or Zig Zag.
Terminology
“Joint”
The exact origin of this term is unknown. One of the most accepted theories associates it with the leek (Allium ampeloprasum), since like the leek, the joint is white at the beginning and green at the end. Ultimately, both terms would come from the Latin, porrum. From this word derive "porrero/a" and "porreta", a person who smokes cannabis. The term "porro" would arise in Spain around 1967, when hippie ideas spread and various student movements began. The first written record of this word would be in a 1977 issue of the Blanco y Negro magazine, the following year in the study of the linguist Casado Velarde Language and ideology, and two years later in the book Copenhague does not exist, by Guerra Garrido.
In contrast, according to the linguist Zamora Vicente, the term "joint" arose in the Inca Altiplano. Whatever its origin, today "joint" is a way of calling the marijuana cigarette known among Argentine smokers, Bolivians, Colombians, Ecuadorians, Spaniards, Mexicans, Uruguayans and Venezuelans.
Associated expressions
In slang, the expressions "give [or hit] the joint", regularly smoke cannabis, and "kill the joint", finish or finish a joint are common. According to the Dictionary of Slang (1980), it is called a "trumpeter joint" when it has a conical shape.
“Making a submarine” consists of smoking one or several marijuana cigarettes in a small room, closing doors and windows to generate a dense air of smoke. The act of inhaling the smoke, depending on the place, is called calada, calo, toque, hit or shot.
Other names in Spanish
The term porro is the most widespread in Spanish-speaking environments. However, the names for the cannabis cigarette vary from country to country:
Argentina: faso, Cannon, puddle, Chicharra, churro or shawl for the cigar; faisán if it contains marijuana and tobacco; snow if it contains cocaine; Tuca for the residual rack.- Chile
Chile: Cannon, pito, bluntfor the cigar; tail for the residual rack. - Colombia
Colombia: Bareto, Barrel or Fuck. for the cigar; Chicharra or ♪ for the residual rack. - Costa Rica
Costa Rica: Pure, bate, barrel, juanito, Canuto, one (1), Stick for the cigar; bazuko if it contains cocaine; Fuck., Tocola or Tocolo for the residual rack. - Cuba
Cuba: pito for the cigar. - Ecuador
Ecuador: chafo or griff for the cigar. - Spain
Spain: Canuto, flay, petardo, peta for the cigar; biturbo for a double joint width; mariachi if it contains marijuana and hashish; griff if it contains only hashish and tobacco; snow if it contains cocaine; Chusta or Tacha for the residual rack. - Mexico
Mexico: carriage, chubi, churro, banana, touch for the cigar; cock or spliff if it contains tobacco; bacha for the residual rack. - Nicaragua
Nicaragua: churro or pito for the cigar; calf or Callion for the residual rack. - Panama
Panama: bate or Caleto for the cigar. - Peru
Peru: Tronch, flee or bate for the cigar; gun or Mixed if it contains PBC; pava for the residual rack. - Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico: circus, Crane, cock, brunette or motorcycle for the cigar; phily for the blunt; changa for the residual rack. - El Salvador
El Salvador: touch for the cigar. - Uruguay
Uruguay: faso, Cannon or candle for the cigar; snow if it contains cocaine; tip for the residual rack. - Venezuela
Venezuela: pito for the cigar.
Names in other languages
- In German, tüte or joint
- In Catalan, Porro, mai or peta
- In Basque, porru or txirri
- In French, joint or pétard
- In English, joint (chemical name) or spliff (mixed to tobacco)
- In Italian, spine or Canna
- In Portuguese, base or beque (Brazilian) or puddle (European)
Variants
In South America, paragua or paraguayo is the poor quality cannabis cigarette, when it is “pangola” (Ven.), that is, it does not rise or not causes the desired psychoactive effects.
The L ('ele') is a marijuana cigarette rolled with a larger-than-normal-size paper, from English large, or in the L shape by hooking two small papers together. The large joint is also called Bob Marley or simply Bob or bobby, and its opposite is "el oficiero" as the tiny cigar to be smoked in a single puff was known in some parts of Spain and Latin America.
The blunt or phily is a marijuana cigar rolled with the tobacco leaves of an emptied cigar; by extension, also a cigarette.
The spliff is a cigarette that mixes cannabis and tobacco. It is a practice more or less widespread throughout the world, although in a 2017 study a notable tendency was observed among European countries to mix cannabis cigarettes with tobacco (up to 94% of the time in Italy, 86% in France or 80% in Spain, among others), while in America everything green is preferred (tobacco is added only 14% of the time in Brazil and Colombia, 9% in Mexico or 8% in the United States, among others).. This may be due to several reasons, among which is the difference in the price of marijuana in Europe, which is much greater compared to America. Another reason is that in Europe, historically, hashish was used more, which must necessarily be mixed with tobacco, while in America hashish is rare. The situation in other continents is unknown due to insufficient data. It has been shown that the psychoactive effects of cannabis are stimulated and prolonged when prolonged exposure to tobacco nicotine is added, since it interacts with the CB1 cannabinoid receptor in the human nervous system.
A biturbo consists of rolling two joints into one, with two mouthpieces or "blackberries" for smoking, and two papers glued widthwise.[citation needed]
Confection
A joint is made from dried cannabis particles. The herb is ground up with the help of a grinder to facilitate preparation and combustion. The act of making a joint is colloquially called liar, rolear or rulear.
Different types and sizes of rolling papers are the most common means of rolling a joint. If not available, you can also use tembu leaves (bidi), tobacco leaves (blunt), corn leaves, tracing paper, brown paper or newspaper. The joint is also made up of a filter, which is placed on the end that is going to be played with the mouth. There are many types of filters available, the most common being the cartaja, which is a strip of cardboard rolled up on itself to give it a rounded shape. This means that, in practice, marijuana is inhaled unfiltered.
Today, the sizes and shapes of the joint have diversified enormously. One of the most prominent joint rolling artists is Tony Greenhand, a young American who was interviewed by various media outlets, including Rolling Stone magazine. , for their elaborate joints, considered works of art.
- Particular conditions
Format helicopter or moustache.
Format tulip or Chupa Chups.
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Chemical Changes
Cannabis is smoked in the form of a joint because its psychotropic effects are obtained through combustion. In other words, cannabis in its natural (raw) state is not itself psychoactive. The plant produces, among many other substances, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), which are precursors of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) respectively, which do have psychotropic effects.
When heat is applied to them, these precursor molecules break apart, separating the carboxyl group (a hydrogen and carbon atom and two oxygen atoms). This chemical process is called decarboxylation, and is necessary to get the "high", as THCA and CBDA are too large molecules to fit into the cannabinoid receptors in the human brain.
The decarboxylation temperature varies depending on the method used: between 180–190 °C if vaped and over 315 °C if burned.
Risks of smoking cannabis
Due to the restrictions on cannabis, clinical trials on its effects on health are still scarce. The main medical concern lies in the damage caused to the lungs, which does not occur when it is consumed orally.
Marijuana is the second most smoked substance by humans, after tobacco, and like tobacco, its combustion releases hundreds of substances into the body. However, the technique of smoking a joint is different from that of a tobacco cigar, since deeper inhalations are carried out and maintained over time in order to obtain better absorption. This leads to increased deposition of toxic substances in the lung. Another difference from tobacco is that marijuana is often smoked unfiltered.
Among the physical effects of smoking marijuana is a 20–25% increase in heart rate, which lasts for the next 3 hours, in addition to high-dose orthostatic hypotension, and observable changes in the ST-segment electrocardiogram and the T wave. Premature beats have also been identified, independent of the normal heart rhythm (ventricular extrasystoles). From a clinical point of view, they are insignificant and are not of major importance in healthy adults, although they can pose a problem in people with pre-existing heart disease.