Hydraulic turbine

Rotor of a Francis turbine.

Hydraulic turbine and electric generator, court view.
A=generator; 1 = stator; 2=rotor;
B=turbine; 3 = adjustable valves; 4 = turbine pellets; 5 = water flow; 6 = turbine and generator rotation

A hydraulic turbine is a hydraulic motor turbomachine that uses the energy of a fluid that passes through it to produce a rotational movement that, transferred by means of an axis, directly moves a machine or well an electric generator that transforms mechanical energy into electricity, so they are the fundamental organ of a hydroelectric power station.

It was invented by Benoît Fourneyron in 1827, who installed his first machine in Pont-sur-l'Ognon.

Classification

Because they are turbomachinery, they follow the same classification as these, and obviously belong to the subgroup of hydraulic turbomachinery and to the subgroup of motor turbomachinery. In the common language of hydraulic turbines, they are usually spoken based on the following classifications:

According to the pressure change in the impeller or the degree of reaction

• Turbines of action: They are those in which he fluid work does not undergo a major pressure change in its passage through a roundup.
• Reaction turbines: They are those in which he fluid work Yes, he suffers a major pressure change in his passage through a roundup.

To classify a turbine within this category, it is necessary to calculate its degree of reaction. Action turbines only take advantage of the speed of the water flow, while reaction turbines also take advantage of the pressure loss that occurs inside them.

According to the design of the impeller

Letter to select hydraulic turbines depending on the flow and leap.

This classification is the most deterministic, since among the different ones of each genre the differences can only be in size, angle of the blades or buckets, or other parts of the turbomachine other than the impeller. The most important types are:

• Turbine Kaplan: are axial turbines, which have the particularity of power to vary the angle of their blades during their operation. They are designed to work with small water jumps and with large flows.(Reaction turbine)
• Turbine Helice: they have the adjustable valves like the kaplan turbines, but unlike these, the angle of their blades is fixed. Instead of the angle variation, you can change the rotor speed. Thus, the hydraulic view becomes the same effect as with the variation of shovels.
• Turbine Pelton: These are flow turbines cross-sectionand admission partial. Directly from the evolution of the old water mills, and instead of having links or shovels it is said to have spoons. They are designed to work with very large water jumps, but with small flows.(Active turbine)
• Turbina Francis: These are mixed flow and reaction turbines. There are some complex designs that are able to vary the angle of their links during their operation. They are designed to work with medium water jumps and medium flow.
• Turbina Ossberger / Banki / Michell: The OSSBERGER turbine is a free diversion, radial and partial admission turbine. Due to its specific number of revolutions it counts among slow turbines. The distributor prints a rectangular section to the jet of water, and it circulates through the crown of pallets of the roundet in the form of a cylinder, first from the outside to the inside and then after passing through the inside of the roundabout, from the inside out.
• Turbine Turgo: It is a hydraulic boost turbine designed for mid-level jumps. The turkey of a turret looks like a Pelton rodeo split in half. For the same power, the Turgo rodete has half the diameter than that of a Pelton surround and bends the specific speed.