Hispanicism
Hispanism is the study of Spain, Latin America and, in general, of hispanic speech (Spanish-speaking world) or hispanidad (Hispanic cultures).
Origins
During the XVI century, everything new came to Europe from Spain: new conquered lands, new themes, genres and literary characters, new dances, new fashions... Soon there was a need to know Spanish to more fully satisfy that curiosity, also driven by commercial and economic interests, towards the new political power, the first to boast a European and overseas empire in the new Europe Renaissance. To respond to this demand, Spanish writers first took up the pen, such as Antonio de Nebrija, author of the first printed grammar in a Romance language, the Gramática castellana of 1492, or Juan de Valdés, who composed for his Italian friends eager to learn Spanish their Dialogue of the language; the lawyer Cristóbal de Villalón wrote in his Castilian Grammar (Antwerp, 1558) that Spanish was spoken by Flemish, Italian, English and French.
For a long time, especially between 1550 and 1670, an impressive number of Spanish grammars and dictionaries that related Spanish to one or more of the other languages came out of the European printing presses. Two of the oldest grammars were printed precisely in Leuven: Useful and brief institution to learn the principles and foundations of the Spanish language (1555) and Grammar of the Spanish vulgar language (1559); both are anonymous.
Among the most outstanding foreign authors of Spanish grammars are the Italians Giovanni Mario Alessandri (1560) and Giovanni Miranda (1566); the English Richard Percivale (1591), John Minsheu (1599) and Lewis Owen (1605); the Frenchmen Jean Saulnier (1608) and Jean Doujat (1644); the German Heinrich Doergangk (1614) and the Dutch Carolus Mulerius (1630).
Dictionaries were composed by the Italian Girolamo Vittori (1602), the Englishman John Torius (1590) and the Frenchmen Jacques Ledel (1565), Jean Palet (1604) and François Huillery (1661). The lexicographical contribution to French Hispanicism by the German Heinrich Hornkens (1599) and the French-Spanish Pere Lacavallería (1642) was also important.
Others united in their works grammar and dictionary; The works of the Englishman Richard Percivale (1591), the Frenchman César Oudin (1597, 1607), the Italian Lorenzo Franciosini (1620, 1624), Arnaldo de la Porte (1659, 1669) and the Austrian Nicholas Mez von Braidenbach (1666, 1670). Franciosini and Oudin were also translators of Don Quixote. The list is by no means complete and grammars and dictionaries have generally had a large number of reissues, adaptations, recastings and even translations (Oudin's Grammaire et observations de la langue espagnolle, for example, It was translated into Latin and English), facts that indicate the great impact that the Spanish language had in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries.
In the 19th century, coinciding with the loss of the Spanish colonial empire at the beginning and end of that century and the rise From the new Spanish-American republics, a renewed interest in the history, literature and Hispanic culture of the once great power, now decadent, and its now independent colonies sprouts in Europe and the United States.
During Romanticism, the image of a medieval, Moorish and exotic Spain was established, of a fictional country and a mestizo culture that seduced the imagination of the writers of that current and made many interested in Spanish literature, legends and traditions. The travel books written at that time maintained and fueled this interest even more, which ended up awakening a more serious and scientific impulse towards the study of Spanish and Latin American culture, which had no coined word to describe itself in Spanish and was designated at the end of the XIX century with the words hispanophile and hispanofilia (thus, for example, Juan Valera), and which at the beginning of the XX century ended up being called Hispanism. The French translator Alfred Morel-Fatio coined the term hispanist (in French hispaniste) in 1879.
Hispanism is defined, then, as the study of Spanish and Latin American culture and especially its language by foreigners or people not educated within it. Hispanic nations have neglected this interest, which redounds indirectly to their own benefit, until the Instituto Cervantes was founded, alongside institutions such as the British Council or the Goethe Institute. On the other hand, the Spanish autonomous communities, eager to monopolize this interest, have also tried to develop their own areas within Hispanicism, making themselves represented within the Hispanic, the Catalan, the Basque and the Galician.
Hispanism in the world
Hispanism in the United States
Hispanism in the United States was especially fruitful as it forms part of its most intimate history, closely linked in the south of the country to that of the Spanish Empire, Mexico, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Cuba. In the United States there are some thirty-five million speakers of this language, which is the second most spoken there and by the largest minority; It remains actively used in states such as Arizona, New Mexico, Florida, Texas and California, some of them the richest in the country, and in populous cities such as New York, Los Angeles, Miami, San Antonio, San Diego, Albuquerque or San Francisco.. The American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese dates back to 1917. It holds an annual congress, which takes place outside the United States every two years; Hispania magazine is its official publication. There is also a North American Academy of the Spanish Language.
The first professor of Spanish in the United States was George Ticknor, who assembled a very important library of rare books and Spanish manuscripts, donated to the Boston Public Library after it was rejected by Harvard. After the professorship at Harvard (1819), those at the University of Virginia (1825) and Yale University (1826) followed. The American consul in Valencia, Obadiah Rich, imported numerous books and valuable manuscripts that ended up constituting the Obadiah Rich collection of the New York Public Library, and numerous magazines published translations, especially the North American Review. Many travelers published their impressions of Spain, such as Alexander S. Mackenzie (A year in Spain, 1829, and Spain revisited, 1836), widely read books by Irving and Poe, and other travelers like the Sephardic journalist Mordecai M. Noah and the diplomat Caleb Cushing and his wife. Edgar Allan Poe studied Spanish at the University of Virginia and some of his stories have a Spanish background. He also wrote critical articles on Spanish literature. The beginnings of Hispanicism itself must be sought, however, in the works of Washington Irving, who met Leandro Fernández de Moratín in Bordeaux in 1825 and was in Spain in 1826 (when he frequented the gathering of the widowed Marquise de Casa Irujo, another American, named Sarah María Theresa McKean, 1780-1841) and in 1829; later, he deepened his knowledge of Spain as ambassador between 1842 and 1846; Irving studied in Spanish libraries and met Martín Fernández de Navarrete in Madrid, one of whose works he used as a source for his History of the life and voyages of Columbus (1828), and he became friends and corresponded with Cecilia Böhl de Faber, from where a mutual influence was born. His romantic interest in the Arab was reflected in his Chronicle of the conquest of Granada (1829) and his Alhambra (1832). The children of Irish-born Bostonian John Montgomery, United States consul in Alicante, also belonged to the McKean gathering, particularly the writer George Washington Montgomery, born in Spain. Also belonging to the history of American Hispanicism are the translations of Spanish classics carried out by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, who passed through Madrid in 1829 expressing his impressions in letters, a newspaper and Outre-Mer (1833 -1834). A good connoisseur of the classics, he made an excellent translation of the Coplas by Jorge Manrique. To fulfill his obligations as a Spanish teacher, he composed some Spanish Novels (1830) that are nothing more than adaptations of Irving's short stories; he published several essays on Spanish literature and a drama, El estudiante español (1842), where he imitates those of the Golden Age. In his anthology The poets and poetry of Europe (1845) reserves ample space for Spanish poets. William Cullen Bryant translated Moorish romances and composed a poem to "The Spanish Revolution" (1808) and another to "Cervantes" (1878). He associated with Spaniards in New York and as editor of the Evening Post he included many articles on peninsular issues in the magazine. He was in Spain in 1847, recounting his impressions in Letters from a traveler (1850-1857). In Madrid he met Carolina Coronado, from whom he translated the poem "El pájaro perdido" into English. and the novel "Jarilla", inserted in the Evening Post. James Kennedy, a British judge at the Havana hearing, published in English in 1852 an anthology of Spanish poets and poetry from the first half of the 19th century which was equivalent, for the dissemination of Spanish poetry in the Anglo-Saxon sphere, to what L'Espagne poétique by Juan María Maury in the French sphere. But the most important group of Hispanists was undoubtedly the Bostonians. The History of Spanish Literature by George Ticknor, professor of Spanish at Harvard, and the historical works on the conquest of America by William H. Prescott are undoubtedly first-rate contributions to Hispanicism. Ticknor was a friend of Pascual Gayangos, whom he met in London, and visited Spain in 1818, collecting his impressions in Life, letters and journal (1876). Prescott composed painstakingly documented histories of the conquest of Mexico and Peru, as well as a history of the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, in exquisite style, despite his visual difficulties.
Other important Hispanists of the 19th century and first half of the XX have been French E. Chadwick, Horace E. Flack, and Marrion Wilcox, who have studied Hispanic-American relations; A. Irving Leonard, from the University of Michigan, who specialized in the work of Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora and published numerous works on Spanish-American literature and history; Hubert H. Bancroft (1832-1918) and Edward G. Bourne (1860-1908), who have vindicated the work of Spain in America. On art they have written C. Brinton, H. Coffin, W. W. Collins, J. A. Gade, C. S. Rickets, L. Williams and Edith F. Helman; the latter has studied Goya in Goya's Afterworld (Madrid 1964). Jeremiah D. M. Ford (1873-1958) is the author of the anthologies Old Spanish Readings (1906) and Spanish Anthology (1901). Charles Carroll Marden critically edited the Poema de Fernán González and edited the anonymous Book of Apolonio and the Miracles of Our Lady Gonzalo de Berceo; Katherine R. Whitmore, inspiring muse of Pedro Salinas' most important poetic cycle, has dealt with contemporary poetry and the generation of '98. Charles Philip Wagner did a Spanish Grammar and studied the sources of The Cifar Knight; George T. Northup made editions of medieval texts such as The Book of Cats; Raymond S. Willis studied Alexandre's Book; his namesake Raymond R. MacCurdy carried out fundamental studies and editions on Francisco Rojas Zorrilla; Lewis U. Hanke specialized in the historiography of the Indies, and published excellent studies on Father Bartolomé de las Casas; Ada M. Coe, Benjamin B. Ashcom, Ruth Lee Kennedy and Gerald Edward Wade studied theater in particular, and in this area Sylvanus Grisworld Morley and Courtney Bruerton established for the first time a solid chronology of Lope de Vega's dramatic works; Sturgis E. Leavitt devoted himself to bibliographical studies; Edwin B. Place analyzed the life and work of María de Zayas and edited the Amadís de Gaula; Nicholson B. Adams devoted himself to romantic drama; Henry H. Carter edited the Ajuda Songbook; J. P. Wickersham Crawford studied the life and works of Cristóbal Suárez de Figueroa; Edwin B. Williams composed a bilingual dictionary; and Henry R. Kahane, the Harvard Dwight L. Bolinger Professor, and Norman P. Sacks wrote on grammar and linguistics.
Before the Spanish Civil War, several Spanish professors and philologists were already teaching in the US: Federico de Onís, Ángel del Río, Joaquín Casalduero and Antonio Solalinde stand out. But Hispanic studies in the United States received a great boom from 1939, with the self-exile of intellectuals who either could not or did not want to live in Franco's Spain. Scattered throughout the world, many ended up in the United States, in many cases going through difficult years, forced to accept any vacant position. Joaquín Gimeno Casalduero (Joaquín Casalduero's nephew), Francisco García Lorca — Federico's younger brother —, José Fernández Montesinos, José Francisco Cirre, Jorge Guillén, Pedro Salinas, Claudio Guillén, César Barja, Diego Marín, Homero Serís taught at American universities., Agapito Rey, Vicente Lloréns, Jerónimo Mallo or Américo Castro; others came later, like Francisco Ruiz Ramón. The Spanish emigrant and philanthropist Gregorio del Amo also created the Fundación del Amo in Los Angeles to promote cultural exchanges between the two countries. Among the disciples at Princeton University of Américo Castro are, apart from the Spanish Juan Marichal, Edmund L. King, a great specialist in the work of Gabriel Miró, Albert A. Sicroff and Stephen Gilman; the latter was a penetrating student of La Celestina. Rudolph Schevill edited with Adolfo Bonilla the Complete Works of Miguel de Cervantes; Joseph G. Fucilla studied the Italian imprint on Hispanic letters and the famous patron Archer Milton Huntington, whose teacher was another Hispanist, William Ireland Knapp, founded the Hispanic Society, one of the fundamental pillars of American Hispanicism of the century XX.
Other important American Hispanists in the 20th century were Otis H. Green, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, and who he was co-director of Hispanic Review, the most famous Hispanic magazine in that country; Yákov Malkiel, Ralph Hayward Keniston, to whom we owe a useful study on the syntax of the Golden Age; Lloyd Kasten and Lawrence B. Kiddle, who edited some works by Alfonso X el Sabio; Erwin Kempton Mapes, specialized in Modernism; John E. Englekirk, a renowned Hispano-Americanist who also studied the footprint of Edgar Allan Poe in Hispanic literature; John Esten Keller, editor of repertoires of medieval tales; Leo Spitzer, Alan S. Trueblood, Laurel H. Turk, Bruce W. Wardropper, Anthony Zahareas, Walter T. Pattison, Richard Pattee, Russell P. Sebold, specialized in the convulsive transition between the XVIII and XIX, Edwin S. Morby, editor of the novels of Lope de Vega; James O. Crosby, Quevedista expert; John McMurry Hill, author of classical drama editions and glossaries and bibliographies; the Canadian Harry W. Hilborn, who composed a chronology of the works of Pedro Calderón de la Barca; Richard Herr, with an important book on eighteenth-century Spain, John Dowling, Elías L. Rivers, the great specialist in Garcilaso; Donald F. Fogelquist; Karl Ludwig Selig, a scholar of the relationship between emblematic and Golden Age literature; Victor R.B. Oelschläger; William H. Shoemaker, great scholar of Benito Pérez Galdós; Albert Sicroff, author of a classic study on clean-blood statutes; Charlotte Stern, a student of medieval Spanish theater; Christopher Maurer, editor and scholar of the work of Federico García Lorca, translator of Baltasar Gracián and biographer of Francisco de Figueroa; Kenneth R. Scholberg, Kessel Schwartz, the German-born musicologist Kurt Schindler, etc. American Hispanicism is still vigorous with figures as active as Daniel Eisenberg, David T. Gies, a scholar of nineteenth-century literature in Spanish, or A. Robert Lauer, devoted to the analysis of classical Spanish theater from the Golden Age.
In the United States there are important societies dedicated to the study, conservation and dissemination of Spanish culture. The Hispanic Society of America, which is the best known, has already been mentioned; there are also libraries specializing in Hispanic matters, such as the one at Tulane University in New Orleans. Some of the most important magazines are: Hispanic Review, Revista Iberoamericana, Hispania, Revista Hispánica Moderna, Modern Language Notes (MLN), Dieciocho and, among others, Cervantes.
Hispanism in Canada
Hispanism in Canada has its origins in the 18th century when Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Cuadra completed the first voyage documented in the Pacific Northwest, also known informally as the Cascadia area. Today it encompasses the Canadian province of British Columbia and the US states of Washington, Oregon, and Alaska. With this expedition, Cuadra reaffirmed Vasco Núñez de Balboa's claim to the entire Pacific coast of the Americas for the Spanish Empire, itself based on the Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494 between Spain and Portugal.
In addition, earlier the Majorcan navigator Juan José Pérez Hernández left Nueva Galicia with instructions to search for possible Russian settlements in Alaska and defend the Hispanic claim to the region. Pérez Hernández reached up to 55° north latitude, and was the first European to reach the Queen Carlota archipelago and the influential Cuadra and Vancouver Island, which contains the current capital of British Columbia; the city of Victoria (it should be noted that one of the most important roads in the city bears the name of Quadra). Pérez Hernández even came to exchange goods with the indigenous people of the island at Punta de San Estebán. The Hispanic legacy can still be perceived in the area thanks to places with Spanish names such as the Bay of Córdoba or the Strait of Juan de Fuca.
Later, another more northern expedition was carried out, in which the absence of Russian settlements was verified. Spanish navigators reached up to 59° north latitude, landing numerous times to reaffirm the Hispanic claim.
On the other side of Canada, some 4,000 kilometers away on the Atlantic coast, there are also traces of the Hispanic heritage. Basque fishermen and whalers reached as far as the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, where as early as the early 16th century they used a natural harbor, currently known as Channel-Port aux Basques (the Port of the Basques), on the island of Newfoundland as a refuge from harsh conditions and a place to get fresh water from the small river called Dead Man& #39;s Brook, which empties there. From there they returned to the Iberian Peninsula or went even further to the frigid Labrador Sea, where there were more whales and more favorable fishing.
Geoffrey Stagg was a teacher in Toronto for many years. In Canada, the Canadian Journal of Hispanic Studies is published.
Hispanism in France and Belgium
The history of Hispanicism in France is very old and stems from the powerful influence exerted by the literature of the Golden Age on authors such as Pierre Corneille or Paul Scarron. The numerous grammars and dictionaries that were written by natives of France have already been cited at the beginning of this work; but there were also Spanish Protestants who fled from the Inquisition and took up the teaching of the Spanish language as their trade, such as the author of the Second part of Lazarillo de Tormes, Juan de Luna. The Parfaicte méthode pour entendre, escrire et parler la langue espagnole (Paris: Lucas Breyel, 1597) by the meritorious Charpentier was soon forgotten by César Oudin's grammar (also from 1597) which served as a model for most of which were later written in French. Michel de Montaigne read the Chroniclers of the Indies and had Fray Antonio de Guevara as one of his models. They took plots and characters from Spanish literature Pierre Corneille, Paul Scarron, Molière, Alain-René Lesage or Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian; Hispanists Ernest Martinenche and Guillaume Huszár have studied the traces of classical Spanish theater in French. The writer François de Rosset (1571 - 1619) translated the Exemplary Novels and the second part of Don Quixote by Cervantes into French.
They traveled through Spain in the 19th century and left written testimony to it by painters such as Eugène Delacroix, Henri Regnault and Georges Clairin; writers as important as Alexandre Dumas, Théophile Gautier, George Sand, Stendhal, Hippolyte Taine or Prosper Merimée; travelers like Jean François Bourgoing, Charles Davillier, Louis Viardot, Isidore Justin Séverin, Charles Didier, Alexandre de Laborde, Antoine de Latour, Joseph Bonaventure Laurens, Edouard Magnien, Pierre Louis de Crusy and Antoine Fréderic Ozanam. François René de Chateaubriand returned from Jerusalem through Spain and recounted his journey. Louis Viardot was a great translator of Spanish works; Víctor Hugo was in Spain accompanying his father, General Hugo, in 1811 and 1813. He was proud to call himself Great of Spain and he knew the language and used it; there are numerous allusions, among other figures and texts, to the Cid and to the work of Cervantes in his works, so that a separate article could be written on the presence of Spanish culture in his work; Prosper Merimée (who, before making his repeated trips to Spain, had already captured his intuitive vision of it in El teatro de Clara Gazul (1825) and in La familia de Carvajal</i which are invaluable sketches of customs and among which stands out his description of a bullfight, a spectacle to which he became fond ever since; his short novels The Souls of Purgatory (1834) are classic works on Spain., which transfers the theme of Don Juan Tenorio to Salamanca, as José de Espronceda would do later in his The Student of Salamanca, and Carmen (1845); Henri Murger incorporated elements Cervantinos to his Scenes from Life in Bohemia and Gustave Flaubert himself made his Madame Bovary "a Quixote with skirts". Only on the influence of Miguel de Cervantes could a separate chapter be made; Honoré de Balzac was a friend of Francisco Martínez de la Rosa and dedicated his novel The Executioner (1829) to him. It should also be remembered that Martínez de la Rosa premiered Abén Humeya in Paris in 1831. The Romancero was included in the Bibliothèque universelle de romans that was published in 1774. Auguste Creuzé de Lesser published the Romances du Cid in 1814, comparing them as Herder to the Greek epic, and they were reprinted in 1823 and 1836, giving the French Romantic movement much to fable about, apart from write a Amadis de Gaule, poeme... (1813). Víctor's brother, the journalist and publisher Abel Hugo, who always highlighted the literary value of the Romancero, translated and published in 1821 a Romancero e historia del rey don Rodrigo and in 1822 the Romances historiques traduits de l'espagnol. He also composed a vaudeville, Les français en Espagne (1823), the result of his interest in this country, where he had been as a young man with his brother at the Seminary of Noblemen. of Madrid in the time of King José. The scholar Antoine de Latour (1808-1881), a regular critic and promoter of Spanish literature in Parisian magazines, was secretary to the influential Duke of Montpensier, pretender to the Spanish throne, and spent almost his entire life in Spain helping many as patrons. of Spanish Catholic writers. Madame de Stäel contributed to the knowledge of Spanish literature in France as she did with the knowledge of the German, so important to introduce Romanticism in the country. To this end, he translated Friedrich von Schlegel's Course in Dramatic Literature in 1814 and Volume IV of Bouterwek's work, which he gave the title of Histoire de la littérature espagnole in 1812. The Swiss Simonde de Sismondi also helped spread it with his study De la littérature du midi de l'Europe (1813). In this sense, the anthology of Castilian poetry after the XV century, translated and edited with introductions and notes by Juan María, was of paramount importance. Maury under the title L'Espagne poétique, in 1826–1827, in two volumes. The Baudry publishing house published many works by Spanish romantics in Paris and even maintained a Collection of the Best Spanish Authors commissioned by Eugenio de Ochoa, a Spanish writer who was practically bilingual and lived half the time in Paris.
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Visions of Spain were offered by the travel books of Madame d'Aulnoy, Saint-Simon, Théophile Gautier (who toured Spain in 1840 and published a Voyage en Espagne (1845) and a España (1845), full of picturesque and colorful sensibility, so much so that they served as an inspiration to the Spaniards themselves (poets like Zorrilla and narrators like those of the generation of '98) and Alexandre Dumas (who assisted in Madrid to the performance of Don Juan Tenorio by José Zorrilla and left some rather negative Impressions de voyage (1847-1848) about his experiences; his drama Don Juan de Marana revives the Don Juan legend, changing the ending after having seen Zorrilla's version in the late 1864 edition. François-René de Chateaubriand passed through the peninsula in 1807 and had some intervention in the invasion of the One Hundred Thousand Sons of San Luis in 1823; he recounted it in his Mémoires d'Outre tombe (1849-1850). It was then that he perhaps conceived of writing Les aventures du dernier Abencerraje (1826), exalting Hispano-Arab chivalry, although Victor-Joseph Étienne de Jouy had already written an opera libretto on the same theme, Los Abencérages (1813) with music by Luigi Cherubini, as well as another on Hernán Cortés Fernand Cortez (1809) with music by Gaspare Spontini. Widely read were the Lettres d'un espagnol (1826) by Louis Viardot, who was in Spain in 1823. Albert Savine translated works from Spanish and Catalan and wrote an important work on Naturalism in Spain. Stendhal dedicated the chapter "De l'Espagne" in his essay De l'amour (1822). She then visited the Peninsula in 1834. George Sand spent a season in Mallorca with Chopin (1837-1838), installed in the gloomy Cartuja de Valldemosa, as she herself recalls in Un hiver au midi de l'Espagne (1842) and in his Memoirs. Victorien Sardou set his piece The Witch (1904) in Spain in the 16th century. Classical Spanish painting exerted a formidable influence on Manet, and more recently on modern French painting in general Pablo Ruiz Picasso or Salvador Dalí. Spanish music marked composers such as Georges Bizet, Emmanuel Chabrier, Édouard Lalo, Ravel, Debussy, etc.
In Belgium, Lucien-Paul Thomas and Pierre Groult stand out, who mainly studied Castilian mysticism in relation to Flemish; Hispanic studies in France were promoted by Pierre Paris, Ernesto Merimée, founder of the French Institute of Madrid, creator of a Manual on the history of Spanish literature and scholar of Quevedo and Guillén de Castro, his son Henri; Léo Rouanet, Jean Joseph Stanislas Albert Damas Hinard, Jean-Josep Saroïhandy, Jean Camp, Georges Cirot, Théodore de Puymaigre, Desdevises du Dézert, Gaston Paris, Adolphe de Puibusque, Raymond Foulché-Delbosc, Eugène Kohler, Ernest Martinenche, Guillaume Huszár, Marcel Bataillon, Alfred Morel-Fatio, Maurice Legendre Jean Sarrailh, Jean Cassou, Félix Lecoy, Valery Larbaud, Pierre Fouché, Marcel Lepée, Henri Gavel, Jean Ducamin, Pierre Le Gentil, Israël Salvator Révah, Noel Salomon, Alain Guy, Maxime Chevalier, Louis Combet, Georges Demerson, Marcelin Défourneaux, Charles Vincent Aubrun, Robert Marrast, Gaspard Delpy, Pierre Vilar, Bartolomé Benassar, Joseph Pérez, Jean Canavaggio, Jean Descola, René Andioc, Albert Dérozier, Claude Morange, Marc Vitse, Robert Jammes, Frédéric Serralta, Lucienne Domergue, Théodore Joseph Boudet, Adolphe Coster, Claude Couffon, Maurice Molho...
Currently the most important centers of Hispanicism in France are found in the universities of Bordeaux and Toulouse, and in Paris, where there is the so-called Institut des Études Hispaniques, founded in 1912. Very prestigious magazines are also published, such as the Bulletin Hispanique.
Hispanism in Great Britain and Ireland
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The first Spanish book translated into English was La Celestina; It is an adaptation in verse published in London between 1525 and 1530 and attributed by some to John Rastell, of whom it is only known that he had it printed. It only includes the first four acts and is based on the Italian version by Ordóñez. It is commonly known as Interlude and its original title is A new comedy in English in manner of an interlude right elegant and full of craft of rhetoric: wherein is shewed and described as well the beauty and good properties of women, as their vices and evil conditions with a moral conclusion and exhortation to virtue. The Elizabethan diplomat Robert Beale (1541-1601) edited a bibliography of books dealing with Spain. The Scottish poet William Drummond (1585-1649) translated Garcilaso de la Vega and Juan Boscán. The English were well acquainted with the masterpieces of Castilian literature, which were soon translated, especially Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo's Amadís de Gaula and Diego's Cárcel de amor of San Pedro. Sir Philip Sidney had read the Seven Books of Diana by the Spanish-Portuguese Jorge de Montemayor and his poetry greatly influenced him. John Bourchier translated the Libro aureo de Marco Aurelio by Fray Antonio de Guevara. David Rowland translated the Lazarillo de Tormes in 1586 and surely this work inspired the first English picaresque novel, The Unfortunate Traveler (1594) by Thomas Nashe. La Celestina was translated, this time in its entirety, at the end of the 16th century: (in London, J. Wolf, 1591; Adam Islip, 1596; William Apsley, 1598 etc.). Some of the translators of that time traveled or lived for a time in Spain, such as Lord Berners, Bartholomew Yong, Thomas Shelton, Leonard Digges or James Mabbe. William Cecil (Lord Burghley, 1520-1598) undoubtedly had the most extensive library of books in Spanish in England, but his sympathies for Spain and his negotiations failed to prevent Philip II's war against Elizabeth I.
Elizabethan theater also suffered the powerful influence of the Spanish Golden Age: John Fletcher, a regular collaborator of Shakespeare, took over Cervantes: from Don Quixote for his Cardenio, written in collaboration with Shakespeare, who was, on the other hand, an unexpected reader of Juan Luis Vives. Fletcher also imitated the famous novel in his best known Knight of the Burning Whipper. He also took from Persiles for his The custom of the country and from The illustrious mop for his The beautiful saleswoman . Thomas Middleton and William Rowley were inspired by La gitanilla to write their The Spanish Gipsy (1623). The first translation of Don Quixote into a foreign language was the English version by Thomas Shelton (first part, 1612, second, 1620). The century did not end without seeing the first English imitation of this work: the satirical poem Hudibras (1663-78), by Samuel Butler. In addition, some great poets of the Golden Age were translated into English by Richard Fanshawe, who died in Madrid. The translations of literary and historical works of the Golden Age by John Stevens also stood out.
Already in the 18th century, a luxurious London edition of Don Quixote in Spanish stands out (1738) prepared by the enthusiastic Sephardic Jewish Cervantist Pedro Pineda, with an introduction by the novator Gregorio Mayáns y Siscar and excellent engravings. There were with little difference two new translations of Don Quixote, that of Jarvis (1742) and that of the picaresque novelist Tobías Smollet (1755). Smollet appears as a great reader of Spanish narrative and his works bear that ever-present stamp. On the other hand, the best work of the eighteenth-century writer Charlotte Lennox is precisely La mujer Quixote (1752) and Cervantes is also the inspiration for The Spiritual Quixote, by Richard Graves. The English clergyman John Bowle produced what is without dispute the best annotated and critical edition of Don Quixote of the XVIII century , in 1781, and is the first, from any country, to which the label "hispanista" was applied. The novelists Henry Fielding and Lawrence Sterne also learned from Cervantes. As for the British travelers through Spain in this century who left written testimony of their passage, and following a chronological order, we can cite John Durant Breval, Thomas James, Wyndham Beawes, James Harris, Richard Twiss, Francis Carter, William Dalrymple, Philip Thiknesse, Henry Swinburne, John Talbot Dillon, Alexander Jardine, Richard Croker, Richard Cumberland, Joseph Townsend, Arthur Young, William Beckford, John Macdonald, Robert Southey, and Neville Wyndham.
At the middle of the next century are John Hookham Frere and Henry Richard Vassal Fox, better known as Lord Holland (1773-1840), a great friend of Melchor Gaspar de Jovellanos and Manuel José Quintana, and benefactor of José María Blanco-White. Lord Holland visited Spain on numerous occasions and wrote his impressions on those trips, apart from collecting books and manuscripts and preparing a biography of Lope de Vega. His house was open to all Spaniards, especially to liberal émigrés who arrived in the London neighborhood of Somers in the XIX century. Town fleeing from Fernandez's absolutist repression, or who simply could not stand the country's religious and ideological dogmatism. Many subsisted doing translations or teaching the language to eager Englishmen, most eager to trade with Spanish America, but others also curious to learn something about medieval Spanish literature, much to the romantic taste. One of the emigrants, Antonio Alcalá Galiano, disseminated Spanish literature in a chair of Spanish created at the University of London in 1828 and published his notes. Publisher Rudolph Ackerman set up a great business publishing Catechisms (textbooks) on the most disparate subjects in Spanish for the newly born Spanish-American republics, many of them made up of Spanish émigrés.
Artists also felt the spell of Spain: the Scottish sir William Stirling wrote Annals of Spanish Artists and the great architect and designer Owen Jones Plans, elevations, sections and details of the Alhambra. The painter John Phillips was called "Philip of Spain" and "The Spanish" because of his passion for Spanish culture, and his colleague James Ballantine painted him in 1864 in his studio finishing a painting of bandits. Scottish painters such as David Roberts or Arthur Melville also traveled to Spain repeatedly. David Wilkie, who was also in Spain, painted numerous scenes from the War of Independence in parallel with Goya. Matthew G. Lewis set some of his works in Spain. The protagonist of Northanger Abbey by Jane Austen is so crazy about gothic novels that she has read books of chivalry like Don Quixote.
Walter Scott was an enthusiastic Cervantist and tried to translate some romance. To Spain and its history he dedicated the narrative poem The Vision of Roderick (1811). Thomas Rodd translated some romances. Lord Byron, reader of Don Quixote and translator of the romance Ay de mi Alhama in part of his Childe Harold, also felt great interest in Spain. not to mention his Don Juan. Richard Trench was a translator for Calderón de la Barca and a friend of the Spanish emigrants, some of whom wrote in English and Spanish, such as José María Blanco White or Telesforo de Trueba y Cossío, and many of them spread knowledge of the Spanish language and his literature, like Juan Calderón, who had a chair of Spanish at King's College. John Hookham Frere was a friend of the Duke of Rivas when he was in Malta and translated some medieval and classical poetry into English. Hispanists were the brothers Jeremiah Holmes and Benjamin B. Wiffen, the Lakista poet Robert Southey, who translated the Amadís de Gaula and the Palmerín de Inglaterra into English, among other valuable works. English novelists received a strong Cervantine influence, especially Charles Dickens, who created a quixotic couple in Mr. Pickwick and Sam Weller in his Poshumous Pickwick Club Papers. John Ormsby translated the Cantar de Mío Cid and Don Quixote. Percy Bysshe Shelley left traces of his devotion to Pedro Calderón de la Barca in his work. The polyglot John Bowring traveled to Spain in 1819 and left some Observations about this trip. Classic travelers are Richard Ford, whose Handbook for travelers in Spain (1845) was widely reissued, and George Borrow, author of a delightful travel book, The Bible in Spain, translated into Spanish by Manuel Azaña. The Irishman Terence MacMahon Hughes, the Calderón poet Edward FitzGerald, the literary historian James Fitzmaurice-Kelly, "father" of a whole British generation of Hispanists like Edgar Allison Peers or Alexander A. Parker. Other notable Hispanists have been the Irishman Frank Pierce, a scholar of the educated epic poetry of the Golden Age; John Brande Trend, Spanish music historian; Edward Meryon Wilson, author of a splendid English translation of Luis de Góngora's Soledades (1931); Norman David Shergold, scholar of the auto sacramental; John E. Varey, who documented the evolution of paratheatrical forms in the Golden Age; Geoffrey Ribbans, William James Entwistle, Peter Edward Russell, Nigel Glendinning, Ian Michael, Henry Ettinghausen, Brian Dutton, Gerald Brenan, John H. Elliott, Raymond Carr, Henry Kamen, John H. R. Polt, Hugh Thomas, Colin Smith, Edward C. Riley, Keith Whinnom, Paul Preston, Alan Deyermond, Ian Gibson...
The Association of Hispanists of Great Britain and Ireland (AHGBI) was the first of all Hispanist societies, along with the Japanese, having been founded in 1955 by a group of university professors meeting in Saint Andrews. Since then annual congresses have been organized and in 2005 the fiftieth will take place. The AHGBI played a decisive role in the creation of the International Association of Hispanists, AIH, whose first congress was held in Oxford in 1962. Said association has congresses and publishes its proceedings.
Hispanism in Germany, Austria and Switzerland
The German Association of Hispanists was founded in 1977 and since then there has been an independent and autonomous Hispanism in Germany that holds a biennial congress. At this time Spanish often exceeds French in number of students. There are more or less forty Romance Philology departments in Germany and more than ten thousand Spanish students. Professor Walther Bernecker of the Universität Erlangen-Nürenberg being one of the greatest current representatives of German Hispanicism.
Apart from the imitation of the picaresque novel by Hans Jakob Christoph von Grimmelshausen, Hispanicism in Germany flourished strongly around the devotion that its Romanticism aroused for Miguel de Cervantes and above all for the golden playwright Pedro Calderón de la Barca and Baltasar Gracián, although there were already major stakeholders in the country in the XVIII century, such as the Austrian ambassador Giusti, whose writings have been published by Hans Juretschke. The philologist Friedrich Diez (1794-1876) can be considered the first, with his Grammar of Romance Languages (1836-1843) and the Etymological Dictionary of Romance Languages (1854) gives Spanish an important place; He published his first Hispanic work, Altspanische Romanzen (Spanish Medieval Romances, 1819), when interest in the Spanish had already aroused in other authors, such as Johann Andreas Dieze, with his important expanded translation of the book of Luis José Velazquez Geschichte der spanischen Gelehrsamkeit (1769), who expanded knowledge of Spanish literature in Germany, and Friedrich Justin Bertuch.
The romantic group formed by Ludwig Tieck (1773-1853), orientalist, writer and poet who translated Don Quixote into German (1799-1801), Friedrich Bouterwek, author of a curious and very erroneous History of Spanish Literature and translator of The Judge of Divorces by Cervantes, and the Schlegels, of whom August Wilhelm (1767-1845) translated works by Calderón (Spanisches Theater, 1803-1809) and classical Spanish poetry into German. Jakob Grimm, famous philologist and folklorist, edited a Silva de ballads viejos (Vienna, 1816) with a prologue in Spanish. Consul in Spain, Juan Nicolás Böhl de Faber showed himself to be a great scholar of Calderón, classical Spanish theater and traditional popular literature; Philologists such as Viktor Aimé Huber, interested both in the Romancero and in the fall of the liberal revolution in 1823, and Wilhelm von Humboldt, traveled around Spain taking notes, and the latter was especially interested in the Basque language. The philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer was a fervent reader and translator of Baltasar Gracián. Count Adolf Friedrich von Schack (1815-1894) made a trip to Spain in 1852 to study the remains of Arab civilization and has since become a fervent Hispanist.
In Switzerland, Austria and other German-speaking countries or with German emigrants, classical Spanish literature began to be studied and read rigorously; Although the best known is perhaps the Viennese writer Franz Grillparzer, the list is certainly not scarce in philology: Wendelin Foerster, Karl Vollmoller, Adolf Tobler, Heinrich Morf, Gustav Gröber, Gottfried Baist, Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke are examples of this. Among them are two Chileans, Rodolfo or Rudolf Lenz (1863-1938), who published, among many other works, his important Dictionary of Chilean voices derived from indigenous languages, his Chilenische Studien and other important works on grammar and on American Spanish, and Federico or Friedrich Hanssen (1857-1919), who wrote a Historical Grammar of the Castilian language and other works on Hispanic philology on Old Castilian, Aragonese dialectology and American Spanish. Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke's Manual of Romance Philology was a classic in Spain, as was his Historical Grammar of Romance Languages (1896-1899) and, already in the XX, the Introduction to Romance Linguistics (1901) (translated into Spanish), and the Romanesque etymological dictionary (1935). With his translations and his books, Johannes Fastenrath disseminated Spanish culture among his contemporaries and also created an award that bears his name at the Royal Spanish Academy to reward the best works written in Spanish in lyric, narrative and essay. The Austrian Romanist Ferdinand Wolf, a friend of Agustín Durán, was particularly interested in the Romancero, lyric cancioneril and popular medieval poetry, and studied authors who lived in Vienna, such as Cristóbal de Castillejo. The Swiss Heinrich Morf edited the old Poem of Joseph (Leipzig, 1883). The works of Linguistic Idealism and Stylistics, represented by Karl Vossler and Ludwig Pfandl, were widely read in Spain. Germanic Calderonism resurfaced with the editions of Max Krenkel. Other important authors were Emil Gessner: Das Altleonesische (The old Leonese) (Berlin, 1867); Gottfried Baist: edition of Don Juan Manuel's Book of Hunting (1880) and the first draft of a historical grammar of Spanish: Die spanische Sprache, in the monumental encyclopedia of the Romance philology published by Gustav Gröber from 1888; Hugo Schuchardt: Die cantes flamencos, to date the best work on the subject; Armin Gassner: Das altspanische Verbum (The verb in old Castilian) (Halle 1897) and a work on Spanish syntax (1890) and several articles on Spanish pronouns published between 1893 and 1895. Mention should also be made: Moritz Goldschmidt: Zur Kritik der altgermanischen Elemente im Spanischen, Bonn 1887 (mediocre work, but the first on the influences of the Germanic languages on Spanish).
More specialized authors and with important contributions to Hispanic philology were Werner Beinhauer (colloquial Spanish, phraseology, idioms); Joseph Brüch (Germanic influences, historical phonetics); Emil Gamillscheg (Germanic influences on the peninsular languages, place names, Basques and Romans) Wilhelm Giese (etymology, dialectology and popular culture, Guanchisms, pre-Roman substratum, Judeo-Spanish); Rudolf Grossmann (foreign words from River Plate Spanish, Spanish and Latin American literature, Latin American culture); Helmut Hatzfeld (stylist, language of Don Quixote); Heinrich Kuen (linguistic situation of the Iberian Peninsula, typology of Spanish); Alwin Kuhn (Aragonese dialectology, formation of Romance languages); Fritz Krüger (dialectology, ethnography); Harri Meier (historical linguistics, etymology, formation of Romance languages, dialectology, linguistic typology); Joseph M. Piel (toponymy and anthroponymy of the Ibero-Romance languages); Gerhard Rohlfs (historical linguistics, etymology, toponymy, dialectology, language and culture); Hugo Schuchardt (Spanish etymologies, dialectology, pre-Roman languages, Creoles, Basque studies); Friedrich Schürr (historical phonetics, lexicology); Leo Spitzer (etymology, syntax, stylistics and lexicology of Spanish); Günther Haensch and Arnold Steiger (Arabic influences on Spanish, Mozarabic language); Karl Vossler (stylistics, characterization of the Spanish language, studies on Spanish literature and culture); Edmund Schramm made the biography of Donoso Cortés and studied Unamuno; Max Leopold Wagner (Spanish from America, studies on Caló and slang, dialectology); Adolf Zauner (author of an Altspanisches Lehrbuch (Manual of Old Spanish, 1907).
Fritz Krüger created the famous "Hamburg school," which applied the principles of the "Worter und Sachen" ("Words and Things") previously founded by Swiss and German philologists (Hugo Schuchardt, R. Meringer, W. Meyer-Lübke), aptly combining dialectology and ethnography. From 1926 to 1944 he directed the magazine Volkstum und Kultur der Romanen and its annexes (1930-1945), 37 volumes, in which many of his disciples published their works, including Rudolf Wilmes on the Aragonese language. Krüger wrote mainly on Hispanic dialectology, especially those of western Spain (Extremadura and León) and the Pyrenees, which he traveled on foot to collect the materials for his monumental work Die Hochpyrenaen (the Central Pyrenees) in which he meticulously describes the landscape, flora and fauna, material culture, popular traditions and dialects of the central Pyrenees. The versatile Romanist Gerhard Rohlfs investigated the languages and dialects of the two slopes of the Pyrenees and their common elements, the pre-Roman substrata of the peninsular languages, the guanchismos, etc.
To Karl Vossler, founder of the linguistic school of idealism, today largely superseded, we owe brilliant interpretations of Spanish literary works and profound reflections on Spanish culture. Vossler started with Helmut Hatzfeld and Leo Spitzer a new stylistic school based on aesthetics, which above all analyzed the means of expression of the different authors (Karl Vossler, Helmut Hatzfeld, Leo Spitzer: Introduction to Romance stylistics, Buenos Aires, 1932).
At the beginning of the XX century, the founding of two meritorious institutions dedicated exclusively to Hispanic studies (including of Catalan, Galician and Portuguese), the Iberoamerikanisches Forschungsinstitut of the University of Hamburg, a city always open to the world, and the Iberoamerikanisches Institut of Berlin, the great cultural metropolis in those years.
In 1919 the Iberoamerikanisches Forschungsinstitut of the University of Hamburg was founded, which until the 1960s was practically the only university institution dedicated exclusively to Spanish and the other peninsular languages. The Institute published the valuable journal Volkstum und Kultur der Romanen (1926 -1944) devoted essentially to works on dialectology and popular culture, generally following the guidelines of the "Worter und Sachen" ("Words and things"). Under the direction of Fritz Krüger, whose disciples published doctoral theses on the Spanish language and its dialects, the "Hamburg School" was created.
Founded in 1930, the Instituto Iberoamericano or Iberoamerikanisches Institut in Berlin received library funds from various donations including the library of the Institute for Ibero-American lnvestigations of the University of Bonn, dissolved in 1930. The library of the Berlin lnstitute, the most important in Europe in terms of studies on Spain, Portugal and Latin America and the languages of these countries (including Catalan, Galician, Portuguese, Basque and the indigenous languages of America) today has 730,000 volumes and 4,300 journals, in addition to a large number of maps, files of photographs, slides, tapes, a file of press clippings, one of 18,000 records. The Institute has an efficient assistance. It is also dedicated to research in the fields of literature, linguistics, ethnology, history and art history.
Under the Nazi regime (1933-1945), German philology went through a difficult time. Unfortunately, there were Romanists who, in their lectures and in their work, praised and propagated Nazi ideology. Others, on the other hand, lost their professorships or suffered another type of persecution, some for being Jews (such as Yakov Malkiel and Leo Spitzer, who emigrated), others for not being fond of the regime or even active enemies of it (such as Helmut Hatzfeld, who fled Germany; Werner Krauss, who lost his professorship in 1935).
Reconstructed with difficulty after the war, German-speaking Hispanic philology contributed the works of Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcellos and Ernst Robert Curtius. Rudolph Grossmann produced a large Spanish-German dictionary and produced a Spanish lyrical anthology. Hans Juretschke and Werner Kraus also made great contributions. Werner Beinhauer studied colloquial Spanish and his book on this subject is a classic that is still read with pleasure today; Torsten Rox studies Mariano José de Larra and nineteenth-century Spanish journalism; Hans Magnus Enzensberger has made a new translation of Federico García Lorca. On the other hand, in Germany there are publishers specialized in Hispanic studies, such as the Reichenberger Publishing House in Kassel, which is dedicated to the Golden Age and does a very meritorious job, and the Klaus Dieter Ververt Publishing House, which has a branch in Frankfurt and another in Madrid, which facilitates collaboration among Hispanists.
In Austria, Franz Grillparzer, a great theater reader of the Golden Age, was the first Hispanist, and Anton Rothbauer stands out as a translator of modern lyrics and a scholar of the black legend; Alfred Wolfgang Wurzbach and Rudolf Palgen are also Austrians.
Hispanism in Russia
In the Russian Federation, the history of Hispanism is long and deep and even resisted the break in relations due to the dictatorship resulting from the Spanish Civil War. Start of the XVIII and XIX century; In this last century, the influence of Cervantes on the novels of Realism (Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Iván Turguénev, León Tolstoy, etc.) was profound. Vasili Botkin (1811-1869) traveled through Spain and published Letters from Spain (1857). Other romantic travelers, such as Sergei Sobolevski, amassed large libraries of books in Spanish and assisted Spanish writers such as Juan Valera who visited their country. The Russian Realism playwright Aleksandr Ostrovski translated the theater of Pedro Calderón de la Barca and wrote essays on Golden Age theater. Yevgueni Salias de Tournemir also visited Spain, who published Apuntes de viaje por España in 1874, more or less when Emilio Castelar published his Contemporary Russia.
The Association of Hispanists of Russia was born in 1994, during the celebration of the First Conference of Hispanists of Russia, and is based at the Moscow State Linguistic University. It was chaired by Sergei Goncharenko, the most prestigious name of the father of a whole generation of Russian Hispanists. At present, the Association of Hispanists of the federation has the support of the Academy of Sciences; Hispanic American studies also experience a large increase.
In 2003, a non-exhaustive count revealed the number of about four thousand Spanish students in universities. Notable Hispanists include, only in the XX century, Fiódor Kelyin, the editor of the first Spanish-Russian dictionary; Inna Tynyanova, daughter of Yuri Tinyanov; Anatoli Gueleskul, Lev Ospovat, Ovadi Savich, Sergei Goncharenko, Venedikt Vinográdov, Pavel Grushko, Natalia Fírsova, Boris Dubin, academics Yuri Karaúlov, Alexander Chubaryan, Alexander Koloshenko, Victor Andreyev, Vladimir Vasilyev, Natalia Miod, Na Italia Mijeyeva, Svetlana Piskunova and Vsévolod Bagnó, among many others no less important. In addition, a particularly active Russian Hernandiano Circle has recently been founded, dedicated to studying the work of Miguel Hernández, who visited the USSR in September 1937.
Hispanism in Bulgaria
Hispanists and translators Todor Neikov and Emilia Tsenkova stand out, the first translator of Quijote into Bulgarian and the second translator and presenter in Spanish for Bulgarian National Radio and the first Spanish professor at the University National and World Economy and co-founder of the Department of Hispanic Studies at the University of Sofía San Clemente de Ojrida; both also collaborated on a Spanish / Bulgarian Dictionary together with Tsvetan Gueorguiev and Julia Kucher, whose third edition dates from 1992. The most recent Bulgarian / Spanish Dictionary - Spanish / Bulgarian (2009) is, however, that of Ivan Kanchev and Svetla Grigorova, with 40,000 voices, extensive introductions to Spanish and Bulgarian grammars, and phonetic transcription of entries.
Hispanism in the Czech Republic
The history of Czech Hispanicism is quite old; there were Czech pilgrims in Santiago de Compostela and Czech students at the University of Salamanca. In the 13th century, Castile and Bohemia were institutionally related thanks to the kinship of the monarchs Alfonso X El Sabio and Premysl Otakar II, since their mothers were sisters and descendants of the House of Hohenstaufen. The Bohemian nobleman León de Rosmithal traveled to Spain between 1466 and 1467 and we still have the Latin transcription of the original Czech manuscript, written by a certain Sasek who belonged to his entourage, in which his trip was told. Said manuscript was printed in Olmütz in 1577..
Erasmian Ferdinand I, born in Alcalá, was elected King of Bohemia in 1526 and took with him the poet Cristóbal de Castillejo, who was his secretary; his book Dialogue and discourse of court life is dated in Prague in 1547. The Hexaglosson was the first Spanish manual and the first Spanish-Czech dictionary already in the 18th century. XVI.
But the oppression of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy prevented the development of the Czech language and literature until the situation began to change already in the 17th century XVIII and the XIX; for this reason, only one Spanish literary work was first translated into Czech as late as 1838, Cervantes's Exemplary Novels. Don Quixote was translated in 1864, and since then it has reached twelve different translations. Works by Calderón de la Barca, Lope de Vega, Vicente Blasco Ibáñez and Federico García Lorca, among many others, were translated. The first Hispanist and Czech translator was Antonín Pikhart in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the great poet Jaroslav Vrchlicky translated two dozen plays by Calderón de la Barca. In the 1930s, the Círculo Español de Praga was created, which made it possible for different Spanish writers, artists and musicians to visit the Czech Republic, as well as the Spanish and Ibero-American Institute.
There is already an Association of Czech Hispanists. The Romanists Maxmilián Krepinsky, Rudolf Jan Slaby and J. Chlumsky made significant contributions to the history of the Spanish language. Histories of literature by Fitzmaurice-Kelly, Juan Chabás and Enrique Anderson Imbert were translated. Josef Dubsky and his various collaborators composed a Great Czech-Spanish and Spanish-Czech dictionary in two thick volumes, printed in 1977, which had a second edition in 1993. to a great interest in everything related to Spanish culture. Centers of Hispanicism are the Carolina University, which has a Center for Ibero-American Studies, the Masaryk University of Brno, the Palacky Olomouc University and the Ceske Budejovice University. Among the most important Hispanists are Bohumil Zavadil, Josef Forbelský, Oldřich Bělič, Zdenek Hampejs, Anna Mištinová, Athena Alchazidu, Simona Binkova, Petr Cermák, Jirí Cerny, Jana Kralova, Anna Mistinová, Pavel Stepánek, Miloslav Ulicny, translator of Cantar de Mío Cid to Czech, Hedvika Vydrová, Lenka Zajicova, Helena Zbudilova and Tomás Borysek.
Hispanism in Poland
Two countries like Spain and Poland, so far apart, nevertheless have much in common in terms of history and political and cultural evolution. In the X century, Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub, a Jewish merchant from Tortosa, then under Muslim rule, traveled to the Western Slavic countries, perhaps at the behest of the caliphs. The merchant wrote an account of the trip of which only a few fragments and adaptations survive in the work of al-Bekri. Ibn Jacob, unknown in Spain, is one of the pillars of Polish historiography of the Middle Ages. Princess Rica (Rycheza) of Poland, daughter of the Polish duke Vladislaus II the Banished (1138-1146) married Alfonso VII "the Emperor" (1126-1157), King of Castilla, León and Galicia when his first wife died; on the other hand, more than a hundred Poles made a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela in the Middle Ages; we know the names of Jakub Cztan, Franciszek from Szubin and Klemens from Moskorzewo.
In 1490 Stanislaus Polonus, that is, Stanislaus the Pole, arrived in Spain. Estanislao settled in Seville, the most prosperous Spanish city of the time, to introduce the printing press and during the fourteen years that he worked as a publisher in Spain he printed (alone or with his associates) one hundred and eleven titles that together add up to twelve thousand pages. The University of Salamanca was the first European university to recognize the heliocentric theory of Mikołaj Kopernik (Nicolas Copernicus, 1473-1543). From 1562 the discoveries of the Polish scientist were incorporated into the curriculum of the second year of astronomy. In the 16th century we have the letters of the humanist Jan Dantyszek (Juan Dantisco, 1485-1548), ambassador of King Sigismund I to Carlos V who traveled three times to the Peninsula and stayed there for nearly ten years, befriending very prominent figures. Like Hernán Cortés. Bishop Piotr Dunin Wolski took three hundred books in Spanish to Poland, which became part of the Jagiellonian Library in Cracow under the name Bibliotheca Volsciana. Several Spanish professors worked at the Krakow Academy: Garsías Cuadras from Seville and the Aragonese jurist Pedro Ruiz de Moros (1506-1571), known in Poland as Roizjusz, who wrote mainly in Latin and was an adviser to the king, who also spoke well Spanish and danced the pavane. The Society of Jesus spread Spanish mysticism, asceticism, theology and theater and there was even a Polish Jesuit saint in Spain, Stanisław Kostka (Estanislao de Kostka) (1550-1568). In the 16th century Spain was visited by, among others, the travelers Stanisław Łaski, Andrzej Tęczyński, Jan Tarnowski, Stanisław Radziwiłł and Szymon Babiogórski. There is also an interesting anonymous story from 1595 that is preserved in manuscript: Diariusz z peregrynacji włoskiej, hiszpańskiej, portugalskiej (Diary of the Italian, Spanish and Portuguese pilgrimage). The anonymous traveler arrived in Barcelona from Mallorca in August 1595. The mystical and ascetic works, soon translated, and the philosophy of Juan Luis Vives and Francisco Suárez were very influential in this century.
As far back as the 17th century, the cultured epic poet Samuel Twardowski (1600-60) wrote a pastoral novel with a Hispanic theme -Portuguese, La bella Pascualina, which is suspected to be a translation of an original in Spanish; and there is another prominent traveler, the Polish nobleman Jacobo Sobieski, who did the Camino de Santiago and wrote an account of it. In the years 1674-1675, Canon Andrzej Chryzostom Załuski (1650-1711), Jerzy Radziwiłł and Stanisław Radziwiłł, among others, visited Spain, and they all left written testimony of it; It is verified in all of them that they do not know the black legend or ignore it, since their attitude is always benevolent and in favor of the Spanish.
The War of Independence brought some Poles to Spain; there are some Diaries of the Spanish War from 1808-1814 written by Stanisław Broekere. However, modern Polish hispanicism, which they call iberística, stems from the romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz; then came Hispanophiles from the mid-XIX century, such as the journalist José Leonard y Bertholet, Joachim Lelewel (author of a Parallel History of Spain with Poland in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, written in 1820 and published in 1831), Wojciech Dzieduszycki, Leonard Rettel, Julian Adolf Swiecicki, Karol Dembowski, who wrote in French a book on travels around the Spain of the First Carlist War, Teodor Tripplin, who, like Kajetan Wojciechowski, wrote about his travels in Spain Aleksander Hołyński, Józef Tański, Tomasz Bartmański, Józef Feliks Zieliński, Ignacy Skrochowski, Adolf Pawiński, Wincenty Lutosławski, Henryk Sienkiewicz, Józef Pelczar, Wojciech Dzieduszycki, Wojciech Kossak, Tadeusz Peiper, Stanisław Witkowski, Tytus Czyżewski, Józef Czapski or Félix Rozanski, rather enthusiastic popularizers and translators, who preceded the Romanists who taught in Poland at the time, such as Edward Porebowicz and his successor Zygmunt Czerny. The historian Adolf Pawiński (1840-1896) was perhaps the author of the most comprehensive study on Spain, its culture and intellectual life published in Polish in the 19th century, Spain. Travel letters (Hiszpania. Listy z podróży, 1881). Then came Józef Morawski and Stefania Ciesielska-Borkowska. Maria Strzałkowa wrote the first draft of Historia de la literatura española. Kazimierz Zawanowski, Zofia Szleyen, Kalina Wojciechowska and Zofia Chądzyńska stand out as translators.
The writer Władysław Broniewski participated in the Spanish Civil War. Tadeusz Peiper published works on Polish literature in The Sun, as well as Miciński, Władysław Reymont and Stanisław Przybyszewski. The poet and Hispanist Florian Smieja taught Spanish and Latin American literature in London (Ontario) and the important translation work of Józef Łobodowski is becoming increasingly known. In 1971, the first chair of Iberism not subordinated to a department of Romance literature was created at the University of Warsaw, and the following year the corresponding university course was created. Now it is called the Institute of Iberian and Ibero-American Studies. It teaches Urszula Aszyk-Bangs, the prematurely deceased Marie-Pierrette Małcużyńska (1948-2004) and the polonologists Roberto Mansberger Amorós, Víctor Manuel Ferreras and Carlos Marrodán Casas. In Krakow, the first National Symposium of Hispanists was organized in 1985. Very important is the work of the Hispanist historians Janusz Tazbir and Jan Kienewicz, and in the field of literature by Gabriela Makowiecka, Henryk Ziomek, Beata Baczynska, Florian Smieja, Piotr Sawicki and Kazimierz Sabik. Grzegorz Bak, on the other hand, has studied the image of Spain in Polish literature of the XIX century and Anna Anya Jagielska recovers the Sephardic musical tradition.
Hispanism in Portugal and Brazil
The integration of Brazil in Mercosur has created the need for a closer relationship with the Hispanic world and a better knowledge of the Spanish language, for which the Brazilian state has promoted the insertion of the Spanish language as compulsory education in the country. A large group of Hispanists settled at the University of São Paulo, made up of Fidelino de Figueiredo, Luis Sánchez y Fernández and José Lodeiro. In 1991 the Brazilian Yearbook of Hispanic Studies was created, a publication that has facilitated the dissemination of the country's Hispanists. In the year 2000 the I Brazilian Congress of Hispanists took place, whose proceedings are published under the title Hispanismo 2000. On that occasion the Brazilian Association of Hispanists was founded. The II Brazilian Congress of Hispanists took place in 2002. In 2004, the III Brazilian Congress of Hispanists was held and in September 2006, the IV Brazilian Congress of Hispanists will be held in Rio de Janeiro, which will be co-organized by the State University of Rio de Janeiro and the Brazilian Association of Hispanists. Faced with this Brazilian interest, the neglect of Portuguese Hispanicism, whose association was only founded in 2005, is curious. Portuguese research in this field is presented mostly under the sign of comparativism and basically concerns the Portuguese-Spanish, partly because of academic-administrative reasons. The Península magazine is one of the most important. Faced with this, Portuguese Hispanicism appears somewhat faded and in a way there is a mutual relationship of mistrust between the two cultures motivated by a history of misunderstanding. However, writers of the Portuguese Renaissance wrote in both languages, such as the playwright Gil Vicente, Jorge de Montemayor, Sa de Miranda, or, later, the historian Francisco Manuel de Melo.
Hispanism in Italy
Spain's relationship with Italy has been very early since the Middle Ages, especially in the kingdom of Sicily and later in Naples (through the relationship it had with the Crown of Aragon), and it intensified during the Pre-Renaissance and Renaissance this time through Castilla: Garcilaso de la Vega treated the members of the Pontaniana Academy and introduced the metrics, style and themes of Petrarchism in Spanish poetry. Lucio Cristóbal de Escobar, based on the Latino-Spanish Dictionary of the humanist Elio Antonio de Nebrija, published the first Castilian - Latin - Sicilian dictionary in Venice in 1520, while in 1751 the abbot Michele Del Bono added Italian.
This close relationship continued throughout Mannerism and the Baroque, in the 16th and 17th centuries. At the beginning of this last century, a student in Salamanca, Girolamo da Sommaia, wrote a diary of his stay between 1603 and 1607. In the 18th century, perhaps the best Hispanist in Europe was the poet, translator and anthologist Giambattista Conti (1741-1820)., and the figure of the playwright, critic and theater historiographer Pietro Napoli Signorelli (1731-1815) also stands out, who in his country opposed those who, like Girolamo Tiraboschi or Bettinelli, accused Spanish literature of "bad taste", "corruption" and "barbarism"; Giacomo Casanova and Giuseppe Baretti traveled through Spain, leaving interesting accounts of their adventures, especially the latter, who learned the language well, and, in turn, Leandro Fernández de Moratín made a trip to Italy about which he wrote an interesting Journal; His father Nicolás was a great friend of the erudite architect of Carlos III Ignazio Bernascone, and the critic Pedro Estala was at the Reales Estudios de San Isidro with the eminent doctor and Arabist Mariano Pizzi. To these names we should add those of Leonardo Capitanacci, Ignazio Gajone, Placido Bordoni, Giacinto Ceruti, Francesco Pesaro, Giuseppe Olivieri, Giovanni Querini and Marco Zeno.
In the 19th century Italian Romanticism felt a great interest in the Romancero, which he knew the translations of Giovanni Berchet in 1837 and Pietro Monti in 1855. Edmundo de Amicis traveled through Spain and collected his impressions in travel books. Antonio Restori (1859-1928), professor at the Universities of Messina and Genoa, edited some works by Lope de Vega and dedicated his Saggi di bibliography teatrale spagnuola (1927) to the Spanish theater bibliography; Also due to him are Il Cid, studio storico-critico (1881) and La gesta del Cid (1890), among other works on Hispanic themes. Bernardo Sanvisenti, professor of Spanish language and literature at the University of Milan, wrote a Manuale di letteratura spagnuola (1907) and studied in I primi influssi di Dante, del Petrarca, e del Boccaccio sulla letteratura spagnuola (1902) the influence of Boccaccio, Dante and Petrarch in Spanish literature.
Italian Hispanicism was born from three centers of interest, already identifiable in the XIX century, which are, in First, the Spanish presence in the Italian peninsula, arousing notable interest in the study of Spain and even in the creation of works with a Spanish theme (in this climate, the great success of Carmen of the French Bizet in 1875); secondly, the evolution of comparative science, since the first studies on literature in Spanish were born within comparative literature, beginning with Benedetto Croce with his work La Spagna nella vita italiana during the Rinascenza (1907) and, above all, Arturo Farinelli, dedicated to relations between Spain and Italy, Italy and Germany, and Spain and Germany; Hispanists such as Bernardo Sanvisenti belong to this orbit; thirdly, Romance philology: Mario Casella, author of an important study on Cervantes: il Chisciotte (1938) in two volumes; Ezio Levi, Salvatore Battaglia or Giovanni Maria Bertini, translator of modern Spanish poetry, especially Federico García Lorca. Camillo Guerrieri Crocetti, a disciple of Pío Rajna, taught in Genoa and Cesare de Lollis made contributions to Cervantism.
For several decades, starting in 1939, there was also only one professor of Spanish literature, Giovanni Maria Bertini, a professor in Venice and Turin, open to the Spanish-American to the point of founding in 1946 the magazine Quaderni Ibero- Americani, for decades the only one in the sector. Only with the opposition in 1956, seventeen years later, there were three other professors: Mancini, Meregalli, Macrí, and from them Hispanicism began to flourish in Italy, previously a closed preserve dominated by Romanesque philologists. Thus, it can be said that modern Hispanicism was born in Italy in 1945 with the Oreste Macrí trio, author of a monumental edition of the Works of Antonio Machado and Fray Luis de León; Guido Mancini and Franco Meregalli. Much later (except for the precedent already mentioned) Hispano-Americanism was born, defining itself as an area of specialization independent of Spanish literature. Between 1960 and 1970, the first chairs of Spanish-American Language and Literature were created with its pioneer Giovanni Meo Zilio, who held the first chair of the same created at the University of Florence in 1968, and those who followed him shortly after: Giuseppe Bellini, historian of Spanish-American literature, translator of Pablo Neruda and scholar of Miguel Ángel Asturias; Roberto Paoli, a great Peruvianist and translator of César Vallejo; Giovanni Allegra (The interior kingdom. Premises and sketches of modernism in Spain) and Darío Puccini, a scholar of lyric poetry of the century XX, but also Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz.
The Association of Italian Hispanists (AISPI) was born in May 1973 and has held numerous congresses almost annually since then. Among the Italian Hispanists are Silvio Pellegrini, Pío Rajna, Antonio Viscardi, Luigi Sorrento, Guido Tammi, Francesco Vian, Alfonso Botti, Juana Granados de Bagnasco, Gabriele Ranzato, Lucio Ambruzzi, Eugenio Mele, Manlio Castello, Francesco Ugolini, Lorenzo Giussi, Elena Milazzo, Luigi de Filippo, Carmelo Samonà, Giuseppe Carlo Rossi, Giovanni Allegra, Livio Bacchi Wilcock, Camillo Berra, Carlo Boselli, Alberto del Monte, Glauco Felici, Ugo Gallo, Antonio Gasparetti, Oreste Macrì, Alessandro Martinengo, Dario Puccini, Flaviarosa Rossini, Mario Socrate, Francesco Tentori Montalto and Cesco Vian; the poets Giuseppe Ungaretti, who translated Luis de Góngora, and Pier Paolo Pasolini; Margherita Morreale, Giovanni Maria Bertini, Giuliano Bonfante, Carlo Bo, diffuser of the poetry of Juan Ramón Jiménez; Ermanno Caldera, interested in the theater; Rinaldo Foldi, Guido Mancini, who wrote a History of Spanish Literature, Maria Grazia Profeti, author of thirty critical editions of Golden Age theater, and Rosa Rossi, among others.
Hispanism in Greece
Both the Greeks and the Phoenicians colonized the Spanish coast of the Levant, but they did not penetrate the interior of the Peninsula, as they only had commercial interests. They introduced grape and olive crops. In the Middle Ages, thanks to the Magna Societas Cathalanorum, territories such as the duchies of Athens and Neopatria were conquered in 1380, remaining under the Crown of Aragon and the sovereignty of Peter the Ceremonious, a domain that was maintained for almost a century. Later, in the XV century, numerous Sephardic Jews expelled by the Catholic Monarchs emigrated to Greece bringing the Spanish language and settled especially in Thessaloniki. Today Spanish, in its Judeo-Spanish or Ladino modality, is still spoken there by their descendants. In addition, in 1991, the Association of Spanish Teachers and Hispanists in Greece was also created and in 1997 the Association of Greek Hispanists (Εταιρεία Ελλήνων Ισπανιστών), which has more than fifty members and held its first congress in Athens the following year under the title of Spain and Hispanic Culture in Southeast Europe. Among the most prominent Greek Hispanists are Sylva Pandu, president of this Association and editor of Spanish poets, Victor Ivanovici, Giorgos Ruvalis, Amalia Ruvalis, Nikolaos Pratsinis, Nikolaos Cosmas, Rigas Kappatos, Anastasios Denegris, Anna Rosenberg, Tatiana Alvarado-Teodorika and Dimitris Philippis.
Hispanism in the Arab world
Hispanism in Arab countries has a particular meaning, since Spain was for much of its history in Andalus, a Spanish-Arab country until the 19th century XVI, and even after that it had a large percentage of Moors in its population until its expulsion in 1609. Furthermore, part of the Spanish colonial expansion took place through the Maghreb. The Lebanese Musa Abbud and Nayib Abumalham stood out as translators of classics, especially Quijote (Tetouan, 1947) and the latter of Lazarillo de Tormes, among others. There are figures of Arab Hispanism as early as the Moroccan Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Maqqari (Tlemcen, 1578 - Cairo, 1632), or the Egyptian poet Ahmad Sawqi (1868-1932) and what can be considered the first scientific Hispanist, the Lebanese Sakib Arsilan (1869-1946), friend of Sawqi, author of a three-volume travel book in Spain. The Egyptian Taha Husayn (1889-1973), raised the need to renew the relationship with Spain among other European countries of the Mediterranean and promoted the publication of the great Andalusian literary encyclopedia Al-Dajira, by Ibn Bassam, from Santaren (d. 1147). Other important figures are 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Ahwani, 'Abd Allah 'Inan, Husayn Mu'nis, Salih al-Astar, Mahmud Mekki and Hamid Abu Ahmad. Related to the Egyptian Institute of Madrid are Ahmad Mujtar al-'Abbadi, specialized in the history of Nasrid Granada, Ahmad Haykal, Salah Fadl, As'ad Sarif 'Umar and Nagwa Gamal Mehrez. The I Arab Hispanism Colloquium took place in Madrid, from February 24 to 27, 1976. In the Tindouf refugee camps, the Hispanists Ali Salem Isemu, Mohamed Salem Abdelfath, Luali Lezna, Saleh Abdelahi, Chehdan Mahmud, Limam Boicha stand out. and Bahia Mahmud Awah; some of them already residing in Spain, Cuba and Algeria.
Hispanism in the Netherlands
Despite the harsh war between Spain and the Netherlands during the Golden Age of Spanish letters, there was undoubtedly an ancient and fruitful Dutch Hispanism; Apart from the numerous translations of Spanish Baroque theater (by Theodore Rodenburg, Federico Antonio de Coninq, Pedro Antonio Kimpe, Schouwenbergh, Claude de Grieck), the most productive influence of golden Spanish literature came from the great writer Gerbrand Bredero and from the translations by Guilliam de Bay in the 17th century, in the XIX Romanticism aroused curiosity for everything Spanish, generally felt as strange and exotic. The Arabist Reinhart Dozy (1820-1883) made important contributions to the study of Muslim rule in Spain, such as Histoire des Musulmans d'Espagne (1861) and its sequel, Recherches sur l 'Histoire et la littérature de l'Espagne pendant le Moyen Age which was published in its final form in 1881. A few years later, the Dutchman Fonger de Haan (1859-1930) obtained the chair of Spanish literature at the Boston University. Two of his publications, Pícaros y Ganapanes: estudios de erudición española from 1899 and An Outline History of the Novela Picaresca in Spain (1903) remain to this day. today starting points for research in this field; in 1918 he tried in vain to arouse the interest of the Groningen State University in Spanish studies. A few years later he donated his Hispanic library to this same university.
Serious studies of literature find new impetus thanks to the work of Jan te Winkel of the University of Amsterdam with his Ontwikkelingsgang der Nederlandsche Letterkunde (1908-1921) which would eventually run to seven volumes and which pays special attention to the influence exerted by Spanish literature on Dutch literature in the 17th century. Other researchers such as William Davids (1918), Joseph Vles (1926) and S. A. Vosters (1955) would continue in the same direction as the Dutch te Winkel. But for the incipient Hispanicism in the Netherlands, two Romanists were also of great importance, Salverda de Grave and Sneyders de Vogel. Jean Jacques Salverda de Grave (1863-1947) became Professor of Romance Philology at the University of Groningen in 1907, to be succeeded, when he moved to Amsterdam in 1920, by Kornelis Sneyders de Vogel (1876-1958). In 1906, for the first time since 1659, a Spanish-Dutch Dictionary appeared, followed in 1912 by a Dutch-Spanish Dictionary, both composed by Dr. A. A. Fokker. Between these dates and 1945, twelve dictionaries would be published, among which Van Dam's (1937 and 1941) would become the best known. 16 grammars would also be published, by Wansink (1889), Kerpestein (1919), Gerardus Johannes Geers (1924), Van der Kemp (1941) and Ridder (1945), among others. It is worth mentioning here Dr. W. J. Van Baalen as an important disseminator of the history, customs and wealth of Latin America in a dozen books. Along with Dr. Van Dam, in 1932 he would be one of the founders of the Nederlandsch Zuid-Amerikaansch Instituut, whose main objectives were the promotion of commercial and cultural contacts between the two worlds, which at that time were so little known.
The Groningen poet Hendrik de Vries (1896-1989) made twelve trips to Spain between 1924 and 1936 and, despite the fact that his father, an eminent philologist and polyglot, had always refused to study Spanish because he deeply hated a nation of Catholic tradition that during the War of Flanders had prevented the birth of a liberal and Protestant state, his son came out very differently and since he was a child he was attracted to everything Spanish; He dedicated his collection of poems Iberia de (1964) to Spain.
At the University of Utrecht there is an Institute of Hispanic Studies, founded in 1951 by Cornelis Frans Adolf van Dam, which has been an important seminary for Hispanists. On the other hand, in 1993 the Center for Mexican Studies was founded at the University of Groningen.
Johan Brouwer, who wrote his thesis on Spanish mysticism, wrote twenty-two books on Spanish subjects and produced numerous translations. He was a disciple of Ramón Menéndez Pidal Cornelis Frans Adolf van Dam. The Groningen professor Jonas Andries van Praag has studied the Spanish theater of the Golden Age in the Netherlands and the Generation of '98, but his works on refugee Sephardic writers are also notable in Holland. Also working in this field are the Hungarian B. E. Vidos and J. H. Terlingen. Heir to this generation is that of Harm den Boer, Henk Oostendorp, Han van Wijk, Jan Lechner and Maxim Kerkhof; Cees Nooteboom has written several interesting travel books in different parts of Spain and Hispanicism is still alive with figures such as Barber van de Pol, who has made the latest translation of Don Quixote into Dutch, or with Rick Zaal., Gerrit Jan Zwier, Arjen Duinker, Jean Pierre Rawie, Els Pelgrom, Chris van der Heijden, Albert Helman, Maarten Steenmeijer or Jean Schalekamp.
Hispanism in Scandinavia
Denmark
Charlotte Dorotea Biehl (1776-1777) translated Don Quixote into Danish in the 18th century, as well as the Exemplary Novels (1780-1781). Hans Christian Andersen made a trip to Spain of which he wrote a diary (Voyage through Spain, Alianza, 2005). Mention should also be made of Knud Togeby, Carl Bratli, the calderonista Johann Ludwig Heiberg, Kristoffer Nyrop and Valdemar Vedel, who wrote about the Middle Ages and the Spanish and Italian Baroque.
Finland
In Finland, at the beginning of the XX century in Helsinki, there was an important group of Hispanists, including Oiva J. Tallgren, his wife Tyyni Tuulio, Eero Neuvonen and Sinikka Kallio-Visapää. Currently, Timo Riiho, Ekman Satu, Taina Hämäläinen and Jukka Kiviharju from the University of Helsinki stand out, as well as Angela Bartens and Diana Berber from the University of Turku.
Iceland
In Iceland, Spanish is the third most demanded language in the island's institutes, after English and Danish, and it is taught in two universities and in the main institutes. In reality, very few Icelanders under 30 years of age do not have sufficient proficiency in the Spanish language. The origin of Spanish-Icelandic dictionaries dates back to the 17th century, when a glossary appeared in Iceland intended to facilitate communication with the Basque whalers that reached the island at that time, even creating a Basque-Icelandic pidgin. Even some Icelandic words have passed into Spanish, such as duvet or geyser. There are Hispanists such as Erla Erlendsdóttir from the University of Iceland, and Hólmfríður Gardarsdóttir, Ellen Gunnarsdóttir and Margrét Jónsdóttir, at the University of Reykiavik, who has promoted the publication of a new Spanish-Icelandic dictionary, a substitute for a less extensive pocket one written in 1973..
Norway
Hispanism was founded in Norway by Professor Magnus Gronvold, who translated Don Quixote into his language in collaboration with Nils Kjaer, among other works. Then came Leif Sletsjoe and Kurt E. Sparre, both professors at the University of Oslo and the latter a great calderonist. At present there is a very powerful and renewed interest among the youth and in 2004 no less than three Spanish grammars for Norwegian appeared; there is an Association of Norwegian Hispanism and a National Association of Teachers of Spanish and several magazines such as Corriente del Golfo, Tribune and Romansk forum.
Sweden
In Sweden, Erik Staaf, Edvard Lidforss, translator of Don Quixote into Swedish; Gunnar Tilander, publisher of medieval charters; Regina af Geijerstam, philologist and editor of medieval texts; Alf Lombard, Karl Michaëlson, Emanuel Walberg, Bertil Maler, Magnus Mörner, Bengt Hasselrot and Nils Hedberg. Inger Enkvist has researched the Spanish-American novel and Juan Goytisolo, and has written important studies on education. Mateo López Pastor, author of a History of Contemporary Spanish Literature published there in 1960, also taught in Sweden. Now there are Hispanists such as the linguist Ingmar Söhrman, the translators Lasse Söderberg, Peter Landelius, Kjell A. Johansson and Jens Nordenhök (Swedish translator of Don Quixote) and writers/journalists Nathan Shachar and Thomas Gustafsson.
Hispanism in Romania
In Romania, Stefan Virgolici is considered the initiator of Hispanicism, who translated a large part of Don Quixote into his language and published, under the title Studies on Spanish literature (Jasi, 1868-1870) essays on Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Miguel de Cervantes and Lope de Vega, essays that appeared in the magazine Convorbiri literare (Literary Conversations). Al. Popescu-Telega wrote a book on Miguel de Unamuno (1924) and a comparison between Romanian and Spanish folklore (1927), he made a biography of Cervantes (1944) and a translation of the Romancero (1947) and has also published an annotated anthology in Romanian. Books on Cervantes have also been published by G. Calinescu and Ileana Georgescu and Tudor Vianu.
Hispanism in Hungary
Hungarian Hispanicism is very recent, although with some precedents; the professor and priest Albin Körösi edited a collection of Spanish poetry (1895) and wrote the hitherto only manual in Hungarian on the history of Spanish literature (1930). He was followed by his disciple Oliver F. Brachfeld, who defended a thesis on the presence of Hungarian themes in Catalan medieval ballads and wrote a book on Violante de Hungría, reina de Aragón (1942) in Catalan and Spanish, although he stood out more as a translator. of Hungarian literature into Spanish. They lived in Spain Andrés Révész and Lorant Orbók. Hispanist Vilmos Huszár, also known as Guillaume Huszár, wrote mainly in French. There were numerous editions of Cervantes and Lorca, the most widely read Spanish authors along with classics from the Golden Age. Spanish culture is present in the work of László Passuth. In the 1960s, the Eotvos Lorant University created a department of Hispanic philology with the help of Cuban universities, and Catalan studies were established in Budapest. Ádam Anderle, Kálmán Faluba, Janos Benyhe, Katalin Kulin, Matyas Horányi. Tíbor Wittman and Iván Harsányi dealt with the history of Spain. In the 1990s, a second Hispanic department was created at the University of Szeged. From the sixties and seventies are economists who wrote about Latin America: Béla Kádár, András Inotai, Zoltán Kollár. Márta Zádor belongs to the next generation. Among the Latin American political scientists, György Kerekes, Judit Benkő, János Király, Sándor Gyenge stood out. Anthropology has its figure in Lajos Boglár and his disciples Mária Dornbach, János Gyarmati and Zsófia Vajkay. There was an important generation of literary translators: László András, János Benyhe, Zsuzsa Takács, Éva Tóth, Nándor Huszágh, György Hargitai, András Simor, Éva Dobos, Vera Székács, Erzsébet Dobos, László Scholz, etc.
Diplomatic relations were reestablished in 1977. In 1982, a Center for the Study of Latin American History was organized under the direction of Ádám Anderle, a disciple of Tibor Wittman. In 1989, the last socialist government abolished the compulsory nature of the Russian language in primary and secondary education and more foreign language teachers were needed for public education, so it was decided to create the second Department of Hispanic Studies at the University of Szeged of the country (the first was at the University of Budapest) and a chair of Spanish was established at the Péter Pázmány Catholic University.
Hispanism in Slovenia
In 1981, Professor Mitja Skubic founded the Hispanic section within the Department of Romance Philology at the University of Ljubljana, and to celebrate the thirtieth anniversary, a congress has been organized in November 2011 (broken link available at Internet Archive; see history, first and last version).. The chairs of Spanish language and literature of said section have published annually and since 1991 the scientific journal Verba Hispanica, which has become a benchmark for Central European Hispanic studies. There has been a theater group for Spanish students since 1998, founded by prof. Santiago Alonso, and in 2007 a Slovenian-Spanish/Spanish-Slovene dictionary was published (authors: Markič, Pihler, Kalenić, Novak, Geršak, Drobnič, a team that, together with Maja Šabec, has also translated the play by Federico García Lorca to Slovenian). The consolidation of Spanish in this small alpine country -two million inhabitants in an area equivalent to the province of Cáceres- has been spectacular both academically and at school, largely thanks to the efforts made at the end of the nineties and in the early years of the new century by a group of teachers led by Marjana Šifrar-Kalan, Branka Kalenič Ramšak and Jasmina Markič, who managed to ensure their lasting presence in secondary school curricula. In 2010, the Slovenian Association of Spanish Teachers (Slovensko društvo učiteljev španščine) was also created. There are currently about 300 Spanish students enrolled in the Faculty of Letters of the University of Ljubljana. In middle school it is the most studied language after English. In Ljubljana there has also been a classroom of the Instituto Cervantes for some years, which collaborates regularly with the University and with the secondary education system. One pending issue is the progressive introduction of Spanish in primary education.
As for Slovenian Cervantism, the first complete and direct translation of Don Quixote is that of Stanko Leben, from the year 1935. The second translation is by Niko Košir (1973).
Hispanism in Serbia
Since the XIV century, the existence of Castilians and Catalans in Dubrovnik has been documented. The first direct translation of Don Quixote into Serbian was made in the second half of the 19th century, when the Ilija Kolarac Foundation published the complete translation by Djordje Popović; the last volume was printed in 1896, and it was reprinted in 1938 in Belgrade and twice more modernized. Duško Vrtunski's version appeared in 1988, and the most documented by Aleksandra Mančić, on the critical editions, in 2005. But very few other authors were translated, since the Croatian versions, more numerous, were readable by Serbs, at be practically almost the same language. While Belgrade stands out only Kalmi Baruh, in Zagreb Jakša Sedmak and Iso Velikanović stand out. The novels by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, García Lorca, Pablo Neruda, Miguel de Unamuno, Ramón J. Sender were especially popular. The Spanish-American boom began with the translations in the 1960s by Juan Rulfo, Julio Cortázar and Carlos Fuentes, but it only really exploded with the translation in 1973 of One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel García Márquez. They were followed by Onetti, Sabato, Roa Bastos, Rayuela de Cortázar, Vargas Llosa, Alejo Carpentier, Manuel Puig and José Donoso and many more recent ones. A Dictionary of Hispano-American Literature by Professor Ljiljana Pavlović Samurović was even published. The Spanish Ministry of Culture, on the other hand, subsidized translations of La Celestina, El Lazarillo de Tormes, De los nombres de Cristo (Fray Luis de León), Camino de perfección, El Buscón, La Regenta, Pepita Jiménez, the new translation of Don Quixote and the sonnets of Garcilaso de la Vega.
Among the 1,700 volunteers from the Yugoslav states to the International Brigades, the future foreign minister and vice president Koča Popović stood out, who maintained contacts with the French surrealists and translated, among other things, some poems by Federico García Lorca into Serbian. The systematic study of the Spanish language and literature began in 1951 when Spanish was introduced as an optional subject at the University of Belgrade, taught by the refugee José Bort-Vela; The Argentine Juan Octavio Prenz and Ljiljana Pavlović also taught classes, but it was only developed as a four-year degree program in Philology in 1971; other universities imitated it by offering bachelor's degrees in Hispanic Philology, such as the University of Kragujevac and the University of Novi Sad. The cervantistas stand out in particular, such as Ljiljana Pavlović Samurović and Jasna Stojanović. There are also Hispano-Americanists, such as Vesna Dickov.
Hispanism in Asia
There is an Asian Association of Hispanists, founded in 1985, with meetings every three years. These were interrupted for economic reasons, but it announces its fifth congress in January 2005.
Chinese
The cultural relations between China and Spain are so old that a manuscript, discovered in 2017 by José Luis Caño Ortigosa in a Dominican convent in Taiwan, has even survived, of the Vocabulary of the Chouzhou dialect composed of early XVII century (contemporary, therefore, with Sebastián de Covarrubias' dictionary of 1611) by Dominican preachers, thousand pages and with 21,000 acceptances. However, with the exception of Don Quixote, in the years prior to the founding of the People's Republic of China, only a few novels by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez and Pío Baroja were translated. Lu Xün translated Songs from the suburbs by Pío Baroja (1953). Dian Wangshu translated two anthologies of stories by Blasco Ibáñez and other Spanish authors (Shanghai, 1928 and 1936 respectively). With the revolution, exclusively classical works of a realistic nature and criticisms of Capitalism were translated. Particularly noteworthy is Lazarillo de Tormes, translated by Yang Jiang in 1951 and reprinted in 1953, 1956, 1962 and 1978. The three-cornered hat by Pedro Antonio de Alarcón, translated by Bo Yuan in 1959; Doña Perfecta by Benito Pérez Galdós translated by Zhao Qingshen (1961) and the works by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez Blood and Sand (translated by Lü Moye (1958), The barracks (translated by Zhuang Zhong, 1962) and Cuentos escogidos (translated by Dai Wangshu, 1956).In addition, an Anthology of Spanish revolutionary poetry translation of Huang Yaomian (1951) and a Poetic Anthology of Rafael Alberti by Tuo Sheng and others (1959), Selected Poems of García Lorca by Dai Wangshu (1956) and Fuenteovejuna by Lope de Vega by Zhu Baoguang (1962).The first part of Don Quixote was translated under the title Historia de un caballero loco in 1922 by Lin Shu (1852-1924) through an oral version from an English original by his assistant Chen Jialin, the version was so bad that the noted Cervantist and essayist Zhou Zuoren (1885-1967) was horrified and ashamed., Wen Zhida and Fu Donghua made their respective translations in 1933, 1937 and 1939. The last edition before the founding of the People's Republic of China was the adaptation of Fan Quan in 1948, but none was a complete or direct translation of the work; Dai Wangshu tried to translate the complete Quixote from the original language, which he knew well, but his manuscript was lost in the war. In 1979, shortly after the end of the Cultural Revolution, the publishing house of People's Literature published a direct translation of the original by Yang Jiang, which has been the most widely read to date, and the full and complete translations are already available. direct from Dong Yansheng (1995, by Zhejiang Literature and Art Press, revised 2006), by Tu Mengchao (1995, by Yilin Press), by Liu Jingsheng (1995, by Lijiang Press), by Tang Minquan (2000, by Shanxi People's Press), by Sun Jiameng (2001, by Beijing October Literature and Art Press), and by Zhang Guangsen (2001, by Shanghai Yiwen Press). Cervantism has been a very fruitful current of Hispanicism in this country, with scholars such as Zhou Zuoren, Chen Yuan, Lu Xün and Qu Qiubai, who argued with each other, and others such as Tan Tao and Qian Liqun. On the other hand, Cervantes influenced writers such as Zhang Tianyi and Fei Ming. In 1996 the publisher of People's Literature published the Complete Works of Cervantes in eight volumes.
Korea
The relationship of Spain with Korea already has a precedent in the figure of Gregorio Céspedes in the XVI century, studied by Chul Park. The first translation of a work of Spanish literature was undoubtedly that of Don Quixote de la Mancha, in 1915, although a partial translation was already made in 1907 in a literary magazine. Dictionaries came later: the first Spanish-Korean dictionary was published in 1960 and the first Korean-Spanish dictionary in 1975. In the eighties there was a veritable rosary of translations; among the classics, Baltasar Gracián, Federico García Lorca and Miguel de Unamuno were especially lucky; among Hispanic Americans, Isabel Allende, Gabriel García Márquez, Mario Vargas Llosa and Jorge Luis Borges. As for the immediate past, the teaching of Spanish in this country already has fifty years of history and is currently in strong demand. Since 2001, Spanish has been an optional language in secondary education and the Korean Association of Hispanists (ACH) was created on April 17, 1981 and holds two annual congresses, in June and December. Currently, he publishes the magazine Hispanic Studies. The Korean Association of Latin American Studies (LASAK) was founded in 1986, five years after the Korean Association of Hispanists, and like the latter, it organizes two congresses annually and publishes a quarterly magazine (March, June, September and December) entitled Asian Journal of Latin American Studies since 1988. At the initiative of the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, the Asian Association of Hispanists was created in 1985, whose first and until now only president is Professor Kim I Bae, one of the founders of the Hispanicism in Korea. Its first congress was in 1985, in Seoul; the second, in 1988 in Manila; the third, in 1992, in Tokyo; and the fourth and last in 1996 and again in Seoul, for purely budgetary reasons. In addition, each university usually has its own research center and its own biannual journals, such as the Institute for Ibero-American Studies at Seoul National University (founded in 1989) and the Institute for Latin American Studies at Hankuk University in Foreign Studies, which is the oldest (1974). On the other hand, the director of the Spanish section of the Korea Translation Institute is Ko Young-il, who has supervised important translations.
Among other internationally known Hispanists, we can cite Kim I Bae, Chul Park, Yong-Tae Min, Ko Young-il, Kim Hyung-chang, Kim Chang-min, Kwon Eun-hee, Yoon June-shik, J. W. Bahk and Kim Un Kyung.
Philippines
Asian Hispanicism has a special raison d'être in the Philippine Islands, thus having a particular denomination that is largely its own: Filipinismo[citation required]. In the Philippines, the Spanish language is not foreign but its own, although it has lost importance compared to various indigenous languages of the archipelago, especially Tagalog as the national language and, above all, English, an imposed language of common administrative and elementary use that has caused a great diglossia. In 1900, a million Filipinos spoke Spanish as their mother tongue and some Filipino Hispanists estimate three hundred thousand more in 1897, which represented 14% of the population, and around 60% had sufficient knowledge of the language, even if they did not speak it. correctly. Today less than five thousand people say they speak it as their mother tongue, although its lexicon is still alive in Creole languages such as Chabacano, and even non-Creole languages such as Cebuano, Ilocano, Tagalog and others have a lexical base founded to a significant extent on the Spanish.
Ironically, most of the literary output in Spanish in the Philippines occurred during US rule, because the Spanish language was predominant among Filipino intellectuals. One of the country's greatest writers, Claro Mayo Recto, continued to write in Spanish until 1946, although better-known writers in that period included Francisco Alonso Liongson (El Pasado Que Vuelve, 1937), Isidro Marfori, Cecilio Apostle (Pentélicas, 1941), Fernando María Guerrero (Crisálidas, 1914), Gaspar Aquino de Belén, Flavio Zaragoza Cano (Songs to Spain and From Mactan to Tirad) and many others. Manila, Cebu, Bacolor and other cities and towns had writers in Spanish, and newspapers such as El Renacimiento, La Democracia, La Vanguardia were published in it. i>, The Town of Iloílo, El Tiempo etc. Three magazines, The Independent, Philippine Free Press and Philippine Review were published in English and Spanish. In Manila there is a headquarters of the Instituto Cervantes that has been teaching Spanish for years, and there is also the Royal Philippine Academy of Language, corresponding to the RAE, which oversees the teaching and proper use of Spanish in the Philippines. But in the country there is no institution or association that brings together and defends the interests of the Hispanic-Filipinos themselves. Among the most important Hispanists, apart from the national hero, poet and novelist José Rizal, it is worth mentioning Antonio M. Molina, Claro Mayo Recto, José María Castañer, Edmundo Farolán Romero, Guillermo Gómez Rivera, Miguel Fernández Pasión, Alfonso Félix, Jaime Sin, Isabel Caro Wilson and Lourdes Castrillo among many others. The Philippines has also produced some outstanding writers in Spanish, including Guillermo Gómez Windham, Evangelina Guerrero, Jesús Balmori among others, all of them winners of the Zóbel Prize for Spanish-Filipino literature. The weekly Nueva Era of Manila is the only Filipino magazine in Spanish that is still being published, although there is also an important Revista Filipina edited by Edmundo Farolán on the web. Former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, who speaks the language, has made a significant effort to reintroduce the Spanish language into the country's educational system, since in 1986 it was excluded as a compulsory subject from the educational system, 13 years after it ceased to be a language. official.
Indian
In India's multilingual reality, direct translations of classical Spanish and Latin American literature are often actually retranslations from English. There are versions of Don Quixote from English in Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Tamil, and Kashmiri, and excerpted versions in Assamese, Kannada, Malabar, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Telugu, Urdu, and Gujarati. Modern Spanish American art and literature are well known; Vibha Maurya is a PhD in Spanish-American Literature and Professor and Professor of Hispanic Studies at the University of Delhi and has translated Julián Marías, Javier Marías and Juan Benet, as well as Don Quixote directly into Hindi for the first time.. It must be remembered historically that the first encounter between India and Spain took place first on May 6, 1542 and later between January 24 and February 18, 1552, with the arrival of the Jesuit missionary Francisco Javier and other Spaniards.. They settled mainly in Cochin and Goa, both cities that would form part of Portuguese India, under the position of the Portuguese empire and later ruled by the Spanish empire, with the Iberian Union (1581-1640). There Francisco Javier, prepares an informative text based on the catechism of Juan Barros and begins to preach the Catholic doctrine in Goa, while assisting the dying, visiting prisoners and helping the poor.
To achieve a more intense approach, he dedicates himself to learning the language of the country. After refusing the position of director of the San Pablo seminary, he embarked, in October 1542, for the islands of La Pesquería, where he stayed for more than a year.
Evangelize the Paravas Indians and visit the cities of Tuticorrín, Trichendur, Manapar and Combuture. He met with opposition from the Brahmins, who inhabited the region's pagodas.
He learned Tamil and translated into that language part of the Christian texts and a talk about heaven and hell.
In November 1543, he met his companions Messer Paulo and Mansilla in Goa and met with the city's bishop, Juan de Alburquerque, to ask him for missionaries. The bishop assigns 6 priests for this work. With the new collaborators he turns again to the Fishery. On the trip he writes several letters to his companions in Rome, in one of them he says:
Many Christians are no longer doing in these parts, because there are no people who care for evangelization. Many times I am moved by thoughts of going to those Universities, crying out as a man who has lost the judgment, and mainly to the University of Paris, saying in the Sorbonne to those who have more lyrics than will, to dispose to fruitful with them; how many souls stop going to glory and go to hell for their negligence! It is so much the multitude of those who turn to the faith of Christ in these parts, in this land where I walk, that many times I seem to have tired the arms of baptizing, and not being able to speak of so many times of saying Creed and commandments in their language and the other prayers.
He establishes in the Fisheries a system of assigning territories to a person in charge, who should keep him informed of the future of the mission. Once he has organized that territory, he leaves for Manapar and the southern district. He spends a month with the makuas, baptizing more than 10,000.
Israel
Israeli Hispanicism has a long tradition, because it was not for nothing that the Sephardim expelled from Spain in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs brought and kept their Spanish of the century XV wherever they went: Miguel de Barrios and José Penso de la Vega created an academy in Amsterdam and wrote works in the brilliant Spanish of the Golden Age. Today there are several Israeli media outlets in Spanish, some of which are long-standing, such as the weekly Aurora, and others of recent creation: an online newspaper and three radio stations. 2'7 percent of the seven million inhabitants of a multicultural country like Israel know the language. There are also Judeo-Spanish speakers, some 100,000 today, originating from countries of the former Ottoman Empire and North Africa, who are also part of Hispanism in Israel. In modern times it is worth mentioning Samuel Miklos Stern, discoverer of the jarchas, or the great scholar of the Spanish Inquisition, Professor Bension Netanyahu, and many others, such as Haim Beinart. Other Israeli scholars have approached literature and especially the history of Spain, always from a perspective mediated by cultural misunderstandings and frequently by Américo Castro's theses. Quixote was translated into Hebrew twice; the first by Natan Bistrinsky and Nahman Bialik, and in 1994 by Beatriz and Luis Landau; The latter is a professor in the Department of Hebrew Literature at Ben Gurion University in the Negev and has written the book Cervantes and the Jews (2004). The historian Yosef Kaplan has written numerous works and has translated Isaac Cardoso's Excellencies of the Jews into Hebrew.
The Association of Israeli Hispanists (AHI) was created on June 21, 2007 at the headquarters of the Instituto Cervantes in Tel Aviv with more than thirty professors, researchers and intellectuals related to the language, literature, history and culture of Spain, Portugal, Latin America and the Sephardic (Ladino) world. The meeting was convened by professors Ruth Fine (Hebrew University of Jerusalem), elected first president of the association; Raanan Rein (Tel Aviv University), Aviva Dorón (Haifa University) and Tamar Alexander (Ben Gurion University of the Negev). Other important Hispanists are Shlomo Ben Ami and Rosalie Sitman.
Japan
Japan's first encounter with Spain took place on August 15, 1549 with the arrival in southern Japan of the Jesuit missionary Francisco Javier and two other Spaniards, one of them a great linguist, Juan Fernández; Javier died in 1552, but already in 1592 an abridged Japanese version of the Introduction to the Symbol of Faith by fray Luis de Granada was published and then in 1599 another abbreviated version of the Sinners Guide by the same author; the progress of Western religion alarmed the local daimyos and the expulsion began to take shape. Juan Fernández dedicated himself for 18 years to learning Japanese well and, according to Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo, he edited a Dictionarium Japonicum duplex that has been lost. In 1630, in Manila, a monumental thirty-thousand-word Lappish Vocabvlarium first declared in portvgves was published, explaining even Buddhist terms and the technicalities of Japanese literature. It was published in the Philippines because from the end of the XVI century the persecutions against Christianity intensified until in 1613 it was officially prohibited throughout the island and a period of rupture began that worsened in 1639 with the beginning of the isolation of the country: the expulsion of foreigners was joined by the prohibition of the Japanese themselves to go beyond their borders. Some words from Spanish passed, however, into the Japanese language, phonetically very similar: pan and jabón, for example. Another important dictionary was that of the Dominican Diego Collado, who spent three years in Japan and in 1632 published in Rome his Dictionarium sive Thesauri Iaponicae Compendivm; he also wrote an Ars Grammaticae Iaponicae Linguae (1632).
With the Meiji Restoration things changed and in 1878 diplomatic relations between Spain and Japan were reestablished. The first center where Spanish language courses were taught was the Tokyo School of Languages, known today as the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, in 1897. There Gonzalo Jiménez de la Espada trained the first Japanese Hispanists, Hirosada Nagata, the first translator of Quijote into the Japanese language and considered the patriarch of Hispanicism in Japan, and Shizuo Kasai. Osaka University of Foreign Studies establishes them in 1921, but most Hispanic studies departments will be created in the 1970s and 1980s. The first translation, incomplete, and rather adapted, of Don Quixote, is from 1887. The translator is Shujiro Watanabe. Others, equally partial and through English translations are from 1893, 1901, 1902, 1914, etc. And finally in 1915 the first complete Japanese translation in two volumes was published, made by Shimamura and Katakami, also from English; another complete one between 1927 and 1928 by Morita, and, finally, the first direct version into Japanese occurs in 1948: Hirosada Nagata (1885-1973) publishes this year a large part of the direct translation of the original of Don Quixote, and completed by his disciple Masatake Takahashi (1908-1984) in 1977; Due to this delay, in 1960-62 the great precursor of literary Hispanicism in Japan, Yu Aida (1903-71), came forward.
The Japanese Association of Hispanists was founded in Tokyo in 1955 and currently brings together some four hundred Japanese and foreign Hispanists residing in Japan, mainly university professors. Spanish is taught in 110 Japanese universities and 18 have a Spanish department. Conversely, in Spain there is the Hispanic-Japanese Cultural Center of the University of Salamanca and other Spanish universities, such as the University of Valladolid, the University of Santiago de Compostela, the Complutense University of Madrid, the Autonomous University of Barcelona and the Autonomous University of Madrid have been immersed in exchanges and collaboration with Japanese higher education centers for some time and have introduced Japanese studies into Spanish university classrooms. The ICI has a number of scholarships for Japanese Hispanists. Since 1956, the Japanese Association of Hispanists has had a magazine, Kaiho, which changed its title to Hispánica in the second issue; and has held fifty-four congresses. In Japan, syntax and lexicon are mainly studied through the Lexical Variation Project of Spanish in the World (Varilex) coordinated by Hiroto Ueda, Toshihiro Takagaki and Antonio Ruiz Tinoco. Currently the president of the association is Noritaka Fukushima, author of important works on the Spanish subjunctive.
Other bodies of Japanese Hispanicism are the Círculo de Estudios Lingüísticos Hispánicos de Kansai (which publishes the magazine Lingüística Hispánica: 1978-), the Japanese Society of Spanish History (Estudios de Historia of Spain: 1979-), the Japanese Association of Latin American Studies (Annals of Latin American Studies: 1981-), the Circle of Hispanic Linguistic Studies of Tokyo (Estudios Lingüísticos Hispánicos: 1983-), the Spanish Contemporary History Society (Historia Contemporánea Española: 1983-), the Japanese-Spanish-Latin American Academic Association (1988, Cuadernos Canela: 1989-), the Kyoto Tertulia Cervantina (Hispanic Library: 1998-) and the Borgiana Association (1999, Meikyu 2000-).
Some Hispanists are Kenji Inamoto, Katsuhiro Ueno, Kunihiko Sato, Akira Sugiyama, Toshihiro Takagaki, Takaatsu Yanaginara, Hiroto Ueda, Ichiro Eto, Seiji Honda, Kenji Hinamoto, Masami Miyamoto, Junnosuke Miyoshi, Kakuzi Takahasi, Shinya Hasegawa, Shoji Bando, Wataru Hirata. Professor Ryohei Uritani has published a "History of Hispanicism in Japan" in Español actual: Revista de español vivo, no. 48, 1987, pp. 69-92.
Japan today has a theme park dedicated to Spain, and guitar and flamenco are very popular. Spain is one of the preferred destinations for Japanese tourism (around 700,000 travelers per year).[citation required]
Hispanism in Africa
Important African Hispanists are Mohammed Salhi (Morocco), Ridha Mami (Tunisia), Mahmud Ali Makki (Egypt), Pr Sosthene Onomo Abena, (Cameroon) and El Hajd Amadou Ndoye (Senegal). There are two large accessible collections with African production of Spanish expression: Equatorial Guinea Digital Fund of the AECID Digital Library and the African Library of the Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library.
Benin
Spanish emerged in the sixties in the liturgy and was later incorporated into teaching. The government authorizes the learning of Spanish from the third year of secondary school. There is a Spanish Section at the University of Abomey-Calavi and at the Lycée Béhanzin. Spanish is also learned in the schools of Akpakpa, Gbégamey, Godomey, Ségbéya and Zogbo. Vincent Hermann is a renowned translator. Outstanding Hispanists are Damien Adomou, Marcel Vinakpon Houndefo and Célestine Terera. In 1997 he founded the Association of Spanish Teachers of Benin.
Cameroon
In 1994 the Cameroonian Association of Hispanists was founded and in 2006, in Buea, the Pedagogical Association of Teachers of the Southwest of Cameroon. In 1951, Spanish was introduced into the Cameroonian school curriculum at the Lycée Leclerc in Yaoundé. Since 1977, the Escuela Normal Superior of the University of Yaoundé I began to train Spanish teachers and created the Department of Iberian Studies. The University of Duala and the University of Dschang also teach the course of Spanish. In 1989 the Spanish Cultural Center emerged, which unfortunately closed its doors (July 2013) due to cuts imposed by the European economic situation. Some authors of literature in Spanish are Robert Marie Johlio, Céline Clémence Magnéché, Mol Nang, Guy Merlín Tadoun and Germain Metanmo. As teacher-researchers specialized in linguistic issues, some recent figures are mentioned, doctors from Spanish universities such as Issacar Nguendjo, coordinator of the Hispanic studies section at the University of Dschang.
Ivory Coast
In Côte d'Ivoire, Spanish is present in the private educational system and also in the public as a second foreign language and in the second cycle; Local higher education also offers training in Spanish at the Department of Iberian and Latin American Studies (created in 1969) of the University of Cocody-Abidjan, as well as at the University of Bouaké, the Ecole Normale Superieure, the Holidays University and the Université de l'Atlantique. From 1991 to 1998 there was a Classroom of the Cervantes Institute at the Embassy of Spain in Abidjan. In 1998 the Ivorian Association of Secondary Spanish Teachers was founded.
Gabon
Currently there is a significant boom in Spanish in this nation, but there has been no international support for its development. Spanish is part of secondary education and it is very common to hear it on the streets of Libreville due to the large number of Equatoguineans living in Gabon. The Ministry of National Education of Gabon has a Spanish Department, as well as the Libreville Normal School, the Higher Institute of Technology and the University Institute of Secretarial Sciences and Organizations. The Omar Bongo University has a Department of Iberian and Latin American Studies as well as an Afro-Hispanic Research Center. Hispanists and translators include Jean-Félicien Boussoughou, Codjo Camille Winsou, Verónique Solange Okome-Beka, Gisèle Avome Mba and Eugénie Eyeang.
Equatorial Guinea
Among the Recommendations of the First International Hispanic-African Culture Congress (1983) was included "The adoption of measures to ensure the continuity of the Spanish language, the official language of the State, integrated into the Guinean cultural heritage and link between the different ethnic groups that make up the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, ethnic groups that have, in turn, a common trunk in the Bantu tradition."
In 2005, the International Congress of Hispanists in Africa was held at the UNED Center in Malabo (Equatorial Guinea), constituting the African Association of Hispanists and Spanish Teachers, initially based in Malabo and presided over by Vital Tama, si Well it is currently based in Cameroon.
In 2007, the Cultural Centers of Spain in Bata and Malabo acquired the status of examination centers for the Spanish DELE diplomas by management order of the Instituto Cervantes. Since 2013, Equatorial Guinea has had an Academy of the Spanish Language (AEGLE), integrated into ASALE.
In July 2022, the Instituto Cervantes organized the 15th Tribune of Hispanicism at the Cultural Center of Spain in Malabo, dedicated to Equatorial Guinean Hispanicism. In it, Luis García Montero announced the "upcoming opening of an observatory of Spanish in Africa based in Malabo".
Senegal
Spanish is the most studied elective language in high school, it is chosen by more than 50% of the students who take these studies. In 1985 the Association of Spanish Teachers of Senegal was created. In 2009, a Classroom of the Cervantes Institute was established at the Cheikh Anta Diop University and, in 2012, the Spanish College of Dakar. The Gaston Berger University of Saint-Louis has a Spanish Section in the Department of Applied Foreign Languages. There is an Association of Secondary School Spanish Teachers and the Association of University Students of Spanish.