Huelva

Huelva is a Spanish municipality, capital of the homonymous province, located in the autonomous community of Andalusia. The city is located at the confluence of the Tinto and Odiel rivers, in the so-called Ría de Huelva. According to INE data, as of January 1, 2021, it had a population of 142,538 inhabitants, and just over 240,000 including its metropolitan area according to POTA. It has been the capital of the province since 1833, with the rank of city since 1876.

The city has been a meeting point for different cultures and civilizations. In 2006, in an area close to the Diocesan College, remains dating between 3000 and 2500 BC were found. C., long before the Tartessos, in addition to discovering the remains of a prehistoric whale in the heart of the city. The discovery of two cylindrical deposits, with around thirty pieces of prehistoric deities, the largest known to date, they would place in the Huelva capital "the oldest city in the Iberian Peninsula" and "the oldest city in Western Europe". Despite everything, historians agree in pointing to the X century B.C. C. as that of the foundation of the urban nucleus by the Phoenicians with the name of Onuba Aestuaria, in the current lower part and outside the walls of a Tartessian enclave that occupied the current upper part.

In the XIX century, with the purchase of the copper mines in the north of the province, an impressive process of industrialization and growth in the city that assumes a significant population and industrial growth. Again, since the XX century the city is also economically linked to the chemical industry. Therefore, it has a large Industrial Development Pole (chemical industries, oil refinery, copper metallurgy, cellulose and thermal power plants), which according to some opinions has favored the economic development of the city and according to others is an example of the environmental deterioration caused by the concentration of those same industries. The tertiary sector and the fishing sector are also considerably important in the city. Due to its Atlantic location —in the Gulf of Cádiz—, it has an important fishing fleet and one of the largest freezer fleets in the country.

Being the capital of the province, it also houses the main public services in the area, both provincial, regional and state. Due to his connection to the Discovery of America, he also has an important Americanist feeling and ties with Ibero-American entities.

Toponymy

The name of the city of Huelva comes from the ancient Onuba which appears as Ὄνοβα in Greek sources and as Onuba or Onuba Aestuaria in the latinas. The term comes from one of the pre-Roman languages of the peninsula and its meaning is unknown, although the presence of a suffix -oba or -uba is detected in it, which also it appears in other place names such as Ossonoba, Corduba or Salduba. The form Olba is also documented according to the German archaeologist Adolf Schulten in his work on Tartessos.

In the XVII century, Rodrigo Caro, based on the appearance of the place name in classical authors (Pomponio Mela, Plinio el Viejo, Estrabón and Ptolomeo) supposed that Onuba was the current town near Gibraleón and that in Huelva there was a supposed city called Hibera, although in 1775 Antonio Jacobo del Barco challenged this comparison, demonstrating that the city of Huelva was the old Onuba. The existence of another "Onuba" in the Córdoba area, in the current municipality of El Carpio, contributed to this confusion.

In Arab times the place name appears in forms such as Gaelbah or Umba, although the most documented form is Welba, identical to the current form in normative Castilian and result of the phonetic evolution from Latin to Romance: Onuba > *Huenoba > *Smell > Huelva.

The name «Onuba» has been frequently used by various companies and institutions in the city in the XX century and is the base of the name of the people of the city and the province: onubenses.

Symbols

According to the municipal agreement of March 28, 2003 and subsequent resolution of the Junta de Andalucía of September 29, 2004, the municipal heraldry of Huelva is the following:

• Shield: in a field of silver, tree (olive) in the center accompanied to the right of a castle and to the left of an anchor, ored with the inscription «Portus maris et terrae custodian» and sown by ducal crown.
• Flag: rectangular shape, white with a given or square blue in the center.

Although the approved heraldic description does not include reference to the colors of the enamels, these have traditionally been: azure for the border, anchor in saber, castle in gold. In addition, it has always been loaded on gold parchment.

Geography

Huelva is located on a small peninsula at the confluence of the Tinto and Odiel rivers, on the so-called flat land belonging to the Guadiana basin. It is located a few kilometers from it, from which it is separated by an estuary and several islands. The two rivers merge at the point known as Punta del Sebo (or Huelva Peninsula or Anicoba). The city center is located at an altitude of 24 meters, while the municipality's altitude varies from sea level to 68 meters in Conquero, located practically in the urban area.

Northwest: San Bartolomé de la Torre	North: Gibraleón	Northeast: San Juan del Puerto
West: Aljaraque and the Odiel River		This: Moguer, Palos de la Frontera and Río Tinto
Southwest: The Romance and the Atlantic Ocean	South: Punta Umbría and Atlantic Ocean	Sureste: Mazagon and Atlantic Ocean

La Punta del Sebo decades before the implementation of the Huelva chemical pole. For years it was a meeting place for the onubens who enjoyed "the beach of Huelva"

The municipality of Huelva is located in what is known as the flat land zone or great coastal plain belonging to the Bética Depression in an area where formations of marshes, pipes, lagoons, estuaries abound, together with sand areas. It is made up mainly of very fine materials, normally clays, and exposed to both continental and maritime dynamics with materials that are not yet very consolidated. Its location is important at the confluence and mouth of the Tinto and Odiel rivers, the two most important and emblematic of the entire province. The Tinto River, which rises in the eastern Andévalo mountains, is a dead river (if we except the organisms called extremophiles) due to the large amount of dissolved minerals that its waters carry, a product of the intense activity that took place in the Riotinto mining basin, located to the north; Despite everything, when it reaches the city limits, the dynamics of the river change due to the influence of the water that enters from the Atlantic. Sheltered from the sea by the "Barra de Huelva", to the south the city is delimited by marshes, the Huelva estuary and the different islands (Saltés, Enmedio, Bacuta, del Burro...) that make up an important natural area.

Within the urban core, the geological formations locally known as “cabezos”, slopes or tertiary formations consisting of mounds of clayey earth and isolated by flat terrain covered with Mediterranean vegetation, stand out as geological formations. In some cases, these have been integrated into the landscape such as the Cabezo del Conquero while others such as the Molino de Viento, De la Horca or the De la Joya have disappeared as a result of human intervention showing some archaeological remains.

Climate

The climate of Huelva is a typical Mediterranean climate, which corresponds, according to the Köppen climate classification, with the Mediterranean climate Csa. Its temperature regime is maritime, with an annual average of 18.2 °C, which makes this city one of the warmest in Europe and receiving 2,969 hours of sunshine per year. In 2007, Huelva was the sunniest city of Spain, with 3120 hours of sunshine, according to the data available to the National Institute of Statistics, collected in its statistical yearbook. The hottest months are July and August, where temperatures of 40°C are occasionally reached in summer. The coldest month is January, when the minimum is around 6 °C and the maximum is 16 °C.

On February 2, 1954, a very unusual phenomenon occurred on the Huelva coast, despite its proximity to the sea: due to an intense storm from the north, there was a snowfall that lasted about 3 hours and some 40 centimeters of snow. In some places in the cities of Huelva or Isla Cristina the snow did not melt until a week had passed. There hasn't been such an important snowfall since 1881. This type of snowfall has an average return period of fifty years.

Average climatic parameters of Huelva (19) m. n. m.(reference period: 1984-2010, extremes: 1984-2022)
Month	Ene.	Feb.	Mar.	Open up.	May.	Jun.	Jul.	Ago.	Sep.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Annual
Temp. max. abs. (°C)	24.0	27.6	31.6	33.0	38.9	40.7	43.9	43.4	42.0	35.6	28.4	24.6	43.9
Average temperature (°C)	16.2	17.8	20.7	22.0	25.2	29.0	32.7	32.4	29.4	24.9	20.0	16.9	23.9
Average temperature (°C)	11.0	12.4	14.7	16.1	19.2	22.8	25.8	25.8	23.4	19.5	14.9	12.3	18.2
Temp. medium (°C)	5.9	7.0	8.8	10.3	13.2	16.6	18.9	19.1	17.3	14.1	9.8	7.6	12.4
Temp. min. abs. (°C)	-3.2	-2.2	-1.2	1.6	5.8	8.4	12.4	14.0	10.0	6.6	0.8	-2.2	-3.2
Total precipitation (mm)	71.1	50.3	37.6	47.5	29.1	7.8	2.6	4.1	25.9	67.9	78.7	99.4	524.7
Precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)	7.1	5.5	4.3	6.0	3.8	1.1	0.2	0.4	2.4	6.4	6.3	7.9	51.5
Hours of sun	165	171	229	255	296	341	366	340	268	211	176	151	2969
Relative humidity (%)	77	74	68	65	62	57	51	55	61	69	73	78	66
Source: State Meteorology Agency

Demographics

Huelva has 142,538 inhabitants, according to the municipal register (INE, as of January 1, 2021). The figure has dropped: in 2011, 148,918 inhabitants (INE 2011), 150,593 according to the city council's statistics department. The city had a significant population boom as a result of the exploitation of the mines in the province in the XIX century and the construction of the Development Pole already in the 1960s. If in 1787 the city had 5,377 inhabitants and in 1857 with 8,519, from 1887 there was significant growth, reaching the population of 18,195 inhabitants. From then on, this increase in inhabitants is significant, from 21,359 in the first year of the XX century to 56,427 forty years later. In 1960 it reached 74,384 registered Huelva residents and ten years later, with the Polo already in operation, it reached 96,689. The great demographic growth continued until 1991: 127,806 in 1981 and 144,479 in 1991.

In the last twenty years there has been a demographic stagnation, which not even immigration has substantially energized. Thus, the city only manages to exceed 145,000 inhabitants in 2005, although the growth is transferred to its metropolitan area, reaching 240,000 in 2010. The 2007 census indicates a foreign population in the urban center of 5,654 people, the majority of them (15.14%) coming from Morocco.

Graphic of demographic evolution of Huelva between 1842 and 2017

Population of law according to population censuses of the INE.Population according to the 2017 municipal register.

History

Tartesians, Phoenicians and Romans

Plaza de las Monjas, following the reform of 2006. The city's nerve centre in principle was part of the stables of the Duques de Medina-Sidonia Palace

From the mythical Tartessian kingdom of Argantonio to the Roman Empire, the Vandal and Visigothic colonization or the settlement of cultures such as the Arab gave splendor to the south of the peninsula and turned the province of Huelva into a true melting pot in which what Today it is the Andalusian reality.

It has been common to associate the Isla de Saltés in Huelva with the capital of Tartessios. This was done, in his Ora Maritima, by the Roman poet Rufus Festus Avienus in the fourth century when you could refer to it as the "island between two rivers". Earlier, Strabo (III,5,5) spoke of the voyages of Phoenician sailors to the area from the VIII century to. The truth is that between the legend and the biblical reference —the Tarschish of The Book of Kings—, Tartesios contacted the Greek world in the middle of the century VII a. c.

Traditions and myths moved not a few romantics and researchers, such as Adolf Schulten, to search in these lands, between the Guadiana and the Guadalquivir, treasures of incalculable value that were attributed to this people settled in the rich land of Tharsis or Tartessians. In any case, it is clear, and it has been confirmed archaeologically, that an advanced culture flourished in these lands thanks to contact with the indigenous element, dedicated to herding and agriculture, with other Easterners, Phoenicians, resulting in a relevant metallurgical and commercial culture in the dawn of the final bronze. The splendid Tartessian kingdom disappeared between 530 and 508 B.C. C. when the Punics manage to prohibit Greek trade with this area. That implies a possible crisis in the city that sinks the economy and demography. But even in crisis, the city continues to be permanently inhabited as its location (mines, river, sea) is strategic for new towns.

From where I suspect that the ancient population was very narrow and more of fortress [...] than of large people; for the high land of the villa does not allow anything else....

Written in the centuryXV in reference to the cover of entrance to the remains of villa or Roman fortress.

... there is a hermitage [...] that call Our Lady of the Coronada Ribbon, where there is a very devoting image and many miracles, and near it an ancient aqueduct, which below the earth gives very good water and enough to the villa.

Rodrigo Caro.

Few visible remains of the Roman presence in the city remain, slowly disappearing over centuries of oblivion. From the sites studied (aqueduct, various domus, factories) the relative importance of the city is inferred, at least as a commercial port. The first modern studies on the Roman presence in the city date from the mid-XVIII century by the religious Jacobo del Barco, from Agustín de Mora years later or the excavations of M. del Amo in the XX century. The truth is that the area had an important demographic and cultural base for a rapid Romanization of its inhabitants to take place from the I span>. Strabo himself cites the city of Onuba placing it in the Baeturia Celtica and shortly after, probably, Pomponio Mela does so, referring to it as Cnoba. But it will be Pliny the Elder who geographically locates it in his work Naturalis Historia mentioning it as Onuba Aestuaria and between the rivers Urium and Luxia (Red wine and Odiel):

... a flumine Ana litore oceani oppidum Onoba, Aestuaria cognominatum, inter confluentes Luxiam et Vrium.

Plinio el Viejo.

Scientific research from this period reached its culminating moment in 2000, when a necropolis was found in the old French College that made it possible to delimit the city more precisely.

The Middle Ages: from the Taifa kingdom of Huelva to 1492

Madina Welba, little considerable but well-populated, girded by stone wall, provided with bazaars in which they do business and exercise in various offices.

Al-Idrisi. Arab geographer

(Welba is) a warehouse located west of Al-Andalus, in a gull of the Dark Sea.

Yakut. Arab geographer

Historical research on the Visigothic period in Huelva is very scarce and full of gaps, which is why the so-called "Welba" from the Muslim period is much better known.

At the beginning of the VIII century, the south of the peninsula was very quickly occupied by the Arabs, with the urban center of Huelva conquered in 713 by Abd-al-Aziz. From the occupation we can consider two urban centers or cities:

• Welba (o) Gaelbah or Umba), which corresponds to the current city and developed from the previous Roman urban structure. The human settlements were preferably located on the slopes of the heads, finding the first evidence of population in the current Cabezo de San Pedro, with an Alcazaba that was the forerunner of the already disappeared Christian castle
• Xaltis (the current Salt Island), of which it is known was protected by a fortress of 70×40 meters of perimeter.

Political Situation of Huelva on the Iberian Peninsula to 1037 where the kingdoms of Huelva and the near city of Niebla are appreciated

In 1012, Abd al-Aziz al-Bakri erected the taifa kingdom of Huelva, granting himself the title of lord of Umba and Xaltis (Huelva and Saltés). The kingdom was economically secure and strong for forty years until the war with the kingdom of Seville. In 1052 the Taifa kingdom of Niebla fell into the hands of Al-Mutadid and Abd al-Aziz had to retire, being confined to the island of Saltés.

Regarding the Christian period, it is known that the city was taken, first, by Íñigo de Mendoza in 1238 and finally, by the troops of Alfonso X, in 1262. From then on it will be governed by various nobles such as Juan Mathe de Luna, Diego López de Haro or Juan Alonso de la Cerda until the year 1351 when its rights as a city of some importance were confirmed. María de la Cerda, Lady of Huelva and the Island of Saltés, of the House of Medinaceli, contributed the town of Huelva as a dowry to the marriage with the first Duke of Medina Sidonia, but when she died without issue, her house claimed the Duke the return of the town, which was not carried out by the Guzmans. For this reason, around 1466, a long lawsuit arose between the two houses over the town that would not end until 1509 when, on the death of the third duke, Fernando el Católico authorized the governors of the manor to pay 10,000,000 maravedíes to the House of Medinaceli in compensation for Huelva, which would remain under the jurisdictional dominion of the House of Medina Sidonia until the abolition of the dominions in 1812.

This late-medieval Huelva of the Tinto and Odiel estuaries, related to neighboring towns and Portugal, and a series of scientific and technical bases developed in the last years of the century XIV, will make you witness and agent of a transcendental event for the history of humanity: the Spanish arrival in America.

The discovery of America. The departure of Palos

Arrival from Christopher Columbus to America (12 October 1492). Many onubens were crew members of the expedition that had left Palos de la Frontera two months earlier (Biblioteca del Congreso de Estados Unidos)

Since the Treaty of Alcazobas in 1479, the African coasts were forbidden to Castilian sailors and, therefore, to those from Huelva. But the strong demographic and economic expansion of Castilla, together with the new advances and navigation techniques, allowed these lands and their people to become the most interested in carrying out future Atlantic expeditions. The arrival of Columbus in La Rábida and the support, together with the Crown, of various families from the towns of Palos de la Frontera, Moguer and San Juan del Puerto^{[citation required] made possible a feat to which the then small town of Huelva also contributed sailors.}

If all towns are proud of their «little history», these towns in Huelva are proud of a feat carried out by people from the land. The discovery of America and the relations between the province and the lands on the other side of the ocean are, and have always been, something present in the collective memory of this people. Pierre Chaunu said that "Columbus arrived in Portugal fifty years too late and in England and France half a century too soon." He arrived on the shores of Huelva at the opportune moment. In these Colombian lands, the reflections of this tremendous adventure that marked the idiosyncrasy and culture of generations of Huelva people remained.

In that event, various men from Huelva stood out, who were later joined on new voyages by names such as Alonso Pérez Nizardo who discovered the island of Trinidad, Fernán Hernández and Antonio García Ribas who were crew members of the Ovando Navy Juan Álvarez « El manquillo de Huelva» who participated in the Conquest of Mexico piloting a ship with Antón de Alaminos and Esteban Rodríguez who held the rank of major pilot in the Legazpi Navy. In addition, Captain Alonso Galeote participated in the conquest of Mexico, who would later be the encomendero of the town of San Francisco Totimehuacan.

Huelva de los Austrias and the crisis

Original nobiliary shield of the Duke of Medina Sidonia (building at the Palace Street)

Marginalized from the traffic to America in favor of Cádiz or Seville, the city continues to develop despite everything. The port grew and important facilities were built, sadly missing today, such as the Arco de la Estrella, which served as the gateway to the city from the port. But at the end of the XVI century, the city stopped growing, especially when compared to most cities in the kingdom. There are several reasons for this, but the important migratory flow to America, the attacks by Barbary pirates or the recurring plague epidemics stand out above all.

The 17th century does not bring anything good either; the war with Portugal, the fall of the Duke of Medina Sidonia or the new plague of 1650 that carried off almost half of the inhabitants will continue to stagnate the city. It will not be until the last quarter of the century when a demographic and economic recovery becomes evident. Thus, in 1658, King Felipe IV declared the city "free and exempt from levies and recruits people for the militia".

18th century

He began by a large underground noise, accompanied by a violent crash of the buildings, like other tremors, which we have suffered, and this would last like a minute. Having loosed for a brief moment, he repeated the noise much more frightening, following a movement of ripples, or on one side, and on the other side of all the walls, which was enlarged more and more, and in its greater strength he changed into another movement, which raised the earth upwards, and with it jumped the strongest towers and buildings.

Jacobo del Barco, 1756

On November 1, 1755 at 10:00 a.m., an intense seismic movement (8.5 on the Richter scale) occurred at a point in the Atlantic Ocean no more than 300 km from Lisbon. Its duration was six minutes, and it shook cities and souls of most of the Iberian Peninsula. In the province it was felt especially strongly and in the capital it killed eight people and affected most of the buildings.

In his work On the earthquake of November 1, 1755, the vicar of Huelva, Antonio Jacobo del Barco, described the effects of an earthquake that would change most of the appearance of the city. The destruction of the buildings, mostly temples, and the slow growth of the city in those centuries meant that a large part of the capital's heritage prior to the earthquake disappeared as the churches of San Pedro, La Concepción, the Convent of La Merced and even monuments that have already disappeared, such as the Castle or the Arco de la Estrella.

Villa de Huelva and the collombinous Places in 1735

In this site [...] we understand how delicious and useful it can be to care for human life. [...] there are fertilisers of all grains, [...] abundant pastures that are the best for the cattle, whose pastures there are of exquisite flavor. He had beautiful dehesas, abundant drinkers, dilated countryman...

Juan Agustín de Mora Negro y Garrocho (1762).

In the first quarter of the XVIII century the coast of Huelva became safer and, above all, modernization took place in fishing techniques and gear. In addition, the fact of moving the House of Contracting to the city of Cádiz allows a considerable increase in the number of vessels that stop and are supplied in the port of the city. It is in this century when customs opens and the dukes of Medina Sidonia locate their treasury in Huelva. After the 1755 earthquake, the city was rebuilt, growing rapidly and in 1811 it passed into the hands of the Spanish Crown. It would be in 1823 when the division by provinces that exists today would be made. The old kingdom of Seville is divided into parts, creating two new administrative delimitations: Huelva and Cádiz. Ten years later it became the provincial capital according to the administrative division of Javier de Burgos.

19th century to the present. The British imprint

Casas del Barrio Inglés de Huelva, known as Barrio Reina Victoria.

Since the last quarter of the XIX century, due to exploitation of the Mining Basin in the north of the province through In charge of the Rio Tinto Company Limited (RTC), the city became a small English territory. This occurred after the sale by the State of the thousand-year-old Riotinto mines in 1873. The RTC undertook the construction of a mining railway to the capital and a shipping dock for the output of the mineral to the Atlantic. On the right bank of the Odiel another wharf-pier had already been built, where the railway line operated by the Tharsis Sulfur and Copper Company Limited arrived. This allowed an important expansion of the city due to the arrival of workers from the rest of the country, especially from Andalusia, Badajoz and Galicia, and even from nearby Portugal. Thus, the nucleus grew and the population of the areas closest to the marshes became necessary, creating the neighborhoods of Las Colonias and El Matadero.

Riotinto mineral pier, maximum exponent of industrial architecture in the city

This growth is accompanied by the development of the railway. In 1880 the Seville-Huelva line was inaugurated, which allows a connection with the Seville capital and the Guadalquivir valley. Nine years later the Zafra-Huelva line will come into service, which allows the connection with Extremadura and the later called Ruta de la Plata railway. At that time, the capital of Huelva had up to three stations (Huelva-Término, Huelva-Odiel and Riotinto), which resulted in a large network of railway facilities. The city began to turn its back on the Ría del Odiel because the railway closed the expansion of the urban nucleus.

Likewise, the old Onuba, already seriously damaged after the Lisbon Earthquake, will gradually disappear while the city grows very disjointed and begins to form its characteristic "crescent" shape that would not normalize until the beginning of the century XXI. Despite everything, the atmosphere of the city changes enormously. From a fishing village of small and modest buildings, the Casa Colón, the Reina Victoria or Barrio Obrero neighborhood, the Velódromo square, the Huelva-Término station, the Tinto, Levante and Tharsis docks, were born on the occasion of this legacy. as well as the garages of the port.

It should be noted that due to its large Anglo-Saxon and German population, the capital played an important role during World War II. Thus, the existence of numerous Allied and Nazi spies, businessmen from the city and diplomats —such as the German consul Franz Ludwig Clauss—, who controlled each other and who considered the city a strategic enclave thanks to its port, was notable. In this sense, there were many Allied ships that suffered sabotage and were even bombed by German planes from the Tablada air base in Seville. Proof of this is the wreck at the mouth of the estuary.

But where the role of the city was really important is in what is known as Allied Operation Mincemeat, when the British secret service left the remains of an alleged English soldier with false documentation in the nearby Punta Umbría, which was intercepted by the Nazis thanks to the help of the local authorities, as the British Army had well predicted. The fact that the Germans believed this setup was ultimately crucial to their defeat.

As we came to the Capital, I wanted Platero to see the Vergel... We arrived in dispatch, downward fence, in the thick shadow of the acacias and bananas, which are still loaded. The Pass of Platero resonates in the large slabs that polish the irrigation, blues from sky to ceilings and white ceilings of fallen flower that, with the water, exhales a vague sweet and fine aroma. What freshness and smell come out of the garden, which also soaks the water, by the succession of dripping yedra of the fence! Inside, kids play. And between its white waves, passes, squeak and dyeer, the stroller's waist, with its purple bands and its green awning; the boat of the Vellanero, all engalanado de granate y oro, with the salads of peanuts and its steaming chimney; the girl of the balloons, with its giant flying cluster, blue, green and red; the chimney In the sky, by the dough of greenish already touched from the evil of autumn, where the cypress and the palm endure, better seen, the yellowish moon is lit, among pink clouds...

Platero and me, I chose Andalusian, Juan Ramón Jiménez (1914)

Panoramic Huelva from the river, in Marismas del Odiel. The small port that for years could not compete with the closest of Moguer or Palos de la Frontera was developed since the end of the centuryXIX with the entry of foreign capital. The mineral traffic from the mines of the province led to rapid growth of the area but at the same time imposed a strong toll on the city that stopped growing towards its ria. The image shows the cranes of the inner port (very small compared to the outer port), the ice factories and a small customs surveillance vessel. Behind the new buildings of neighborhoods like "Zafra" begin to be seen, and more towards the interior the elevation of the city because of the existence of the bonds. After a centuryXX. the new municipal interventions try to bring Huelva closer to its river

Starting in the XX century, the slowly developing Huelva of past centuries would change so rapidly that its orographic conditions They begin to be seen as an impediment. For this reason, the areas surrounding the estuary begin to be separated from part of the city with the construction of railway branches, and some heads, whose slopes had been inhabited for centuries, begin to be dismantled.

The first decades of the 20th century are a continuation of the developmental changes begun at the end of the XIX. It is a city that is slowly shaping its physiognomy and whose Institute of Education "La Rábida" hosts the first studies of a Juan Ramón Jiménez.

During the Spanish civil war, the capital was occupied by the army in rebellion against the Second Republic on July 29, 1936, eleven days after the military coup, at which time the commander of the Legion José de Viena declared the state of war. It is estimated that during the uprising and the following years of repression, six people were killed by the Republican side and some seven hundred and fifty by the rebel side.

During the military dictatorship, and in order to revitalize the area, is when the chemical pole was built as part of the development poles, which will bring a large number of emigrants to the city from the rest of the province. It was the time of the Spanish economic miracle (1959-1973). Thus, between the years 1960 and 1981 the population of the city increased vertiginously, increasing by more than 50,000 new inhabitants.

It is with the advent of democracy when the city's institutions are consolidated, neighborhood associations are born and the city grows in services.

Administration and politics

Provincial institutions

The Provincial Council of Huelva is the provincial body chaired by María Eugenia Limón, from the PSOE. It was created during the Liberal Triennium (1820-1823) in a first period and then on November 16, 1835 in a second. It currently manages and organizes the powers of the municipalities of the province at different levels. It has its headquarters in the city, on Martín Alonso Pinzón avenue. The distribution of deputies is as follows: PSOE: 13 deputies, PP: 13 deputies and IU: 1 deputy.

Municipal government

Huelva City Council is the body with the greatest powers and public officials in the city. It has its headquarters on Avenida Martín Alonso Pinzón, Plaza de la Constitución, since 1949, when it was decided to build its own permanent municipal palace for the city, contrary to what happened before, in which different buildings were used. from the city. Councilors are elected every four years, by universal suffrage, by those over 18 years of age. It is chaired by the mayor since the 2015 municipal elections, Gabriel Cruz Santana, from the PSOE. The political parties present at the local level, in addition to the PSOE, are the Popular Party, United Left, Cs, Mesa de la Ría and Participa Huelva. The City Council is responsible for the construction of municipal facilities and regulates the daily life of citizens, dealing with issues such as urban planning, transport, municipal tax collection, road safety management, maintenance of public roads and of the gardens... through the departments of Urban Planning, Public Safety and Human Resources, the Interior, Labor Relations, Education and University, Family, Social Services and Youth, Culture and Major Festivals, Sports, Housing and Rehabilitation and Citizen Attention and Consumption. This was how, after more than two decades Pedro Rodríguez (PP) governed the city of Huelva, it was taken over by the Socialist Party.

The Town Hall, built in 1949. Until then the city had lacked a fixed building to house the municipal palace

Municipal elections

Evolution of outstanding debt

The concept of outstanding debt includes only debts with savings banks and banks related to financial credits, fixed-income securities and loans or credits transferred to third parties, excluding, therefore, commercial debt. The outstanding municipal debt per inhabitant in 2014 amounted to €1,240.63.

Live Debt Development Graphic of Huelva City Council between 2008 and 2021

Living debt of Huelva City Council in thousands of euros according to data from the Ministry of Finance and Public Service.

Territorial organization

Barriada de Santa María del Pilar, emerged at the end of the centuryXX. and developed in the early 2000s around the Avenue of Andalusia. The neighborhoods of this area are the exponents of the so-called "New Huelva"

Plan of the urban area of Huelva with the river surrounding part of the city

The city is subdivided into 48 neighborhoods around the historic center of the city, the port and the cabezos. Past urban plans shaped a city to a certain extent far from the estuary, with large lots forming an urban nucleus in the shape of a crescent, a structure consolidated with the arrival of new population after the implantation of the development pole. Thus, from the 1960s, new neighborhoods such as La Orden, El Higueral, Tres Ventanas and Hispanidad or Riotinto Minera were populated, increasing their total population by 50,000 inhabitants. This was already foreseen in the first General Urban Planning Plan in 1964 with the idea of accommodating this new population that was expected could even reach 250,000 inhabitants. But the "mutant" city was difficult to control and exceeded the limits and deadlines imposed by the plan. The Príncipe Juan Carlos, Santa Marta, Verdeluz, Pérez Cubillas and Los Rosales neighborhoods are hastily preparing to welcome immigrants who come to work. Likewise, La Orden grows uncontrollably becoming one of the most densely populated neighborhoods.

In the 1990s, the city undertook the construction of Avenida de Andalucía and finally closed the crescent that divided the city in two. It is already in the first five years of the XXI century when the avenue extends until it connects with the A-49 motorway and in a new PGOU new neighborhoods are built around it such as Nueva Huelva or La Florida. Facing the XXI century the great project for the future of the city has the slogan Huelva look at the estuary i>. It includes a promenade, a marina, a shopping center, the expansion of the Nuevo Colombino, a cathedral, the new Huelva station, museums and theaters, a conference center, the new fairgrounds, and large green areas.

Zafra district, at sunset

At the end of the XX century and in the early 2000s, attempts were made to close the gaps of the city and urban plans are drawn up for the area of the estuary. The different neighborhoods of the city grouped by zones are distributed as follows:

1. The downtown area of the city, which makes up what is historic centre and complemented by the new neighbourhoods close to the river and the port of Fisheries (as a connection to the future widens) and Zafrain which there are different headquarters of the autonomous government.
2. Barriads of Molino de la Vega where part of it corresponds to industrial zones of the port, and Christmas, The Colonies, Saint Lucia, Cardeñas. Between the port and the entrance to the city by Gibraleón, part of these neighborhoods are composed of low houses built on the slopes of the heads.
3. El Carmen, The Order, Santa Marta, Moret-City Sports Park, Mayor Diego Sayago (El torrejón), Prince Philip. They are sweeps of transition between the lower and upper part of the city, many of them designed around the city's headlines.
4. Urbanization Verdeluz, Hispanity, Urbanization Santa María del Pilar, Jardines Sierra de Huelva, Florida, Vistalegre. Around the expansion of the avenue of Andalusia with many newly built homes.
5. San Antonio, The Adoratrics, The three windows.
6. Polygon of San Sebastian, The Higueral, José Antonio, The Rosales, Pinar de Balbueno, The Countess.
7. Pérez Cubillas, The Rocío, Vicente Yañez PinzónMartin Alonso Pinzón, The tape, Balbueno.
8. From Jesus, Tartesian, The Killer, Queen, Huerta Mena, Guadalupe, Viaplana, Villa Conchita, The Polvorin.
9. The Seminar, San Sebastián, Prince Juan Carlos.
10. Seminated (complete to Titan Marismas and Punta del Sebomost industrial areas.
11. The cemetery area and the towns of La Ribera, The Alcheria and Peguerillas.

Consular Representation

Huelva is home to four consulates, from those countries with which there are the greatest number of trade relations or the presence of immigrants from those countries in the area. Being a seaport implies that there are several delegations in the city.

Economy

The city's economy is based on two basic pillars: industry (chemical pole, port and shipyards) and the service sector.

Primary sector

Traditionally the city has been a fishing port. The establishment of the industry gradually took away space from the port, although currently the city has an important fish market in the inner port that moves around 44,000 kg and approximately 127,000 euros a month in fish and about 11,000 kg and 288,000 euros per month in molluscs or shellfish. There are also facilities in the port (both exterior and interior) related to refrigerated warehouses, ice factories and offices for shipowners. On the other hand, industrial factors and the geographical situation of the city mean that the agricultural use of the land (as opposed to the surrounding towns) is scarce, with sunflower, wheat and orange crops dominating almost exclusively (according to SIMA 2005). In recent years, a business park with a polygon has been created agri-food, transport city and business center by the City Council and the Ministry of Public Works and SEPES, which aims to relaunch these sectors of employment.

Salinas en las Marismas del Odiel

Secondary sector

The Chemical Pole, installed in the towns of Huelva and Palos de la Frontera, is the main economic engine of the city. The private shipyards (Astilleros de Huelva S.A.) also stand out, offering great economic revitalization to the city.

Tertiary sector

Huelva capital is experiencing a boom in terms of tourism. It nourishes its tourism of visitors from nearby circuits (Sierra de Huelva, Columbian Places, Seville, Portugal) and especially from the beaches. The number of hotels in the city is currently 1,238 hotel beds (in 2006). Although there are short-term projects to expand the hotel offer in the city. Congress tourism (Casa Colón, University of Huelva and the nearby Ibero-American Forum of La Rábida in Palos de la Frontera) and even the so-called "industrial tourism" due to the existing complexes in the area or the mines in the area are on the rise. Mining Basin. The Provincial Tourist Board uses the slogan (for the province) "Huelva, the light" for its promotion and the city council uses the slogan "Huelva, Puerta del Atlántico » to value the history of the city (see section on tourism below) .

Therefore, the rise or crisis of the previously mentioned economic engines profoundly influences employment in the city. The data attached to the activity and occupation tables shown below may be outdated due to the current economic crisis (2009) labor activity is changing negatively with an increase in unemployment and disappearance of companies, among them many of the Polo.

Shipyards, in the inner port

Port of Huelva

Port shears

Currently, the port of Huelva is one of the Spanish ports with the greatest activity, competitiveness and growth, especially due to its strategic location for trade with Africa. It is divided into two sectors: the inner port (in the city) and the outer port (the main and provincial one).

• Interior port (composed by a dock). Built in 1972, the so-called Levante dock replaced lower-quality port facilities built between 1900 and 1910. It is the dock of the city that the least maritime traffic has but, being the most central and situated in the urban center, is considered as the authentic port of the city. It has as main traffic the fishing and movement of clean goods, such as paper paste, copper anodes and cathodes and tripoliphosphates. It stands out in a small area where the so-called Muelle or Glorieta de las Canoas is located and that it links Huelva with the town of Punta Umbría in summer through a tourist boat. Also interesting are the locomotives' coaches, reduct of the passage of the English companies through the city. It is also necessary to highlight in the resort of the port the Shipyards of Huelva, in the area of the entrance to the city by the Bridge-Sifón Santa Eulalia. It is also important as a fishing port given the ancient marine tradition of the city; therefore there is a wide fishing fleet specializing in seafood fishing (gamba, cigala, langostino) of the Gulf of Cadiz and different species of fish such as pears, gold, denton, pargo, sargo, tonguedos or acedias. Part of the fleet of Isla Cristina has in this port its base, as well as some of the main conserveras of Isla Cristina and Ayamonte. For its marketing there is a lonja that moves huge quantities of merchandise annually to different Spanish cities. It is also the headquarters of the patrol boats and Coast Guards.
• Outdoor port (composed by six docks). In 1965, the Industrial Pole began to be built in the area, so the works of the new port or Puerto Exterior to the south of the Rio Tinto are carried out. They started with the Petroleum Spring of Torre Arenilla and culminated in the Juan Gonzalo Engineer Pier, built between 1972 and 1975. At the end of the 60's the construction of the bridges of the Tinto (1967) and Puente-Sifón Santa Eulalia (1969) that link the docks (and the city) with different areas of the province. The ancient English docks of Tharsis and Río Tinto and the old fishing dock then lost their old activity. Thus, the transfer of activity to this new complex experiences a decisive impulse. It will be in 1975, coinciding with the expansion of the Industrial Polígono of the New Port, in the nearby town of Palos de la Frontera, when the port obtains an extension of its service zone in the Outer Port. Since then the port is the essential link of the companies of the pole. This situation was further confirmed by the construction in 1981 of the Juan Carlos I dam. This same development has gradually taken to the port south.

Its president is José Antonio Marín Rite, formerly president of the Andalusian Parliament, and its director is engineer Enrique Pérez Gómez.

Panoramic city from Saltés Island. In it the facilities of the interior port are appreciated

Chemical pole

Chemical Pole from the Natural Space of Marismas del Odiel

The city and the nearby towns have been linked, since the 1960s, to the chemical industry (oil refineries, natural gas or thermal power plants installed in the municipality or adjacent municipalities). The first intention to install an important industrial complex in the area arose in 1870 by José Monasterio Correa, but it was in 1964 when the Franco Government —during the mayoralty of Federico Molina— approved (Decree of June 30, 1964) the construction of an Industrial Promotion Pole that would change the geography, the population and the politics of the area in many aspects. Its installation in the area was due (among other things) to the high degree of underdevelopment and unemployment existing in the area at that time, and the need to take advantage of the huge and nearby mining production, making it possible for it to work and remain in the country.

Outside port of the chemical pole.

For this reason, the development of Huelva is undeniable, but so are the serious associated diseases and the significant ecological setback. Proof of this is that the Chemical Pole tends to divide citizens between those who see it as the city's economic motor and those who see it as their first problem, affecting their health or destroying the surrounding ecosystems (in this sense, the companies' secrecy is evident).

Currently, the complex, with more than 1,500 ha (half on the land of the capital), is one of the most important industrial complexes in the country, with 16 companies currently operating (grouped under the name of AIQB) with a staff of more than 6000 workers. The companies are Air Liquide, Algry, Aragonesas, Atlantic Copper, Cepsa, Enagás, Endesa, Ence, Cepsa Química, Fertiberia, FMC Foret, Repsol YPF, Unión Fenosa, Huntsman Tioxide.

As a result of the activities of Fertiberia, and to a lesser extent of FMC Foret, another 1,200 ha are indirectly occupied by the Chemical Complex. They are the phosphogypsum pools, which are located about 300 meters from the Pérez Cubillas neighborhood in Huelva, one kilometer from the urban center of the capital. Greenpeace establishes that the cancer rate in Huelva is the highest in Spain and recently denounced that the phosphogypsum rafts emit radiation 27 times above what is allowed. There is a citizen platform called the "Mesa de la Ría", which makes clear its concern about the negative effects of the Chemical Pole, both on the environment and on the health of the people of Huelva. This platform has unsuccessfully made several claims both to the city council and to different public institutions.

Commercial spaces

Market day in the old market of abastos del Carmen

The city has an important commercial focus, highlighting the commercial streets of the center and the traditional markets. The “Rastro” or street market, which is located on Fridays in the Recinto Colombino, near the port, has a great tradition. For food products there are several food markets, the largest of which is the Nuevo Mercado del Carmen, with a multitude of products, especially from the Huelva fish market. Finally, the Open Shopping Center of Huelva, located in the historic center of the city, allows you to do all kinds of shopping in pedestrian streets full of atmosphere.

In addition to traditional commerce, there are several shopping centers: the “Centro Comercial Aqualón”, next to the port, is a large building with an avant-garde design and which in some places even resembles the prow of a ship. The entrance square and its two panoramic elevators offer views of the adjoining park and the upper part, dedicated to leisure and restaurants, offers views of the estuary. Other shopping centers in the city are the Costa de la Luz shopping center, dedicated to the commercial firms of El Corte Inglés, on Avenida Federico Molina, the Puerta del Odiel shopping park, next to the Odiel bridge, the Marismas del Polvorín shopping park and the Holea Shopping Center, both on the H-30 ring road and the commercial spaces of the Polígono Agroalimentario de Huelva.

Services

Health

The city has a health service, both public and private, that serves the population of the city and part of the province. There are five hospitals in the city, of which three are public, included within the Juan Ramón Jiménez Hospital Area and dependent on the Andalusian Health Service (the Juan Ramón Jiménez Hospital, which cares for the population of the urban center and other nearby towns, the Vázquez Díaz Hospital of different specialties and the Infanta Elena Hospital, which cares for the population from different towns in the province). All of this is complemented by the Virgen de la Cinta specialty outpatient center and the different health centers in the neighbourhoods. There is also a private hospital, the Hospital Blanca Paloma, and private clinics. Dependent on the University of Huelva there is a faculty of nursing.

Education

Faculty of Merced. This building, which was originally a mercedary convent and subsequently a hospital, is one of the main headquarters of the university

University of Huelva

The University is located in three different areas of the capital: La Merced and Cantero Cuadrado in the downtown area and the modern Campus Universitario del Carmen, at the entrance to the city and axis of the new expansion of the complex. To this is added the Campus of La Rábida, outside the capital (in Palos de la Frontera). Its origin dates from the agreement of the Board for the creation of at least one provincial university in each Andalusian province, due to the increase in university students in the 1990s, segregating from the University of Seville on July 1, 1993. The first president of the Management Commission was Francisco Ruiz Berraquero and its first rector elected by the University Community was Ramírez de Verger, the current rector being Francisco José Martínez López. In this public institution —dependent on the Andalusian Government— various degrees are offered in the Currently, distributed among the following centers:

In addition, the University of Huelva registers this academic year 2017 a historic number of Erasmus students, a total of 685 students from about thirty countries have come to Huelva to pursue their academic studies attracted by the Huelva teaching offer. This number of Erasmus students places Huelva among the 50 best universities in Europe for receiving Erasmus students.

Transportation

Roads and highways

Huelva is directly connected to the capital of the autonomous community, Seville, 90 km away, and with Portugal 45 km away, via the V Centenario Highway (A-49), or E01, which doubles towards the H -30 ring road and the H-31 entrance to the town. Other entrance roads are the N-431 (towards Ayamonte and Seville), the N-441 towards Gibraleón and the north of the province or the A-492 towards Punta Umbría.

Buses

The city has a modern and equipped bus station from where all the lines that connect Huelva with the rest of the municipalities of the province, as well as with the rest of Andalusia, Spain and Portugal depart. Although different companies provide services, the main one is the Huelva-based private company DAMAS S.A.

Railroad

Regarding the railway network, from the Huelva Renfe station (known as Seville station) the Huelva-Seville route is made up of three trains a day while improvements are planned on the current line to enhance the network Huelva-Zafra regional trains. The name that Renfe uses for these lines is 72 and 73. Likewise, a high-speed line connects Huelva with Madrid aboard the Alvia train (since June 2009). This route runs on the traditional track to Seville, where it automatically adapts to the high-speed track gauge. Currently there is only one round trip per day.

Maritime transport

Teide Volcano Ship, from the Huelva-Canarias Line

Huelva has a shipping line to the Canary Islands, operated by Naviera Armas. It has a frequency of once a week, with an approximate duration of 28 hours and arranging for the crossing of the flagship of the shipping company, called Volcán del Teide.

Air transportation

There is a project to create a public or private airport for the province. Currently the closest airports are:

• Seville Airport, Spain, 113 km
• Faro Airport (Portugal), 112 km

The lane-bici appears marked in red in different sections, some of them even have semaphoric regulation

Bike path

There are several sections of bike lanes around the city. Between the University on Avenida de Andalucía and Pablo Rada there is a corridor of several kilometers that leads to the center of the city, to which is added another that, starting from the Compañía Riotinto Wharf, connects, through footbridges, with Punta del Tallow. Finally, from the old Santa Eulalia Bridge-Sifon over the Odiel, there is an interurban one that connects with the town of Punta Umbría.

pedestrian zones

In the downtown area there is what is called a pedestrian island, different streets are completely pedestrian or semi-pedestrian to promote tourism, commerce and sustainability and with specific furniture. Traditionally the pedestrian artery The main street was made up of Concepción, Palacio, Arquitecto Pérez Carasa and Berdigón streets, but in recent years most of the central space of the city has been added, with special attention to the ends of Marina street and Martín Alonso Pinzón avenue. Since the end of 2009, the passage to road traffic has been semi-restricted.

Bus and taxi

Regarding urban transport, there are seven lines (as of January 27, 2014, currently nine lines) of the municipal bus company, EMTUSA, that run through the city. The main lines are:

As for the taxis, they are characterized by being white with two blue stripes. They can be stopped in the middle of the street, ordered by phone or through the stops designated for them.

Heritage

There are three Tourist Information points in the capital belonging to the Huelva City Council, located in the central Plaza de las Monjas, in the Barrio Obrero and in the Huelva Visitors Center, Puerta del Atlántico, located next to the emblematic Rio dock -Red. Also in the Coto Mora square, in front of the Gran Teatro, is the Tourist Office of the Junta de Andalucía, which provides information on the city, the entire province of Huelva and the Andalusian Community.

Natural environment, parks and gardens

Moret Park, located inside the urban center. Intentionally claimed by various organizations for many years has become the "green lung" of the city

The geographical location of the city, in the estuary of the Tinto and Odiel rivers, surrounded by “cabezos” and surrounded by marshes allows its natural environment to be diverse.

On the outskirts, two natural areas stand out. Las Marismas del Odiel make up a natural area located between the mouth of the Tinto and Odiel rivers and occupying 6775 hectares. It was declared a Biosphere Reserve by Unesco in 1983. In its lands, the remains of the Arab settlement of Saltish, the Isla de en medio or the Marisma del Burro stand out. Close to it is the Playa del Espigón Juan Carlos I, with fine golden sands on the side that faces the Atlantic, created as a result of the artificial construction of the Huelva breakwater. Already in the urban nucleus, the so-called "Cabezos" are interesting. The latter are elevations on which the marine lanis sit, around which different neighborhoods have developed. Although the city has not always known how to integrate them into its landscape and some have already disappeared, there are still visible heads such as Mundaka, La Joya, La Esperanza, San Pedro, La Almagra or, mainly, El Conquero, which is one of the places most prominent in the city for being the place of obligatory passage to visit the Sanctuary of the Cinta.

The main parks and gardens of the city are "Avenida Andalucía", a boulevard of gardens and fountains more than two kilometers long, which leads from the entrance to the city on the A-49/H-30 to Quintero Báez square in the very center of the city. It has several recreational areas, tents, fountains, gardens, cafeterias and a stage. Older are the Jardins del Muelle, also known as Parque de las Palomas, close to the port and the Rio Tinto company dock and where the monument to the sailor Alonso Sánchez is located, the work of the sculptor León Ortega. More avant-garde are the Zafra park, one of the largest in the city and where there is a monumental promenade made up of more than sixty sculptures by national artists that crosses the park from east to west, and the Alonso Sánchez park, which was built in the 80s and which is situated as a ziggurat on a hill from which you can see part of the city, the chemical complex, the Nuevo Colombino stadium and the estuary. It is a staggered construction, with different levels, in which its viewpoint and the central lower square stand out. But the oldest of all the gardens in Huelva is the Moret park, remodeled in 2007, which with more than seventy hectares is the largest park in the city and one of the largest in Andalusia. It has bike lanes, barbecues and an artificial lake. The second phase of the park is currently under construction, which includes, among others, an open-air amphitheater for 2,000 people.

Archaeological remains

Now it seems that the authorities, after years of disregarding their own history, are trying to worry about finding remains of ancient Onuba and Muslim Welba. Thus, there are several examples of archaeological interventions in the city. It should be noted that cities such as Mérida are beginning to be imitated, so the found elements are not buried but are integrated into the new constructions. Gone seem to be past actions revealed by travelers such as Richard Ford, who in 1831 commented that the city's Roman aqueduct was progressively disappearing as it served as a quarry for the local population. However, the City Council allows the holding of a market in an archaeological site protected as an Asset of Cultural Interest, suffering irreparable damage to two late Roman, Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Bronze Age remains.

Archaeological intervention for the value of the Roman remains of Domus Roman shop Sfera

• Archaeological zone of San Pedro. Late containment walls and Phoenicians and foundations of the castle of San Pedro that are in a private area are required for your visit. The remains of a century wall are also found in the building of houses of St. Peter’s Square.I. This complex is identified with the Onuba Aestuaria (name that the historian Plinio the old man gave Huelva)
• Also interesting are the remains of the Arab settlement of the island of Saltés (in a private space), the remains of the domus Roman centuryI (integrated in the present building of "Sfera" but in part visible from the interior and in which there are information panels for its interpretation), the remains of the underground aqueduct of the Vieja Fountain, Phoenician wall and funeral monument integrated in the building of houses of the Ivonne Cazenave square (in the old French school), the soterratean remains of the Roman building (in the square of the Monjas and in the nearbyXa. C. on the site of the seminar (currently in excavations). Also interesting are the remains of the medieval and Arab city in the solar of the soulgra.

Religious heritage

See also: Diocese of Huelva

Cathedral of La Merced

Huelva did not have its own Diocese until the 1950s. Among the existing temples in the city, the following stand out for their antiquity, symbolic or architectural value:

• Church of Saint Peter. Sevillian Mudejar style was erected in the centuryXIV about the remains of an old Mudejar mosque, so it is considered the oldest in the city. It is one of the most important religious groups in the city. The building is listed as a Cultural Interest Good on March 16, 1999.
• Cathedral of La Merced (Catedral of Our Lady of Merced). Located in the Plaza de la Merced, next to the headquarters of the university. It was built in 1605 and proclaimed a cathedral in 1953. Pictures of the sculptor Leon Ortega from the 1970s are housed in the stoves of his facade. It preserves the size of the Christ of Jerusalem and a beautiful image of the Virgin of the Cinta, patron of the city, of Martínez Montañes. It is waiting to be declared a Cultural Interest Good.
• Hermitage of Soledad. From the centuries XV-XVIwith important reforms in the centuryXVIII. Simple white building very linked to the history of Huelva, for the many uses it has had. This characteristic white hermitage is currently the seat of the Brotherhood of the Holy Burial, whose images are works of the sculptor Leo Ortega in its entirety as well as a large Crucified that presided over the altar of the church of the Conception until its recent reform.
• Sanctuary of La Cinta and Humilladero de la Cinta. In the head of the Conquero. This is a century buildingXV Gothic-showing style, although it probably settles on much older remains. He was visiting by Columbus before and after his trip in thanks to the Virgin of the Cinta for not having had any major evils. Interesting frescoes by Ignacio Zuloaga within that relate the scenes of the visit of Christopher Columbus to the Sanctuary as well as the fresh representative of the patron of the city in the central nave. From here you can get some beautiful snapshots of the marshes, the lower part of the city and the port as well as live some romantic sunsets.

Sanctuary of the Ribbon

• Church of the Conception. Built in 1515 and with major reforms following the 1755 earthquake. It is the second parish built in the city and it is believed that it is the first temple of Spain under the advocation of the Immaculate Conception. Gothic (interior) and baroque-like building on the outside. It preserves important works of neo-Contemporary neo-barroca religious imagery or the altarpiece of Hernán Ruiz, the Young.
• Church of the Miraculous or Church of Our Lady Star of the Sea. Located on Calle Rábida and erected between 1923 and 1929 by the architect Pérez Carasa. It displays a wide range of cross-section vaults and flame arches, pinnacles and capitals and stained glass windows. After a small earthquake in 1969 it is restored and in 2004 it is annexed the chapel of Mercy in which it stands out its cover and the dome (as well as the religious sizes of its interior), which despite being of recent construction, forms a beautiful corner next to the church of the Miraculous.
• Tape wet. It is one of the oldest buildings in the city. Dated around the centuries XIV-XV. It is a small chapel which has inside it with a painting of the patron saint of the city, the Virgin of the Cinta. Of simple white traces in which stands out its small dome. Located in the beginning of the Cuesta de la Cinta, very close to the Sanctuary that gives you name.
• There are two convents in the city: the Convent of the Sisters of the Cross dating from the beginning of the century, of typical onubense architecture. It is located in the Plaza Isabel la Católica (commonly called Plaza Niña). In the same square and in front of the convent you will find the monument to the sisters of the cross, the work of the sculptor Leon Ortega and on a side you will find the Church of Hope, a beautiful baroque-style temple inspired by that of the Hope of Seville. The other is the oldest convent of the Agustinas of the Plaza de las Monjas. Data from the centuryXVI and it's Mudejar style. From its exterior stand out its beautiful dome and the whole in general. Inside are the unvisable remains of a Roman temple.

Other parishes with a great tradition in the city are the church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (also known as “El Polvorín”), which dates from the 1920s with a façade made of exposed brick, highlighting its slender tower, as well as its interior which follows the lines of a Jesuit temple (a single nave). Close to it is the small parish church of San José Obrero with a very simple and humble style, like the entire area where it was located when it was built at the beginning of the century XX that was dedicated to farmland, promoted by Manuel González and blessed on April 1, 1911. Next to it were the schools of El Polvorín, today It is attached to the Teresianas school. It has been a parish since July 16, 1968. The church of San Sebastián dates from the mid-XX century. In a rationalist style, it has some interesting stained glass windows as well as a large mural painting on the altar where the Patron Saint of the city, San Sebastián, is found. Also interesting is the church of El Rocío, located next to the old prison and built in the middle of the XX century with a design in Latin cross plan, its two towers stand out as well as its carved stone doorway and the Parroquia de los Dolores (1952) located in the neighborhood of Las Colonias. Small white temple, headquarters of the brotherhood of La Lanzada, in which its belfry stands out as well as the shield that presides over the entrance door to the temple. There are other chapels scattered throughout the city, all of them built by different brotherhoods, among which we highlight the Calvario Chapel, neoclassical in style, located in the historic center and the Emigrants Chapel, markedly Andalusian in style, for its artistic value. in the Zafra neighborhood, very close to the city center.

Civil monuments. English Legacy

Monument to Columbus, located at the tip of the Sebo, south of the city.

Perhaps the most recognizable monument in the city, even though it is located on the outskirts, is the Columbus Monument, in Punta del Sebo, which commemorates Christopher Columbus and the characters and sailors who made possible the feat of the Discovery of America that they left from the nearby port of Palos de la Frontera. Other places of interest in the city are the Muelle de las Canoas, which connects by boat with the town of Punta Umbría and where the colossal monument to the sailor's knot is located, ten meters high, located at the entrance to the pier. Right at the entrance to the pier are two buildings from the port of Huelva from the 1930s that have been declared an Asset of Cultural Interest.

Already in the center, and remodeled in 2006, appears the Plaza de las Monjas. It is one of the most distinctive and probably oldest in the city presided over by a sculpture of Christopher Columbus and surrounded by notable buildings such as the old Bank of Spain, the Hotel París (today an office building) or the Convent of the Augustinian Mothers. Close to the downtown area is Paseo Santa Fe, where you can find modern buildings such as the Treasury, the old Santa Fe Market, from the end of the century XIX currently disused or a stately home. In the upper area, the La Rábida Institute appears majestic. Built at the beginning of the XX century by José María Pérez Carasa, this educational center is in a regionalist style in which its monumentality and its situation, on the ascent to Conquero, which makes it look even more colossal. Illustrious people such as the writer and Nobel Prize winner Juan Ramón Jiménez, the researcher Juan Pérez Mercader, Manuel Siurot, the Hispanist Odón Betanzos or the writer Juan Cobos Wilkins studied there.

Other interesting buildings due to their history and architecture are the Casa del Millón, the College of Surveyors, the Palacio de las Conchas which is currently used as the Tourism Office of the Junta de Andalucía, the Palacio de Mora Claros, the Town Hall and the old Treasury Delegation, the Union and the Phoenix Building —famous for its huge statue on the dome—, the Navy Command, the Youth Institute, the old Mercantile Circle, the Commercial Instruction Center, the headquarters building of UGT, the Old Provincial Jail or the Customs House in Plaza 12 de Octubre, from the 1940s and with a singular façade next to which is the UNED. On the outskirts is also the Soledad Cemetery, where the grave of William Martin, "The Man Who Never Was", is located.

Tinto dock

The Anglo-Saxon and German permanence in the capital for almost a century has left important marks on its appearance. Disappeared buildings such as the old English Hospital (currently on the grounds of a shopping center) there is still an interesting heritage. Due to its monumentality, the wharf of the Tharsis Company (1868) and the mineral wharf of the Riotinto company (1876) stand out. Both were built to connect the city's port with the train tracks that brought minerals from the Mining Basin. The mineral dock of the Riotinto company is an Asset of Cultural Interest, and is considered one of the emblems of the city.

Casa Colón, detail of the gardens and the fountain of the Tritons

An example of the construction boom of that time is the Casa Colón. Located in the central Plaza del Punto, it is one of the most emblematic buildings in the entire city. It was inaugurated in 1883 as the Gran Hotel Colón to commemorate the IV Centenary of the discovery of America. In 1889 the act of creation of the Huelva Recreation Club was signed in the chimney room. It is made up of four pavilions that, in addition to serving as the venue for the Ibero-American Festival of Huelva and other types of events, houses various municipal offices. The main pavilion is a modern Conference Center with 822 seats (plus two rooms for 150). It has a large capacity multipurpose room prepared for all kinds of cultural events as well as for meetings, conference assemblies, etc. In the Levante pavilion there is a library and the Municipal Archive as well as an exhibition hall. The Pavilion of the West that consists of several meeting and seminar rooms. Finally, La Casa Grande has cultural equipment and a hall for receptions as well as other support units.

Farther from the center is Barrio Reina Victoria (also known as Barrio Obrero). It is an Anglo-Saxon design ensemble that welcomed the families of English mine workers in the 19th century. It has been declared an Asset of Cultural Interest. Other buildings of the time in the city are the locomotive depot of the Port of Huelva, La Casona or the Huelva-RENFE Terminus Station, in neo-Mudéjar style.

Culture

Museums

Provincial Museum of Huelva, with a wide collection of archaeological pieces found in the city and in deposits of the province

The most important museum in the city is the Provincial Museum of Huelva. Opened in 1973, it is located in a modern building with three floors and a semi-basement located in Alameda Sundheim. It has an important archaeological collection, with objects from the megalithic period found in La Zarcita in Santa Bárbara de Casa and El Pozuelo in Zalamea la Real. There is also the Tartessian treasure from the La Joya necropolis, as well as different Phoenician and Greek artifacts discovered in excavations in the city. There are also important elements from the Al-Andalus era. In the mining section are objects from Roman mining activity in the province, including the museum's largest find: a huge Roman water wheel from the Rio Tinto used by slaves to bring water from the mines. Its art gallery has a collection of paintings by the artist from Nerve, Daniel Vázquez Díaz. One of his paintings is a cubist portrait influenced by his friend, the poet Juan Ramón Jiménez de Moguer. There are also works by José María Labrador and Sebastián García Vázquez. The museum also has a space for temporary exhibitions. Admission was free December 2019, now it has a symbol price, it closes on Mondays.

Other facilities are the Cabezo de la Almagra Museum, as an interpretation center-museum that highlights some Arab remains found in the Cabezo de la Almagra, a small promontory located next to the University of Huelva. The building-museum also serves to explain these remains, as a viewpoint towards the city. Starting from the building, pedestrian platforms lead to the different remains and it has information panels to locate the visitor. Looking back at the closest past, the Huelva Puerta del Atlántico Interpretation Center was built, in which the visitor is valued British heritage in the city. It is located in the modern Pescadería neighbourhood, next to the city center and following the old railway lines that connect with the mineral dock. The building, in avant-garde style, has two rooms where you can see projections and exhibitions on maps of the estuary, Huelva's relationship with the Atlantic, festivals and traditions, Huelva and the New World, tourist routes, mining, capital and traces. British and wharf of the company Riotinto. Next to this center, the Parque del Ferrocarril is in the process of being built, conceived as a park-museum that will try to put the Dock, the mines and the province in Huelva's history in context. Nearby is the Reception Center for Visitors to the Port of Huelva Located in the old locomotive depots of the Port of Huelva, it serves as an interpretation center of what the Port has been and is for the city of Huelva. It also has a small auditorium inside as well as graphic material, a model of the city, original minerals, etc. Outside the town center is the Marismas del Odiel Interpretation Center. Located on the Island of Bacuta (La Calatilla, Carretera del Dique Espigón Juan Carlos I, kilometer 3). Information about this natural reserve and beautiful views of the estuary and the city. Nearby you can see the archaeological site of Salthish, from the 11th century century.

In the city's Moret park, the green lung of Huelva, is the Moret Park Reception Center located in Casa Garrido Perelló. Typical house from the beginning of the century in which the visitor will be able to find out about the wide natural, sports, and cultural possibilities that said park offers.

In another park, Zafra Park, is the open-air museum. It is a set made up of more than thirty sculptures by national and international sculptors spread throughout the park.

A new museum has recently been inaugurated in the city. This is the Pedagogical Museum, located on the Carmen campus of the University of Huelva. A 300-square-meter space that brings together school textbooks, teaching resources, and audiovisual devices from the XIX century that would be used in the schools throughout the XX century, among other objects. As a whole, the teaching resources on display offer a historical overview of the school and the means used for teaching. In addition we will find the recreation of a classroom of the time.

Apart from the museums there are small exhibition halls such as the Cajasol Room on Plus Ultra street, the exhibition hall of the Caja Rural del Pasaje de la Botica or the Gota de Leche, on Paseo de la Independencia, which is a rehabilitated building for occasional exhibitions and film cycles. Very interesting is the so-called Casa Berdigón, which is the only house from the XVI century that remains in the center of the city. It currently houses a restaurant and exhibitions are housed on the top floor of the building.

Another cultural center in the city is the Provincial Public Library, on Avenida Martín Alonso Pinzón, very close to the Town Hall and which has a small collection of works from the centuries XVI and XVII and some more corresponding to XVIII. Added to this is the Hotel París Building, belonging to the Provincial Council, which has an exhibition hall.

Cultural and leisure spaces

Theatre

The Grand Theatre, of a classicist style, has for years become the center of the onubense culture

The Great Theater, a work by Pedro Sánchez y Núñez. Located on Vázquez López street, in the quiet Plaza del Alcalde Coto Mora, it was inaugurated in 1923 as the “Royal Theater” and is owned by the Provincial Council and the City Council. It is a stately building in classicist style typical of the end of the XIX century, decoration called Second Empire. Its construction is due to the economic and urban development registered in the city due to the thriving presence of foreign capital and the prosperity of the mining operations of Río Tinto. It is one of the most beautiful buildings in the city. Remodeled in the 1990s, it was reopened at a gala presided over by Queen Sofía in a cello concert by Mstislav Rostropovich. It is currently the only theater in the city and offers a wide cultural variety of film clubs, musical concerts, theatrical performances, the Easter proclamation and the Colombian Carnival group contest. Another first-class cultural facility for the city, although less known, is the Francisco Elías Municipal Cinema Club.

Parties

The Virgin of La Cinta Coronada during a processional exit. Also known as the festival of the "Virgen Chiquita" is celebrated in the outskirts of the Sanctuary of the Cinta, in the Conquero and with the Marisma of the background after the transfer of the image from the cathedral

The main local religious festivals are in September and January. The Fiestas de la Cinta (September 8) are declared of national tourist interest and dedicated to the patron saint of the city: Nuestra Señora de la Cinta. They are completed with the Patron Saint Festivities of San Sebastián, dedicated to the patron saint of the city (January 20) also declared of national tourist interest. Other religious festivities in the city are Holy Week, of national tourist interest, departures to Romería del Rocío of the Emigrantes and Huelva brotherhoods to present their devotion and take it out in procession on Monday morning or the May Crosses, in some neighborhoods (throughout the month of May). Religiously, the year culminates with the Procession of the Immaculate Immaculate Conception.

Upstairs Our Lady of Angels (La Borriquita Brotherhood). Work of Antonio León Ortega. Down with Christ of forgiveness. Work of Juan Abascal Fuentes. Onubense Holy Week has been declared a National Tourist Interest Party

Brotherhood of Forgiveness, from the Barriad of the Order

Year 2009

Festivals Colombinas, commemorating the departure of Christopher Columbus from the port of Palos in 1492

Throughout the year there are a significant number of non-religious festivities in the city. One of the most important is the Colombian Carnival; It dates from the year 1863 until in 1936, with the war, the Civil Government prohibits them and it was not until 1983 when it was re-established under the name of Columbian Carnival. The following year the Huelva Federation of Carnival Clubs and Associations (FOPAC) was born, which will be in charge of organizing and directing the Colombian Carnival, which after almost twenty years since its reinstatement has become the second most important carnival in all of Andalusia. ^{[citation required]}. Currently, groups from the capital, the province and all of Andalusia attend the group contest, held at the Gran Teatro, beating the participation rate in 2007 with almost seventy groups.

Monument to the Virgin of Rocío

Besides the carnival, one of the annual hubs of the city's culture is the Film Festival (month of November) and dedicated to the new Ibero-American, Spanish and Portuguese cinema. But the biggest celebration in the city is the Fiestas Colombinas (month of August). Declared of National Tourist Interest, contrary to what is believed, they are not the patron saint festivities of the city but were born as an "evening" to commemorate the departure of Christopher Columbus on August 3. They are held in the so-called "Colombian Campus" (inaugurated in 2000) next to the Ría de Huelva, accessing it through a doorway that usually imitates an emblematic building in the city or province ("La Rábida" Institute, La Casa Colón, the bullring of La Merced, the Gran Teatro, the Sanctuary of the Virgen del Rocío...). Inside the enclosure there are blue and white canvas booths, an exhibition booth and a stage next to the estuary in addition to the classic attractions. In recent years they have been dedicated to: Palos de la Frontera, Moguer, Cuba, San Sebastián, the Canary Islands, Galicia, Algarve (Portugal), Almería, Madrid, Ceuta, Designations of Origin of Huelva, El Rocío or Recreativo de Huelva. Coinciding with these festivities, bullfights are held in the La Merced bullring.

In recent years, a series of events have been launched to attract tourists and offer a complementary offer such as: the Commercial and Flamenco Fair (FECORF) held at Casa Colón and where typical carriages are exhibited, They offer equestrian exhibitions, concerts, and stands where you can buy flamenco dresses, accessories or hats. The Cofrade Art Fair is also held at the Casa Colón trying to expose the heritage of various Huelva brotherhoods. Among the musical activities, the Flamenco Festival "El Quitasueños" in the Barrio Obrero stands out, where you can listen to and admire the most relevant artists in the world of flamenco today. It is complemented by the photographic festival "Latitudes", between the end of February and March, with ten exhibitions in various rooms of the city of international artists. In September, cultural spaces are also organized under the name of "Puerto de las Artes".

Also recently created is the Port of Huelva Business Trade Fair. In it you can taste local products and buy products of various kinds. The Shrimp Fair (May), dedicated to promoting this product from the coast, the Tapas Fair (October), on Avenida de Andalucía and dedicated to promoting provincial cuisine and other celebrations such as the Flower Fair of the Aqualón Shopping Center, the Book Fair or the Huelva International Comic Fair as an event held in mid-May at the Casa Colón since 2007 and organized by the Asociación Cultural Seis Viñetas complement the city's annual cultural offer.

Gastronomy

Huelva in 2017 was the Spanish Capital of Gastronomy, and this was due to a great wave of gastronomic culture since 2011, which with the opening of new establishments that have promulgated the native products of the province have put on the market map to this city so rich in raw materials. Among all of them, Xanty Elias stands out, who has won innumerable awards at his restaurant Acánthum, as well as the city's first Michelin star and 2 Repsol suns.

Highly mediated by the immense possibilities of the province, the gastronomy of the capital is based on both products from the mountains and those from the sea, meat and Iberian ham and shellfish and fish from the Huelva coast.

In shellfish, several species stand out, such as prawns, crab legs and mouths, white shrimp, shrimp, lobster, Norway lobster, molluscs such as coquina, and clams. The gastronomic offer of seafood is complemented by fish from the Gulf of Cádiz, especially tuna, snapper, sea bass, sole, Mullus surmuletus, sourdough, swordfish (known in the area as: aguja pala), mojama and —above all— fried or roasted cuttlefish. Various types of meat are also part of the Huelva table, especially parts of the Iberian pig, such as ham and cured meat.

The gastronomy is complemented by other products such as hearts of palm, strawberries and strawberries and especially the wines of the Condado de Huelva Denomination of Origin, with fruity, young, fortified wines, some reds, sparkling wines from Almonte, brandy and vinegars.

This extensive amount of raw material is reflected in the most typical dishes of the city, such as clams a la marinera, tuna with onions, broad beans with cuttlefish and “enzapatás” beans, baked sea bream, Garlic prawns, breadcrumbs, coquinas (with parsley, garlic and white wine), paprika stripe, tomato soup, tollos with tomato, "potatoes" with choco and, as a drink, the Colombian punch.

The Virgen de Belén catering school located on Cuesta de Cinta contributes to this gastronomy by training professionals (from basic training and fpo to higher education), holding gastronomic Thursdays, an event in which you can enjoy a menu of eight courses, in which all this gastronomy can be seen. The prestigious Chef Juan Andrés R. Morilla, national cooking award winner, and Spanish representative at the Bocuse d'Or, Chef C. Barrientos, third prize in the Andalusian cooking contest (2017) and chef A. Rivas classified in 2017 for the Promises of Haute Cuisine Award.

Sports

One of the first photos of the Recreational that are preserved (1906). Alignment of the first Andalusian team that participated in a Spanish Championship

With the German and especially Anglo-Saxon presence at the end of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX various sports that were still new to Spain began to be imported and practiced in the city. Games such as soccer, tennis or even cricket were practiced both by the foreign population of the mining and port companies as well as by Huelva during those years. Thus, in 1889 the so-called Huelva Recreation Club for the practice of different sports, especially soccer. At present there are several professional and amateur clubs that compete both locally and nationally in various sports. At the local level, the Municipal Company Huelva Deporte is in charge of maintaining the different sports facilities in the city.

Other sports and sporting events

The sporting tradition of the city is evident in institutions and clubs such as C.D Huelva Baloncesto, a member of the LEB Bronce league and which occupies the void left by the disappearance of CB Ciudad de Huelva, the women's basketball team CB Conquero, that competes in the Women's League (highest national category), the Real Club Recreativo de Tenis de Huelva (founded in 1890, which makes it the oldest tennis club in the country), the Real Club Marítimo de Huelva, the Club Rugby Tartessos Huelva, currently in the Andalusian First Regional, the Aguas de Huelva Volleyball Club, the Club Rítmico Colombino for rhythmic gymnastics, the Club Esgrima Huelva, the Huelva Sailors for American Football, the CB IES La Orden that plays in the highest national category and that He is the current runner-up in Spain trained by Paco Ojeda Ojeda or the Masterhuelva Sports Club, the third best master swimming club in Andalusia, the British Institute of Huelva Rugby Union, the Aguas de Huelva Volleyball Club, the Rhythmic Club o Colombino of rhythmic gymnastics, the Huelva Fencing Club, the Tartessos Canoeing CD, the Asirio Archery CD, the Huelva 93 Futsal CD, the CB IES La Orden that plays in the highest national category and is the current runner-up in Spain trained by Paco Ojeda Ojeda or Club Deportivo Masterhuelva, the third best master swimming club in Andalusia.

As for the sports celebrations organized in the city, the Colombian Football Trophy, the Ibero-American Athletics Meeting which is held annually after the organization in the city of the XI Ibero-American Athletics Championships, and the Copa del Rey stand out. of Tennis.

Sports facilities

New Colombino Stadium, main tribune. The recreational coliseum has also hosted two friendly matches of the Spanish football team in 2001 and 2008, a match of the Andalusian football team in 2003 and the 2009 Peace Cup

The main sports facilities in the city are: the Nuevo Colombino Stadium, in the expansion area, next to the estuary. It is the coliseum of the Dean of Spanish Football. With an approximate capacity of 20,000 spectators. It offers avant-garde architecture and beautiful images of the Huelva estuary. Located on the estuary and next to Pescadería. It is the most modern stadium in Andalusia and incorporates the latest in terms of security. Another of the large facilities is the Ibero-American Stadium, between Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas and the neighborhood of La Florida. Stadium where the Ibero-American Athletics Championship Huelva 2004 was held. With a capacity of 2,500-3,000 spectators. Today it is part of the "El Saladillo" sports complex, which has tennis courts, paddle tennis, and the only artificial grass court in the city. Close to the complex is the Palacio de Deportes, on Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas. It is the other "colosseum" where C.D Huelva Baloncesto plays. With an approximate capacity of 5,000 spectators, it was inaugurated by the Spanish National Team. There are also several sports centers throughout the city: the Las Américas sports center, the Andrés Estrada sports center, the Ciudad Deportiva and the El Saladillo sports area. Apart from the sports facilities, the La Merced bullring is also noteworthy.

Football

The main club in the city is the Real Club Recreativo de Huelva. Founded in 1889 in the Casa Colón in the capital, also affectionately known by the names of "Recre" and "Dean" for being the oldest football club in Spain. In the 2005/2006 season it was promoted to the First Division as champion of the silver division of Spanish football. Its stadium is the Nuevo Colombino, located next to the Huelva estuary. Currently, it belongs to the second division B, and for the 2020/21 competition its squad is made up mostly of players of Spanish nationality. His current coach is Claudio Barragán. Other clubs in the city are Sporting Club de Huelva, a women's team that currently competes in the Spanish First Division that won the 2015 Copa de la Reina de Fútbol, and the different amateur and semi-professional clubs from different neighborhoods (La Orden, Santa Marta, Los Rosales...).

Media

Written press and internet

The town has a local newspaper, the daily Huelva Información. In addition, the free newspaper Viva Huelva and different magazines published by public and private media are distributed. It also has several local and provincial digital newspapers, such as Huelva24.com or HuelvaYa.es, and a local communication portal huelvaes.com

Television and radio

There are also different local television channels such as municipal television and TELEONUBA. As nationals RNE (88.0FM and 95.2FM), Cadena Ser (98.1FM), Cadena COPE (Onda Media), Canal Sur (97.3FM and 104.5FM), or Onda Cero (101.2FM).

Portals of activities and events

The province has the independent portal Agenda de Huelva which is used to publicize all the events and activities in the province: concerts, theater, dance, activities, exhibitions...

Twin cities

• Córdoba, Spain
• Genoa, Italy
• Viganella, Italy
• Győr, Hungary
• Faro, Portugal
• New Orleans, United States
• Houston, United States
• Cadiz, Spain
• Marín, Spain
• Vancouver, Canada
• Piteşti, Romania
• Tangier, Morocco
• Santa María del Rio, Mexico (2010)
• Lugo, Spain
• Safi, Morocco

Notable people