Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens (literally Latin for 'the wise man'), commonly called human being, person u man —the latter in the sense of rational being, which does not distinguish between both sexes—, is a species of the order of primates belonging to the family of the hominids. The group of people or the human race is also known by the generic denomination of humans and humanity. Human beings have mental capacities that allow them to invent, learn and use complex language structures, logic, mathematics, writing, music, science, and technology. Human beings are social animals, capable of conceiving, transmitting and learning totally abstract concepts.
Homo sapiens is unquestionably considered to be those with the anatomical characteristics of current human populations. The oldest remains attributed to Homo sapiens, dated to 315,000 years, were found in Morocco. The oldest evidence of modern behavior is from Pinnacle Point, South Africa, dating back 165,000 years..
It belongs to the genus Homo, which was more diversified and during the last million and a half years included other already extinct species. Since the extinction of Homo neanderthalensis 28,000 years ago, it is the only known species of the genus Homo to survive.
Until recently, biology used a trinomial name —Homo sapiens sapiens— for this species, but more recently the phylogenetic link between Neanderthals and present-day humanity has been ruled out, so the binomial name is used exclusively. Homo sapiens belongs to a lineage of primates, the hominoids. Although the discovery of Homo sapiens idaltu in 2003 would make it necessary to return to the trinomial system, the taxonomic position of the latter is still uncertain. Evolutionarily it differentiated in Africa and from that ancestor arose the family of which they form hominids part.
Philosophically, human beings have defined and redefined themselves in numerous ways throughout history, giving themselves a positive or negative purpose for their own existence. There are various religious systems and philosophical ideals that, according to a diverse range of cultures and individual ideals, have the purpose and function of answering some of these existential questions. Human beings have the ability to be aware of themselves, as well as their past; they know that they have the power to plan, transform and carry out projects of various kinds. Based on this capacity, they have created various moral codes and dogmas oriented directly to the management of these capacities. In addition, they may be aware of responsibilities and dangers from nature, as well as from other human beings.
Scientific name
The scientific name assigned by the Swedish naturalist Carlos Linnaeus (1707-1778) in 1758 alludes to the most characteristic biological feature (sapiens means "wise" or "capable of knowing") and refers to to the consideration of the human being as a «rational animal», unlike all other species, the description he provided for Homo sapiens being simply: Nosce te ipsum (« Know yourself"). It is precisely the human being's ability to carry out highly complex conceptual and symbolic operations —which include, for example, the use of highly sophisticated linguistic systems, abstract reasoning, and introspection and speculation capacities— one of its most outstanding features. Possibly this complexity, neurologically based on an increase in the size of the brain and, above all, in the development of the frontal lobe, is also one of the causes, as well as a product, of the very complex social structures that the human being has developed., and that form one of the bases of culture, understood biologically as the ability to transmit information and habits by imitation and instruction, instead of by genetic inheritance. This property is not exclusive to this species and is also important in other primates.
Linnaeus classified man and monkeys in a group that he called anthropomorphs, as a subset of the quadrupeds group, since then he did not recognize organic signs that would allow him to place the human being in a privileged place on the scale of living things. Years later, in the preface to Swedish Fauna, he declared that he had classified man as a quadruped because he was neither a plant nor a stone, but rather an animal, both for his way of life and for his locomotion, and also because, he had not been able to find a single distinctive character by which man was distinguished from the ape; in another context, however, he affirmed that he considers man as the ultimate end of creation. Starting from the tenth edition of Systema naturae he replaced the quadrupeds by the mammals and as the first order of these, he placed the primates, among which he placed man. Linnaeus had the merit of giving rise to a new and immense epistemological field, that of anthropology, although he limited himself to enunciating it and did not cultivate it. All subsequent scientists will have to refer to him, both to retake his definitions and to criticize them. In 1758 the Linnaean Homo sapiens was defined as a diurnal species that changed due to education and climate.
Linnaeus did not designate a holotype for Homo sapiens, but in 1959 William Stearn proposed Linnaeus himself, the father of modern taxonomy, as the lectotype for the species. Subsequently, the idea spread that he had been replaced by Edward Cope, but this proposal was never formalized, so the remains of Linnaeus buried in Uppsala continue to be the nomenclatural type -which must be considered symbolic- for the species Homo sapiens.
Currently, there are advocates of including the human being, chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and bonobo (Pan paniscus) in the same genus, given their phylogenetic closeness, which it is closer than that found between other animal species that are grouped generically. However, the vast majority of specialists do not consider it correct to include them within the same genus, because the evolutionary lineages that led to the human being and the chimpanzee diverged between 6 and 10 million years ago and diversified later, as argued by Sandy Harcourt, and due to the significant differences between the body plans of both lines, especially that of the Hominina, which allow justifying several genera (Ardipithecus, Paranthropus, Australopithecus or Homo).
Biology
Human beings are living beings, and as such, they are made up of chemical substances called biomolecules, cells, and perform three vital functions: nutrition, relationship, and reproduction.
Furthermore, the body is a multicellular organism; that is, it is made up of many cells, among which there are differences in structure and function.
On the other hand, the human being is an animal, since it has eukaryotic cells, that is, it has cellular organelles specialized in a certain function and its genetic material is protected by an envelope; and presents heterotrophic nutrition; that is to say, that to obtain its own organic matter it feeds on other living beings.
Human body
Regarding its locomotion and movement, it is one of the most plastic in the animal kingdom, since there is a wide range of possible movements, which enables it for activities such as scenic art and dance, sports and countless other activities. daily activities. Likewise, the handling ability stands out, thanks to the opposable thumbs, which facilitate the manufacture and use of instruments.
The human species has a notorious sexual dimorphism at the anatomical level, with adult males being taller and heavier than females on average, although a "secular trend" has been noted towards increased sizes in both sexes (especially during the XX century).
The average contemporary adult human being measures between: 1.55 m to 1.65 m (women), and between 1.65 m to 1.85 m (men). The weight depends on the build of the individual and the sex, generally around 45 kg to 70 kg (women), and 65 kg to 100 kg (men). Human bodies differ from each other according to height, weight, muscle, fat level, among others.
Mind
The mind refers collectively to aspects of understanding and consciousness that are combinations of capacities such as reasoning, perception, emotion, memory, imagination, and will. The mind, according to neuroscience, is a result of brain activity.
The term thought defines all the products that the mind can generate including the rational activities of the intellect and the abstractions of the imagination; everything that is of a mental nature is considered thought, whether they are abstract, rational, creative, artistic, etc. Together with the higher cetaceans (dolphins and whales), the hominins of the genera Gorilla and Pan, and the elephants, reach the greatest development and many of their interactions are still unknown to us. unknown.
Human beings, unlike the rest of the animal kingdom, are the only ones capable of reasoning. They also have mental capacities that allow them to invent, learn and use complex linguistic structures, logic, mathematics, writing, music, science and technology. Human beings are social animals, capable of conceiving, transmitting and learning totally abstract concepts.
Human Nutrition
Human beings are omnivorous animals. In the first species of the genus Homo, the transition from an eminently vegetarian diet to the inclusion of meat and animal fats in the diet was not due to cultural issues, but metabolic imbalances caused by increased brain development. However, in humans, a diet too rich in protein needs the complement of carbohydrates and fats; Otherwise, significant nutritional deficiencies may appear that can even cause death. For this reason, human nutrition is based on the combination of meat with vegetable matter.
Ethology
Life Cycle
The human species is among the current multicellular living beings one of the longest-lived; there are documented cases of longevity that exceed one hundred years. Such longevity is a genotypic character that, however, must be supported by favorable living conditions. In the Roman Empire, around the year 1 AD. C., life expectancy was only around 25 years, due in large part to high infant mortality.[citation needed] At the beginning of the century XXI, global life expectancy was approximately 70 years, being higher in developed countries and lower in underdeveloped countries.
It is assumed that human beings, under optimal conditions, can live a hundred years or a little more. However, despite the progress in health and quality of life in the last century, human habits such as the consumption of drugs, alcohol, sugar, junk food, sedentary lifestyle, stress, diseases of all kinds, exposure to toxic elements, among others, decreases the years of life of human beings. It is also believed that it may be genetic.
The 'childhood' human is one of the longest compared to other similar species, with the age of puberty being approximately eleven years old in girls and thirteen years old in boys, although the ages vary according to the person.
Sexuality
Like all mammals, humans have reproductive and sexual behaviors. But unlike most of them, it does not have a determined seasonal reproductive season, maintaining sexual activity and fertility in females throughout the year. Women have an approximately monthly ovulation cycle, during which they produce eggs and can be fertilized; otherwise they have menstruation, which is the elimination through the vagina of tissues and substances related to the production of sexual cells.
But human sexual behavior is not solely subservient to reproductive functions, but, similar to other anthropoid apes, it has recreational and social purposes. In sexual contact, both pleasure and affective communication are sought. It is an important part of couple relationships and is also considered important in the psychological needs of the individual even if they are not in a relationship.
It is worth noting the importance of symbolic language in Homo sapiens, which makes the signifiers the supports of thinking or thoughts. In our species, human thinking, from the age of three and a half, becomes predominantly symbolic.
Associated with the above, it should be noted that the human species is practically the only one that remains in continuous sexual heat: it is really remarkable that in the human species there is no proper estrus. In women there is a cycle of ovarian activity by virtue of which there are physiological changes throughout their reproductive system and from which certain behavioral changes derive. However, since sexual acceptance in women is not limited to one part of the reproductive cycle, the term "estrus" or "zeal" in the human being, since sexual acceptance is independent of his reproductive cycle. Already among chimpanzees and, above all, bonobos, a close behavior is noted.
Now, given the difficulty of living only by practicing sexual relations, a "mechanism" compensatory evolutionary would have been that of sublimation –which is considered associated with the existence of a symbolic language and thinking–. If there is a sublimation, this seems to mean that there is also a repression (in the Freudian sense) that gives rise to the unconscious. Homo sapiens is, in this sense, an drive animal. According to Pavlov's law of conditional reflex Homo sapiens is not restricted to a "first signal system" (that of stimulus/response and response to a substitute stimulus), but that the human being is at a level of "second system of signals". This second system is mainly that of symbolic language that allows a heuristic, which is the ability to immediately carry out positive innovations for one's purposes.
On the other hand, the human species is one of the few, together with the bonobo (Pan paniscus), in the animal kingdom that mates face to face, which has highly relevant emotional implications for the species.
It should be noted that with the emergence of the theory of emotional intelligence, from systemic psychology, the human being should not be reduced to his drives, which he sublimates or represses, but is understood as a sexual being, who lives this dimension in relation to the training received in the family and society. Sexuality is then formed from the early years and is understood as a processual experience according to its life cycle and its socio-cultural context.
Unlike most other sexed species, women continue to live long after menopause. In the other species, the female usually dies shortly after her arrival.
Due to the indicated prematureness, sexual-genital maturity is –in relation to other species– very late among the individuals of the human species. Currently in many areas menarche is occurring at eleven years of age; This means that, although sexual-genital maturity is always slow in the human species, there is an advancement of it with respect to past times (in the same way, an increasingly late menopause usually occurs). But if sexual-genital maturity is late in the human species, intellectual maturity tends to be even more so, and especially emotional maturity.
Origin and evolution
Myths about origins
Throughout history, different mythical, religious, philosophical and scientific conceptions of the human being have been developed, each with its own explanation of the origin of man, transcendence and mission in life.
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Of Old World Apes
Evolutionarily, as a member of the Catarrhini infraorder, Homo sapiens seems to have its ancestors, along with all catarrhine primates, in a period ranging from 50 to 33 million years before present (PA). One of the first catarrhines, perhaps the first, is Propliopithecus, including Aegyptopithecus. In this sense, modern humans, like primates of the "Old World" with more primitive features, it probably descended from that ancient species.
Bipedal Hominids
Regarding bipedalism, this is observed in certain primates from the Miocene. Examples of bipedalism are already found in Oreopithecus bambolii and bipedalism seems to have been common in Orrorin and Ardipithecus. The mutations that led to bipedalism were successful because they left the hands free to grasp objects and, particularly, because when walking a hominid saves much more energy walking on two legs than on four legs, it can carry objects while walking and look farther.. However, if bipedalism dates back to perhaps six million years BP, the typical human gait or gait pattern is consolidated approximately four million years ago with Australopithecus. Previously primates anthropoids supported the entire sole of the foot by bending and unloading the weight on the calcaneus; instead, Australopithecus achieves an efficient bipedal gait, since the anatomical changes are clearly noticeable at the level of the foot, especially the big toe; also by adjusting the angle of the femur with the body for balance, the hip or pelvis becomes more robust, short and concave (bowl shaped); the spine went from being a C-shaped arch to an S-shape, and the hole at the base of the skull that connects to the spine was moved forward as if addressing the center of gravity of the head.
1.5 million years ago with Homo erectus or with Homo ergaster, the modern gait implies the existence of a small angle between the big toe and the axis of the foot, as well as the presence of the longitudinal arch of the plant and a medial distribution of weight (note that in women the gait distributes the weight more towards the internal parts of the foot due to the greater width of the pelvis).
All the changes described have occurred in a relatively short period (even if measured in millions of years). This explains the susceptibility of our species to conditions in the spine and in the blood and lymphatic circulation (for example, the heart receives -relatively- "little" blood).
The human being appears
What we properly call "human" is a reference to the emergence of the ability to make stone tools in a bipedal hominid, Homo habilis, considered by most to be the most primitive human species, also showing an increase in cranial capacity with respect to Australopithecus. This is how it is established that about two and a half million years ago, with the appearance of the genus Homo, it is taken as the starting point for the Paleolithic or Stone Age. Greater evolutionary success will be Homo erectus, who will be able to spread throughout Eurasia.
Evolution of nutrition
Probably when the ancestors of Homo sapiens lived in jungles eating fruits, berries and leaves, abundant in vitamin C, they could lose the metabolic capacity that most animals have to synthesize in their own organism such a vitamin; they already seem to have lost the ability to digest cellulose. Such losses during evolution have implied subtle but important determinations: when the original forests were reduced or, due to population growth, they became overcrowded, the primitive hominids (and later humans) were forced to travel great distances, to migrate, to obtain new sources. of nutrients. The loss of the ability to metabolize certain nutrients such as vitamin C would have been compensated by a favorable mutation that allows Homo sapiens optimal metabolization (absent in primates) of starch, and thus a rapid and &# 34;cheap" obtaining energy, particularly useful for the brain. Homo sapiens seems to be a rather defenseless creature, and as a satisfactory answer the only evolutionary solution it has had is its highly complex central nervous system, spurred mainly by the search for new sources of food. The hypothesis has been suggested that cephalization increased parallel to the increase in meat consumption,[citation needed], although this hypothesis does not agree with the degree of cephalization developed by the animals carnivores. The human ability to digest foods high in starch could explain the success of Homo sapiens on the planet, and suggests a genetic study.
Archaic Humans
A certain number of species of Homo that are not yet considered are called «archaic humans», «archaic Homo sapiens» or also «pre-sapiens». anatomically modern. They are up to 600,000 years old and have a brain size close to that of modern humans. The anthropologist Robin Dunbar believes that it is at this stage that human language appears. The filiation of these individuals within our genus is still controversial.
Among archaic humans are considered Homo heidelbergensis, Homo rhodesiensis, Homo neanderthalensis and sometimes Homo antecessor. In 2010 the so-called "Denisovan man" was added to these, and in 2012 the so-called "red deer man" in China. Since they are not sapiens, some specialists prefer to call them simply archaic before H. sapiens archaic.
Anatomically Modern Humans
Homo sapiens or anatomically modern are properly called individuals with an appearance similar to that of modern humans. These humans can be classified as pre-modern, since the set of characteristics of a modern, almost spherical skull, with a high vault and a vertical forehead, is not yet observed in them. The similarity can be seen at the level of the skeleton of the body and cranial cavity, but this similarity is not total since the face still maintains archaic characteristics such as browbones (large eyebrows) and maxillary prognathism (mouth projection), although less developed than in Neanderthals.
This group includes the remains of Florisbad in South Africa (260,000 years), those of Herto in Ethiopia, which corresponds to Homo sapiens idaltu (160,000 years), those of Jebel Irhoud in Morocco (315,000 years) and those of Skhul/Qafzeh in northern Israel (100,000 years). Kibish men are also considered anatomically modern; however, these are better framed within modern humans.
Modern Humans
Homo sapiens sapiens is unquestionably considered to be those who possess the main characteristics that define modern humans: first the anatomical comparison with current human populations and then what is defined as &# 34;modern behavior".
Currently, thanks to scientific analysis, it is known that in the genealogy of human evolution there would have been a male and a female common ancestor, who were named after their religious similes.
The oldest remains are those of Omo I, called Kibish Men, found in Ethiopia at 195,000 years old, and remains in caves on the Klasies River in South Africa at 125,000 years old and with indications of more modern behavior.
This age is consistent with estimates for mitochondrial Eve, which is considered the ancestor of all living humans and is believed to have lived in East Africa (probably Tanzania) around 200,000 years ago.
On the other hand, the patrilineal line leads us to chromosomal Adam, who confirms an origin for modern humans in sub-Saharan Africa and is estimated to be about 140,000 years old.
Pigmentation
It is almost certain that mitochondrial Eve and chromosomal Adam, the first Homo sapiens were melanodermic, that is, dark-skinned. This is due to the fact that dark skin is an excellent adaptation to the high solar exposition of the intertropical zones of the planet Earth; dark complexion (due to melanin) protects from UV (ultraviolet) radiation and obtains from it a nutrient called folate, essential for the development of the embryo and fetus; but, as human populations migrated to latitudes beyond 45º (both north and south), melanin gradually became less necessary, even more so, in the vicinity of 50º latitudes, the almost total lack of this pigment in the skin. dermis, hair and eyes has been adapted to capture more UV radiation. —relatively scarce in such latitudes, unless ozone holes occur—; In such latitudes, a very fair complexion allows a greater metabolization of vitamin D from UV radiation.
Modern Behavior
The appearance of modern human behavior meant the most important change in the evolution of the human mind, allowing human creative ingenuity to gradually dominate its environment.
The innovations that were appearing consist of a great diversity of stone tools, in the use of bone, antler and ivory, in burials with funerary goods and rituals, construction of houses, design of bonfires, evidence of fishing, hunting complex, appearance of figurative art and the use of personal adornments.
The oldest evidence is found in Africa; Tools made 165,000 years ago were found in Pinnacle Point Cave, South Africa. Remains of arrowheads and bone tools for fishing were found in the Congo and are 90,000 years old. Equally ancient are symbols shaded with red ocher off the coast of southern Africa.
Expansion of humanity
According to the out-of-Africa theory, there was a great migration from Africa to Eurasia 70,000 years ago that led to gradual dispersal across all continents. Based on genetic studies and paleontological discoveries, it is estimated that 60,000 years ago there was a coastal migration through South Asia, lasting a few thousand years, which made possible the subsequent colonization of Australia, the Far East and Europe.
In the West there was a center of expansion in the Middle East that is related to the Cro-Magnon man and the early population of Europe, the probable cause of the extinction of Neanderthal man.
According to some genetic studies, there were three migrations in Europe: the first, coming from Central Asia 40,000 years ago that colonized Eastern Europe. A second wave 22,000 years ago, from the Middle East, which settled in southern and western Europe. 80% of current Europeans are descendants of these two migrations, which during the course of the maximum glacier 20,000 years ago took refuge in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkans, to expand again throughout the rest of Europe when the weather arrived. favorable. The third migration would have occurred 9,000 years ago, coming from the Middle East, during the Neolithic period, and only 20% of current Europeans carry genetic markers corresponding to those emigrants.
Other studies say the opposite, stating that in Europe the Neolithic component from the Near East is the most important. The truth for now is that the prehistoric European gene pool comes mostly from the Near East, with less from Africa, Central Asia and Siberia.
In the East the population is equally old. The epicanthal fold of the eyelids existing in a large part of the populations of Asia and America, the fold that makes 'flanged' In its external appearance to the eyes, it has been a specialization of populations that during the ice ages had to survive in places with plenty of snow; the eyes commonly called "slanted" then were the way of adaptation so that the eyes would not suffer an excessive reflection of the sunlight reflected by the snow.[citation required]
However, a July 2019 publication in the journal Nature called into question previous theories and ideas about the timing of the peopling of Europe by Homo sapiens from Africa. The discovery and dating of a Homo sapiens skull from 210 000 years old in Greece would signify a peopling of Europe 60,000 years earlier than previously thought.
Culture
Language and semiotics
Language refers to all communication based on interpretation, including human language, but most often the term refers to what humans use to communicate, that is, natural languages. Language is universal and is used by nature in people and animals. However, philosophers like Martin Heidegger consider that language itself is only exclusive to man. Heidegger's thesis according to which language is the house of being (Haus des Seins) and the abode of the human essence is famous. This criterion is similar to that of Ernst Cassirer, who has defined Homo sapiens as the symbolic animal par excellence; so much so that it is almost impossible to suppose a human thought without the help of symbols, particularly of the signifiers that underlie as elementary foundations for all complex thinking and that transcends the instinctive.
Currently, the human species shows this facet by speaking around 6,000 different languages, although more than 50% of the 7,000 million people who currently make up the human community, can speak at least one of the following languages: Mandarin Chinese, Spanish, English, French, Arabic, Hindi, Portuguese, German, Bengali or Russian.
Spirituality and transcendence
In many civilizations human beings have seen themselves as different from other animals, and in certain cultural settings (such as Book religions or much of Western metaphysics) the difference is assigned to an immaterial entity called soul, in which the mind and personality would reside, and which some believe can exist independently of the body.
Arts and culture
Possibly, the clearest manifestation of humanity is art —in the broadest sense of the term—, produced by culture. For example, the individuals of a certain species of bird make a nest, or emit a song, whose characteristics are specific, common to all the individuals of that species. On the other hand, each man can print to his actions the traits of his individuality; for this reason, when analyzing a painting, a way of writing, a way of manufacturing tools, etc., it is possible to deduce who its author, its creator, its artist is.[citation required ]
In 2011, in the magazine Science, a work by Francesco d'Errico, from the University of Bordeaux, was published, where he claims to have found one of the oldest traces of a workshop of painting, in Blombos Cave on Cape Coast, 300 km east of Cape Town. This fact shows a systematic way to obtain pigments, since gathering all the necessary elements for a preparation of this type is indicative of a high level of thought, which can be called symbolic thought. "The ability to have these thoughts is considered a great step in human evolution, precisely what differentiated us from the animal world."
At the same time, it is also the only species that devotes its time and energy to something seemingly useless from a purely practical point of view. Art is one of the manifestations of human creativity, but an empty and negative manifestation from the point of view of survival. Although this activity is harmful in principle, in reality it is the tool with which Homo sapiens develops its culture, unity and strength as a people.[citation required]
Science
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Science (from Latin scientious, 'knowledge') is a set of proven systematic knowledge that study, explain and predict social, artificial and natural phenomena. Scientific knowledge is obtained methodologically by observation and experimentation in specific fields of study. Such knowledge is organized and classified on the basis of explanatory principles, whether theoretically or practically. From logical reasoning and the objective analysis of scientific evidence, research and hypothesis questions are asked, principles and laws are deduced, and models, theories and knowledge systems are constructed through the scientific method.
Science considers and is based on experimental observation. This type of observation is organized through methods, models and theories in order to generate new knowledge. For this purpose, the criteria of truth and a method of investigation are established previously. The application of these methods and knowledge leads to the generation of new knowledge in the form of specific, quantitative and verifiable predictions related to past, present and future observations. These predictions can often be formulated by reasoning and structuring as general rules or laws, which account for the behavior of a system and predict how such a system will act in certain circumstances.
Since the scientific revolution, scientific knowledge has increased so much that scientists have become specialists and their publications have become very difficult to read for non-specialists. This has led to various scientific outreach efforts, both to bring science closer to the public, and to facilitate understanding and collaboration among scientists from different fields.Society
A human society is one that considers itself, its inhabitants and its environment, all interrelated with a common project, which gives them an identity of belonging. Likewise, the term connotes a group with economic, ideological and political ties. Such a society surpasses the concept of nation-state, presenting Western society as a society of nations, etc.
Habitat
Regarding the ability to make major environmental modifications, it can be said that Homo sapiens is currently a powerful geomorphological agent; It is in this and other senses that the human being is currently the greatest super predator and the most powerful species on the planet. However, it remains fragile in the face of possible cataclysmic events that could affect its habitat, such as ice ages.
Homo sapiens, being a very vulnerable animal in the natural environment, is highly dependent on technology (ergo: it is dependent on science, however primitive it may be), so it is said of Homo sapiens which is homo faber.
Perhaps, given that all feedback systems naturally come to an end, the end of an ecosystem comes when life has managed to evolve to achieve beings with a degree of consciousness capable of programming itself based on the education received and not according to the thermodynamically sustainable.[citation needed] Education is, therefore, the evident demonstration of whether we are part of an even larger system or we try to become independent from everything, establishing our ways to obtain our resources, without taking into account those already established by nature itself.
For example, nature endows them with the physical abilities to forage for food in the environment around them in a thermodynamically efficient manner. Humans establish that it is best to rationalize the means that nature gives them and replicate them industrially, applying processes that do not occur naturally, increasing energy consumption by redundant something that already exists and expanding it to something totally thermodynamically unnecessary, such as It is the fact that food is delivered at home, of intervening in the genetic codes of food species to make them resistant to diseases, of influencing which foods will contain seeds and which will not, and a long etcetera, which today makes us more comfortable life, but who are unaware of how these changes in their genetic structure affect them and, therefore, whether their offspring will carry fundamental characteristics to survive in a natural environment or, on the contrary, will they be born and depend so closely on the artificial environment that any modification to that medium incapacitates it in such a way that it causes its extinction.[citation required]