Hyderabad (State)
Hyderabad (in English) or haiderabad (in Spanish) was a state of India that existed between 1724 to 1948, and then was part of India as a state Until 1956. Its capital, the city of Haiderabad, was during that period the fourth largest city in India. It was later divided between the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharastra.
HISTORY
Early history
Hyderabad State was founded by Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan, who was Governor of the Deccan under the Mughals from 1713 to 1721. In 1724, he resumed rule under the title of asaf jah (granted by the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah). His other title, nizam al-mulk ('order of the kingdom'), became his position title 'Nizam of Hyderabad'. By the end of his rule, the nizam had broken away from the Mughals and founded the Asaf Jahi dynasty.
Following the decline of Mughal power, the Deccan region saw the rise of the Maratha Empire. The nizam himself lived through many invasions by the Marathas in the 1720s, which resulted in the payment of a regular tax (chauth) to the Marathas i>. Major battles fought between the Marathas and the Nizams include those of Palkhed, Rakshasbhuvan and Kharda. After Bajirao I's conquest of the Deccan and his imposition of the chauth, the nizam remained a tributary of the Marathas to all intents and purposes.
Beginning in 1778, a British resident and soldiers settled in his domain. In 1795, the nizam lost some of his own territories to the Marathas. The Mysore nizam's territorial gains as an ally of the British were ceded to the British to cover the cost of maintaining their soldiers.
British Sovereignty
Hyderabad was a 212,000 km 2 (82,000 sq mi) region in the Deccan, ruled by the head of the Asaf Jahi dynasty, who held the title of nizam and was bestowed the title of nizam by the British. style of "his exalted highness". The last nizam, Osman Ali Khan, was one of the richest men in the world in the 1930s.
In 1798, the nizam ʿĀlī Khan (or Asaf Jah II) was forced to sign an agreement that placed Hyderabad under British protection. He was the first Indian prince to sign such an agreement. (Consequently, the ruler of Hyderabad branded a 23-gun salute during the British India period.) The Crown retained the right to intervene in the event of misrule.
Hyderabad under Asaf Jah II was a British ally in the Second and Third Anglo-Maratha Wars (1803–05, 1817–19), Anglo-Mysores Wars, and would remain loyal to the British during the Indian Rebellion (1857–58).
His son, Asaf Jah III Mir Akbar Ali Khan (known as Sikandar Jah) ruled from 1768 to 1829. During his rule, a British cantonment was built in Hyderabad and the area was named after him, Secunderabad. The residence British in Koti was also built during his reign by the then British resident James Achilles Kirkpatrick.
Sikander Jah was succeeded by Asaf Jah IV, who ruled from 1829 to 1857, and was succeeded by his son Asaf Jah V.
Asaf Jah V
The reign of Asaf Jah V (1857-1869) was marked by reforms carried out by his prime minister Salar Jung I. Before this time, there was no regular or systematic form of administration, and duties were in the hands of the divan ('prime minister'), and corruption was widespread.
In 1867, the state was divided into five divisions and seventeen districts, with subdadores ('governors') appointed for the five divisions and talukdars and tehsildars for districts. The judicial, public works, medical, educational, municipal and police departments were reorganized. In 1868, sadr-i-mahams ('assistant ministers') were appointed to the judicial, fiscal, police and miscellaneous departments.
Asaf Jah VI
Asaf Jah VI Mir Mahbub Ali Khan became the nizam at the age of three. The regents of it were Salar Jung I and Shams al-Umra III. He assumed full rule at the age of 17 and ruled until his death in 1911.
The Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway was established during his reign to connect the State of Hyderabad with the rest of British India. It was headquartered at the Secunderabad railway station. The railway ushered in the industry in Hyderabad, and factories were built in the city of Hyderabad.
During his rule, the great Musi flood of 1908, which killed an estimated 50,000 people, struck the city of Hyderabad. The nizam opened all his palaces for public asylum.He also abolished sati, where women used to jump onto their husband's burning pyre, issuing a royal firman.
Asaf Jah VII
The last nizam of Haiderabad Mir Osman Ali Khan ruled the state from 1911 to 1948. He was given the title of 'faithful ally of the British Empire'. Hyderabad was considered backward, but peaceful, during this time. The nizam's rule saw Hyderabad grow economically and culturally. Osmania University and various schools and colleges were founded throughout the State. Many eminent writers, poets, intellectuals and other people (including Fani Badayuni, Dagh Dehlvi, Josh Malihabadi, Ali Haider Tabatabai, Shibli Nomani, Nawab Mohsin al-Mulk, Mirza Ismail) migrated from all parts of India to Hyderabad during the reign of Asaf Jah VII and his father and predecessor Asaf Jah VI.
The nizam also established the Haiderabad State Bank. Hyderabad was the only state in British India to have its own currency, the Haiderabadi rupee. Begumpet Airport was founded in the 1930s with the formation of the Hyderabad Aero Club by the nizam. It was initially used as a domestic and international airport for the nizam's Deccam Airways, British India's first airline. The terminal building was created in 1937.
To prevent another major flood, the nizam also built two lakes, namely the Osman Sagar and the Himayath Sagar. Osmania General Hospital, Jubilee Hall, Moazzam Jahi Market, State Library (then known as Asifia Kutubkhana) and Public Gardens (then known as Bagh e Aam) were also built during this period.
After Indian independence (1947–48)
In 1947, India gained its independence and Pakistan came into existence. The British left the local rulers of the princely states the choice of joining one or the other, or remaining independent. On June 11, 1947, the nizam issued a statement to the effect that he had decided not to participate in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan or India.
However, the nizams were Muslims who ruled over a predominantly Hindu population. The Indian government insisted that the vast majority of residents wanted to join India.
The nizam was in a weak position as his army numbered only 24,000 men, only about 6,000 of whom were fully trained and equipped.
On August 21, 1948, the Secretary General of the Department of External Affairs in Hyderabad requested the President of the United Nations Security Council, under Article 35 (2) of the Charter of the United Nations, to consider the "serious dispute which, unless resolved in accordance with international law and justice, is likely to jeopardize the maintenance of international peace and security".
On 4 September, Hyderabad Chief Minister Mir Laiq Ali announced to the Hyderabad Assembly that a delegation was about to leave for Lake Success, headed by Moin Nawaz Jung. The nizam also appealed unsuccessfully appealed to the British Labor government and the King to help it meet its obligations and promises to Hyderabad of 'immediate intervention'. Hyderabad only had the support of Winston Churchill and the British Conservatives.
At 4 a.m. on September 13, 1948, the Hyderabad campaign in India began, dubbed "Operation Polo" by the Indian Army. Indian troops invaded Hyderabad from all points of the compass. On 13 September 1948, the Secretary General of the Hyderabad External Affairs Department in a cablegram informed the United Nations Security Council that Hyderabad was being invaded by Indian forces and that hostilities had broken out. The Security Council took note of this on September 16 in Paris. The representative of Hyderabad called for immediate action by the Security Council under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. The Hyderabad representative responded to India's excuse for intervention by pointing out that the suspension agreement between the two countries had expressly stipulated that nothing in it should give India the right to send troops to help maintain internal order.
At 5 pm on September 17, the nizam's army surrendered. India then incorporated the State of Hyderabad into the Union of India and ended the rule of the nizams.
Between 1948 and 1956
After the incorporation of Hyderabad State into India, MK Vellodi was appointed as the chief minister of the state on January 26, 1950. He was a senior civil servant of the Government of India. He administered the state with the help of bureaucrats from Madras State and Bombay State.
In the 1952 Legislative Assembly election, Dr. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected Chief Minister of Hyderabad State. During this time there were some violent agitations by some Telangans to send back the Madras state bureaucrats and to strictly implement the "mulki rules" ('local jobs for locals only' 39;), which had been part of the Hyderabad state law since 1919.
Dissolution
In 1956, during the reorganization of the Indian states, along linguistic lines, the state of Hyderabad was divided between the state of Andhra Pradesh and that of Bombay (later it was divided into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960, and the original portions of Hyderabad became part of the state of Maharashtra and Karnataka).
Government and politics
Government
Wilfred Cantwell Smith claims that Hyderabad was an area where the political and social fabric of medieval Muslim rule had remained more or less intact into modern times. At the head of the social order was the nizam, who owned 5 million acres (10% of the land area) of the state and earned 25 million a year. The last nizam was reputed to be the richest man in the world.He was supported by an aristocracy of 1100 feudal lords who owned an additional 30% of the state land, with some 4 million tenants. The state also owned 50% or more of the capital in all the major companies, which allowed the nizam to earn higher profits and control his affairs.
Next in the social structure were the administrative and official class, made up of about 1,500 officials. Some of them were recruited from out of state. Lower level government employees were also predominantly Muslim. Indeed, the Muslims of Hyderabad represented an "upper caste" of the social structure...
All power rested with the nizam. He ruled with the help of an Executive Council or Cabinet, established in 1893, whose members he was free to appoint and remove. The nizam's government recruited largely from the Kayastha North Indian Hindu caste for administrative posts. There was also an Assembly, whose role was mainly advisory. More than half of its members were appointed by the nizam, the rest chosen from a carefully limited franchise. There were representatives of Hindus, Parsis, Christians and depressed classes in the Assembly. However, their influence was limited due to their small numbers.
The state government also had a large number of outsiders (called non-mulkis): 46,800 of them in 1933, including all members of the Nizam's Executive Council. Hindus and Muslims came together to protest the practice that robbed locals of government jobs. However, the movement fizzled out after Hindu members raised the issue of "responsible government", which was of no interest to Muslim members and led to their resignation.
Political movements
Until 1920, there was no political organization of any kind in Hyderabad. In that year, following British pressure, the nizam issued a firman, appointing a special officer to investigate constitutional reforms. He was enthusiastically received by a section of the population, who formed the Hyderabad State Reform Association. However, the mizam and the special officer ignored all his demands for consultation. Meanwhile, the nizam banned the Khilafat movement in the state, as well as all political gatherings and the entry of "outside politicians." However, some political activity did take place, and cooperation between Hindus and Muslims was witnessed. The abolition of the sultanate in Turkey and Gandhi's suspension of the non-cooperation movement in British India ended this period of cooperation.
An organization called the Andhra Jana Sangham (later renamed Andhra Mahasabha) was formed in November 1921 and focused on educating the Telangana masses in political consciousness. With leading members such as Madapati Hanumantha Rao, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao and M. Narsing Rao, their activities included urging shopkeepers to resist offering gifts to government officials and encouraging workers to resist the beggar (free labor) system. requested at the request of the State). Alarmed by his activities, the nizam passed a powerful nauseating order in 1929, requiring all public gatherings to obtain prior permission. But the organization persisted in mobilizing on social issues like protection of ryots, women's rights, abolition of devadasi system and purdah, elevation of dalits, etc. He turned to politics in 1937, passing a resolution calling for responsible government. Soon after, it split along moderate-extremist lines. The Andhra Mahasabha's move into politics also inspired similar movements in Marathwada and Karnataka in 1937, giving rise to the Maharashtra Parishad Karnataka Parishad respectively.
In the 1890s, the Arya Samaj, a pan-Indian Hindu reform movement, was established in the state and engaged in a massive program of religious conversion, first in Bhir and Bidar districts. By 1923, it opened a branch in the city of Hyderabad. His mass conversion program in 1924 led to tensions, with the first clashes occurring between Hindus and Muslims. The Arya Samaj allied with the Hindu Mahasabha, another pan-Indian Hindu communal organization, which also had branches in the state. The anti-Muslim sentiments represented by the two organizations were particularly strong in Marathwada.
In 1927, the first Muslim political organization, Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (Council for Muslim Unity, Ittehad for short), was formed. His political activity was scant during the initial decade, apart from setting the goals of uniting Muslims and expressing loyalty to the ruler. However, it functioned as a "watchdog" of Muslim interests and defended the privileged position of Muslims in government and administration.
1938 Satyagraha
Hyderabad Flag
Flag of the Hyderabad nizams to ca. 1900.
Flag of the Hyderabad nizams, ca. 1900–1947.
Flag of Hyderabad, 1947–1948.
Flag of Hyderabad, 1948–1956.
The flag of the nizams was traditionally yellow (later darkened, looking to resemble saffron) with a white disc in the center.
This flag remained under British protection but by 1900 a new flag had been adopted. The State flag had two colors that appear to be green and red (this flag only appears in black and white photos, so the colors cannot be confirmed). The banner of the nizam was a single color (probably green) with the crescent and star.
On August 15, 1947, a new flag, known as Asafia, was raised. The version drawn here corresponds to the one indicated by André Flicher and coincides with the one that appears on a postage stamp, but there are other versions that present some differences. The nizam's banner was identical but bore Arabic inscriptions at the top and bottom.
Haiderabad Coat of Arms
Nizam seal, 1911–1947.
Hyderabad Shield, 1947–1948.
Shield of Hyderabad, 1948–1956.
Until 1947 there was no coat of arms that could be considered national, but rather a seal of the nizam, which varied with each sovereign.
In 1911 the seal of the new nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan was established. In 1947 the seal with additives became de facto the coat of arms of the independent state of Haiderabad.